Fasciation

Fasciation can be caused by hormonal imbalances in the meristematic cells of plants, which are cells where growth can occur.{{cite web | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/fascinatingfasciation.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215091145/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/fascinatingfasciation.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 15, 2012 | title=Fascinating Fasciation | publisher=Purdue University Extension | date=September 2007 | accessdate=July 3, 2012 | author=Lerner, B. Rosie}}Galun, Esra (2007). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137324936 Plant Patterning: Structural and Molecular Genetic Aspects]. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 333. {{ISBN|9789812704085}} Fasciation can also be caused by random genetic mutation.{{cite web | url=http://agdev.anr.udel.edu/weeklycropupdate/?p=3084 | title=Fasciation in Vegetables and Fruits | publisher=University of Delaware Cooperative Extension | date=May 27, 2011 | access-date=July 6, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207074037/http://agdev.anr.udel.edu/weeklycropupdate/?p=3084 | archive-date=February 7, 2015 | url-status=dead }} Bacterial and viral infections can also cause fasciation. The bacterial phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians has been demonstrated as one cause of fasciation, such as in sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) plants,{{cite journal | url=https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND43968913/PDF | title=Fasciation of Sweet Peas caused by Phytomonas fascians n.sp. | journal=Journal of Agricultural Research | volume=53 |issue=5 | year=1936 | accessdate=July 7, 2012 | author=Tilford, P.E. | pages=383–394}} and in lilies (Lilium longiflorum),{{Cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Y.-J. |last2=Kong |first2=H. G. |last3=Lee |first3=Y. H. |last4=Kim |first4=H. R. |last5=Park |first5=D. H. |date=April 2021 |title=First Report of Rhodococcus fascians Causing Fasciation of Lilies ( Lilium longiflorum ) in South Korea |journal=Plant Disease |language=en |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=1190 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-10-20-2288-PDN |issn=0191-2917|doi-access=free |pmid=33349008 |bibcode=2021PlDis.105.1190L }} but many fasciated plants have tested negative for the bacteria in studies,{{cite web |url=http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/TRA/PLANTS/fascia.shtml |title=Fasciation: Fascinating distortions of the plant world |publisher=Colorado State University Extension |date=April 12, 1999 |access-date=July 3, 2012 |author=Swift, Curtis E. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630160215/http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/TRA/PLANTS/fascia.shtml |archive-date=June 30, 2012 }}{{Better source needed|reason=Page was just a list / summary of various journal articles (which make better references for the relevant information)|date=August 2020}} hence bacterial infection is not an exclusive causation.

Additional environmental factors that can cause fasciation include fungi, mite or insect attack and exposure to chemicals. General damage to a plant's growing tip and exposure to cold and frost can also cause fasciation. Some plants, such as peas and cockscomb Celosia, may inherit the trait.

Genetic fasciation is not contagious, but infectious fasciation can be spread from infected plants to others from contact with wounds on infected plants, and from water that carries the bacteria to other plants.{{cite web | url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/GARDEN/FLOWERS/DISEASE/fasciation.html | title=Managing Pests in Gardens: Floriculture: Diseases: Fasciation | publisher=Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California | date=October 13, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915172237/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/GARDEN/FLOWERS/DISEASE/fasciation.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |url-status=live}}

Although fasciation is rare overall, it has been observed in over 100 vascular plant families,{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Yuhong |last2=Knap |first2=Halina T. |title=Fasciation Mutation Enhances Meristematic Activity and Alters Pattern Formation in Soybean |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |date=1998 |volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=249–260 |doi=10.1086/297546 |jstor=2475089 |bibcode=1998IJPlS.159..249T |s2cid=83559228 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2475089 |issn=1058-5893|url-access=subscription }}{{Better source needed|reason=Only incidentally mentions number of fasciated plant families, this is not the topic and the authors cannot have been expecting to be used as an authority on this anywhere|date=August 2020}} including members of the genera Acer, Aloe, Acanthosicyos, Cannabis, Celosia, Cycas, Delphinium, Digitalis, Echinacea, Echinopsis, Euphorbia, Forsythia, Glycine max (specifically, soybean plants),{{cite journal | title=Molecular characterization of two soybean homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana CLAVATA1 from the wild type and fasciation mutant | journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression | date=April 25, 2000 | author=Yamamoto, Etsuo | pages=333–340|display-authors=etal | doi=10.1016/S0167-4781(00)00061-0 | volume=1491| issue=1–3 | pmid=10760600 }} Primula, Iochroma, Prunus, Salix, and many genera of the cactus family, Cactaceae.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} Cresting results in undulating folds instead of the typical "arms" found on mature saguaro cactus.{{cite web |title=Campus Arboretum |publisher=University of Arizona |date=2008-08-20 |url=http://arboretum.arizona.edu/heritage_trees.html |access-date=2010-01-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106012058/http://arboretum.arizona.edu/heritage_trees.html |archive-date=2010-01-06 }}

Some varieties of Celosia are raised especially for their dependably fasciated flower heads, for which they are called "cockscomb". The Japanese fantail willow (Salix sachalinensis 'Sekka') is another plant that is valued for its fasciations.

