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Primula

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the family Primulaceae}}

{{Other uses}}

{{Automatic taxobox

|image=Prolećno cveće 3.JPG

|image_caption=Primula vulgaris

|taxon=Primula

|authority=L. (1753)

|subdivision_ranks = Species

|subdivision = 528; see text

|subdivision_ref = [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005261-2 Primula L.] Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 8 April 2024.

|synonyms=

  • Aleuritia (Duby) Opiz
  • Aretia Link
  • Auganthus Link
  • Auricula Hill
  • Auricula-ursi Ség.
  • Cankrienia de Vriese
  • Carolinella Hemsl.
  • × Cortoprimula Zeman
  • Cortusa L.
  • Dodecatheon L.
  • Evotrochis Raf.
  • Exinia Raf.
  • Kablikia Opiz
  • Meadia Mill.
  • Oscaria Lilja
  • Paralysis Hill
  • Primulidium Spach
  • Sredinskya (Stein) Fed.

|type_species=Primula veris L.

}}

Primula ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|ɪ|m|j|ʊ|l|ə}}){{cite book |title=Sunset Western Garden Book |year=1995 |pages=606–07}} is a genus of herbaceous{{cite encyclopedia |title=RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants |year=2008 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1405332965 |page=1136}} flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (P. vulgaris), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are P. auricula (auricula), P. veris (cowslip), and P. elatior (oxlip). These species and many others are valued for their ornamental flowers. They have been extensively cultivated and hybridised (in the case of the primrose, for many hundreds of years). Primula are native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical mountains in Ethiopia, Indonesia, and New Guinea, and in temperate southern South America. Almost half of the known species are from the Himalayas.

Primula has over 500 species in traditional treatments, and more if certain related genera are included within its circumscription.{{Cite web|title=Primula in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=126719|access-date=2023-02-19|website=www.efloras.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013152553/http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=126719|archive-date=October 13, 2013}}

Description

Primula is a complex and varied genus, with a range of habitats from alpine slopes to boggy meadows. Plants bloom mostly during the spring, with flowers often appearing in spherical umbels on stout stems arising from basal rosettes of leaves; their flowers can be purple, yellow, red, pink, blue, or white. Some species show a white mealy bloom (farina) on various parts of the plant. Many species are adapted to alpine climates.

Taxonomy

Primula was known at least as early as the mediaeval herbalists, although first formally described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753,{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753}} and later in 1754 in his Flora Anglica. Linnaeus described seven species of Primula. One of its earliest scientific treatments was that of Charles Darwin study of heterostyly in 1877 (The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species). Since then, heterostyly (and homostyly) have remained important considerations in the taxonomic classification of Primula.{{sfn|Mast et al|2001}}{{sfn|Gilmartin|2015}} Primula is a member of the Primulaceae family. The most complete treatment of the family, with nearly 1000 species arranged into 22 genera, was by Pax and Knuth in 1905.{{sfn|Martins et al|2003}}

= Phylogeny =

Primula is the largest genus in the family Primulaceae, within which it is placed in the subfamily Primuloideae, being the nominative genus.{{sfn|Kovtonyuk|Goncharov|2009}}

The position of Primula within the family and its relationship to other genera is shown in this cladogram:

{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%;

|label1=Primulaceae s.l.

|1={{clade

|label1=Maesoideae

|1=Maesa

|label2=Theophrastaceae

|2={{clade

|1=Clavija

|2=Samolus

}}

|label3=Primulaceae

|3={{clade

|1=Primula

|label2=Myrsinaceae

|2={{clade

|1=Lysimachia

|2=Myrsine

}}

}}

}}

}}

== Classification ==

The genus Dodecatheon originated from within Primula, its species are now included in Primula.{{cite web |url=http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm |title=Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas |author=Weakley, A. S. |date=2008 |access-date=2009-06-08 |archive-date=2018-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006082209/http://herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm |url-status=live }} UNC Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

=== Sections of genus ''Primula'' ===

The classification of the genus Primula has been investigated by botanists for over a century. As the genus is both large and diverse (with about 430–500 species), botanists have organized the species in various sub-generic groups. The most common is division into a series of thirty sections.{{cite book |last=Ingwersen |first=Will |title=Ingwersen's Manual of Alpine Plants |year=1986 |orig-year=1978 |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland |isbn=978-0-88192-026-0}}{{cite book |last=Green |first=Roy |title=Asiatic Primulas |year=1986 |orig-year=1976 |publisher=Alpine Garden Society |location=Woking, Surrey, UK}} Some of these sections (e.g. Vernales, Auricula) contain many species; others contain only one.

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}

  • Amethystina
  • Auricula
  • Bullatae
  • Candelabra
  • Capitatae
  • Carolinella
  • Cortusoides
  • Cuneifolia
  • Denticulata
  • Dryadifolia
  • Farinosae
  • Floribundae
  • Grandis
  • Malacoidea
  • Malvacea
  • Minutissimae
  • Muscaroides
  • Nivales
  • Obconica
  • Parryi
  • Petiolares
  • Pinnatae
  • Pycnoloba
  • Reinii
  • Rotundifolia
  • Sikkimensis
  • Sinenses
  • Soldanelloideae
  • Souliei
  • Vernales

{{div col end}}

=Selected species=

{{Main|List of Primula species|l1=List of Primula species}}

Species include:{{Cite web|title=Primula|url=http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=126719|access-date=2023-02-19|website=www.efloras.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015020926/http://efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=126719 |archive-date=October 15, 2013}}{{Cite web|title=Primula|url=http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1&start_taxon_id=126719|access-date=2023-02-19|website=www.efloras.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013224727/http://efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1&start_taxon_id=126719 |archive-date=October 13, 2013}}[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?9834 GRIN Species Records of Primula.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124239/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?9834 |date=2015-09-24 }} Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

File:Primula algida, Գնարբուկ սառը, Первоцвет холодный - panoramio.jpg

File:Primula aurantiaca 2017-06-25 3083.jpg

File:Primula beesiana in Dunedin Botanic Garden 02.jpg

File:Primula capitata ssp mooreana 5.JPG ssp. mooreana]]

File:Primula clarkei 01.jpg

File:Primula denticulata (Sakhalin) 3.JPG]]

File:Essex Oxlip - geograph.org.uk - 403865.jpg

File:Primula florindae inflorescence.jpg

File:Primula glutinosa.jpg

File:Primula helodoxa - Savill Garden - Windsor Great Park, England - DSC06424.jpg

File:Primula japonica 2.jpg

File:Primula marginata 07.jpg

File:Primula megaseifolia 003 GotBot 2016.jpg

Image:Primula prolifera 1.jpg]]

File:Primula rosea I IMG 7210.jpg

Image:Primula sieboldii RB.jpg]]

File:Primula veris01.jpg

File:Orchid primrose.jpg]]

Image:Auricula(1).jpg

=Etymology=

The word primula is the Latin feminine diminutive of primus, meaning first (prime), applied to flowers that are among the first to open in spring.{{cite book |last=Coombes |first=Allen J. |title=The A to Z of Plant Names |year=2012 |publisher=Timber Press |location=USA |isbn=9781604691962 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781604691962/page/242 242] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781604691962/page/242}}

Distribution and habitat

Although there are over 400 species of Primula, about 75% are found in the eastern Himalayan mountain chain and western China (Yunnan Province), constituting a centre of diversity. Other centres of diversity are a western Asian centre (Caucasus, European mountain ranges from the Pyrenees, through the Alps to the Carpathian Mountains), mountains of East Asia and those of western North America. Primula is found in mountainous or higher latitude zones of North America, Europe, and Asia, with extension into South America, Africa (mountains of Ethiopia) and tropical Asia (islands of Java and Sumatra).{{sfn|Mast et al|2001}}{{sfn|Kovtonyuk|Goncharov|2009}} About 25 species occur in North America (represented in five sections).{{sfn|Kelso|1991}}

Primula is found in the humid and moderate climate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in the forest belt, plain meadows, Alpine lawns, and nival and meadow tundras.{{sfn|Kovtonyuk|Goncharov|2009}}

Ecology

Primulas are used as a food plant by the Duke of Burgundy butterfly.{{Cite web |title=UK Butterflies - Larval Foodplants |url=http://www.ukbutterflies.co.uk/foodplants.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501005458/http://www.ukbutterflies.co.uk/foodplants.php |archive-date=2017-05-01 |access-date=2017-04-24}}

Cultivation

Primula species have been extensively cultivated and hybridised, mainly derived from P. elatior, P. juliae, P. veris and P. vulgaris. Polyanthus (Primula × polyantha) is one such group of plants, which has produced a large variety of strains in all colours, usually grown as annuals or biennials and available as seeds or young plants.{{cite book |title=Reader's Digest Encyclopedia of Garden Plants & Flowers, 2nd edition |year=1978 |publisher=Reader's Digest Association |location=United Kingdom}}

Another huge range of cultivars, known as auriculas, are derived from crosses between P. auricula and P. hirsuta (among others). Specialist nurseries and auricula societies{{cite web |url=http://www.auriculaandprimula.org.uk/ |title=Welcome to The National Auricula & Primula Society: Midland & West Section |publisher=National Auricula Society |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126144932/http://www.auriculaandprimula.org.uk/ |url-status=live }} support the growing and showing of these choice strains.