Fasciation that is caused by bacteria can be controlled by not using fasciated plants and disposing of fasciated material. Avoiding injury to plant bases and keeping them dry can reduce the spread of bacteria. Avoidance of grafting fasciated plants and the pruning of fasciated matter can also reduce the spread of bacteria.

File:Echinopsis pachanoi (7996941451).jpg with crested growth.]]

File:Fasciation on a coneflower.jpg|An example of fasciation, or "cresting," on a coneflower (Echinacea).

File:Double Dandelion.jpg|Fasciation leading to two fully formed flower heads on a dandelion.

File:Digitalis Fasciation detail stem.jpg|Fasciation on Digitalis. Note the larger thickened stem compared to the normal-sized flowering spike on the left.

File:Fasciated Flowering Cherry branch.JPG|Fasciation on a flowering cherry (Prunus) tree

File:PSM V42 D335 Asparagus fasciation.jpg|Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) fasciation. Note the flattened state of the stem. Image published 1893.

File:Fasciated Dandelion 01.JPG|Common dandelion displaying both regular (upper right) and fasciated (center) flowers.

File:Fasciated Lilac.JPG|Fasciation on a lilac shrub.

File:Fasciated California Bluebell (Phacelia campanularia).jpg|Fasciation on a Phacelia campanularia or California bluebell wildflower.

File:Fasciated Showy Daisy July 3 2016.jpg|Fasciated showy daisy (Erigeron speciosus).

File:Fasciated Crookneck Squash.jpg|Fasciated Crookneck Squash

File:Dandelion Fascination.jpg|alt=Pictured is common dandelion with multiple fully formed flower heads and a notably wide stem joined in fascination.|Fasciation seen on common dandelion

File:Geranium palustre fasciation.jpg|alt=Picture showing a regular flower of Geranium palustre on the left, and a fasciated one with a double amount of petals and two pistils.|Regular (left) and fasciated (right) geranium flowers

File:Fasciation in Odontonema tubaeforme inflorescence.jpg|alt=Fasciation in Odontonema tubaeforme (Bertol.) Kuntze inflorescence.|Fasciation in the inflorescence of a cultivated Odontonema tubaeforme plant.

File:Sedum sexangulare exhibiting fasciation.jpg|Fasciation exhibited on Sedum sexangulare.

File:Fasciated smiley-face zinnia.png|Fasciation on a zinnia that resembles a smiley face

• Adventitiousness
• Phyllody
• Witch's broom

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105409| title=The Biology of Fasciation| journal=Journal of Heredity| volume=36| pages=11–22| year=1945| last1=White| first1=Orland E.}}
• {{cite journal | doi=10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05116.x | pmc=556518 | pmid=1547783 | title=Fasciation induction by the phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians depends upon a linear plasmid encoding a cytokinin synthase gene| journal=The EMBO Journal| volume=11| issue=3| pages=795–804| year=1992| last1=Crespi| first1=M.| last2=Messens| first2=E.| last3=Caplan| first3=A.B.| last4=Van Montagu| first4=M.| last5=Desomer| first5=J.}}
• {{cite journal | doi=10.1104/pp.112.2.493 | pmid=12226405 | pmc=157972 | title=Expression of the Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolC Gene in a Deciduous Forest Tree Alters Growth and Development and Leads to Stem Fasciation| journal=Plant Physiology| volume=112| issue=2| pages=493–502| year=1996| last1=Nilsson| first1=O.| last2=Moritz| first2=T.| last3=Sundberg| first3=B.| last4=Sandberg| first4=G.| last5=Olsson| first5=O.}}
• {{cite journal | doi=10.1128/jb.176.9.2492-2501.1994| hdl=1854/LU-322183| title=The fas operon of Rhodococcus fascians encodes new genes required for efficient fasciation of host plants| journal=Journal of Bacteriology| volume=176| issue=9| pages=2492–2501| year=1994| last1=Crespi| first1=M.| last2=Vereecke| first2=D.| last3=Temmerman| first3=W.| last4=Van Montagu| first4=M.| last5=Desomer| first5=J.| pmid=8169198| pmc=205384}}

{{Commons and category}}

{{Wiktionary}}

• {{cite web | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fasciation | title=Definition of "Fasciation" | publisher=Merriam-Webster Dictionary | accessdate=July 6, 2012}}

Category:Botany

Category:Plant morphology