=AGM cultivars=

The following hybrid varieties and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |title=AGM Plants - Ornamental |date=July 2017 |page=81 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180412/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |url-status=live }}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

  • 'Broadwell Milkmaid' (auri){{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/131936/Primula-Broadwell-Milkmaid-(Au)/Details |title=Primula 'Broadwell Milkmaid' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141518/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/131936/primula-broadwell-milkmaid-(au)/details |url-status=live }}
  • Charisma series (prim){{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/176795/Primula-Charisma-Series-(Pr-Prim)/Details |title=Primula 'Charisma Series' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141451/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/176795/primula-charisma-series-(pr-prim)/details |url-status=live }}
  • 'Clarence Elliott' (auri){{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/58003/Primula-Clarence-Elliott-(Au)/Details |title=Primula 'Clarence Elliott' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141523/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/58003/primula-clarence-elliott-(au)/details |url-status=live }}
  • Crescendo Series (poly)
  • 'Crescendo Blue Shades'{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - Primula 'Crescendo Blue Shades' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/124251/Primula-Crescendo-Blue-Shades-(Crescendo-Series)-(Pr-Poly)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141504/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/124251/primula-crescendo-blue-shades-(crescendo-series)-(pr-poly)/details |url-status=live }}
  • 'Crescendo Bright Red'{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - Primula 'Crescendo Bright Red' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/124252/Primula-Crescendo-Bright-Red-(Crescendo-Series)-(Pr-Poly)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141534/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/124252/primula-crescendo-bright-red-(crescendo-series)-(pr-poly)/details |url-status=live }}

  • 'Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades'{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - Primula 'Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/124254/Primula-Crescendo-Pink-and-Rose-Shades-(Crescendo-Series)-(Pr-Poly)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141505/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/124254/primula-crescendo-pink-and-rose-shades-(crescendo-series)-(pr-poly)/details |url-status=live }}
  • Danova Series (prim){{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - Primula Danova Series |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/176796/Primula-Danova-Series-(Pr-Prim)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141511/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/176796/primula-danova-series-(pr-prim)/details |url-status=live }}

  • 'Danova Rose'{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - Primula 'Danova Rose' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/104927/Primula-Danova-Rose-(Danova-Series)-(Pr-Prim)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141536/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/104927/primula-danova-rose-(danova-series)-(pr-prim)/details |url-status=live }}
  • 'Francisca' (poly){{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/166302/Primula-Francisca-(Pr-Poly)/Details |title=Primula 'Francisca' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141518/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/166302/primula-francisca-(pr-poly)/details |url-status=live }}
  • 'Guinevere' (poly){{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - Primula 'Guinevere' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97804/Primula-Guinevere-(Pr-Poly)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707052658/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97804/Primula-Guinevere-(Pr-Poly)/Details |url-status=live }}
  • Primula × loiseleurii 'Aire Mist' (auri){{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/214773/Primula-x-loiseleurii-Aire-Mist-(Au)/Details |title=Primula × loiseleurii 'Aire Mist' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021}}
  • Primula × pubescens (auri){{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93544/Primula-x-pubescens-(Au)/Details |title=Primula × pubescens |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141524/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/93544/primula-x-pubescens-(au)/details |url-status=live }}

  • 'Tony' (auri){{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/112098/Primula-Tony-(Au)/Details |title=Primula 'Tony' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021}}
  • 'Wanda' (prim){{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - Primula 'Wanda' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90583/Primula-Wanda-(Pr-Prim)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127181028/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/90583/Primula-Wanda-(Pr-Prim)/Details |url-status=live }}

    • {{div col end}}

    =Hybrids=

    References

    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299247893_Evolution_and_conservation_of_Sinai's_primrose_Primula_boveana_an_endangered_pre-glacial_relict_species_growing_on_Sinai_Mountain_Egypt, Moustafa, Abdelraouf & Mauricio, R & Mansour, Hassan (2016).

    {{Reflist}}

    Bibliography

    {{refbegin|30em}}

    • {{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |authorlink=Linnaeus |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |year=1753 |volume=1 |chapter=Primula |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/154/mode/2up |pages=142–144 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |location=Stockholm |access-date=2021-06-04 |archive-date=2020-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506044412/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |url-status=live }}, see also Species Plantarum
    • {{cite journal |last1=Gilmartin |first1=Philip M. |title=On the origins of observations of heterostyly in Primula |journal=New Phytologist |date=2015 |volume=208 |issue=1 |pages=39–51 |doi=10.1111/nph.13558 |pmid=26255981|doi-access=free |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/57015/1/Gilmartin_2015_final_files_for_New_Phytologist_NPH_TR_2015_19531.pdf }}
    • {{cite journal |last1=Kelso |first1=Sylvia |title=Taxonomy of Primula Sects. Aleuritia and Armerina in North America |journal=Rhodora |date=1991 |volume=93 |issue=873 |pages=67–99 |jstor=23312756}}
    • {{cite journal |last1=Kovtonyuk |first1=N. K. |last2=Goncharov |first2=A. A. |title=Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Primula L. (Primulaceae) inferred from the ITS region sequences of nuclear rDNA |journal=Russian Journal of Genetics |date=June 2009 |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=663–670 |doi=10.1134/S1022795409060052 |s2cid=30118798}}
    • {{cite journal |last1=Martins |first1=L. |last2=Oberprieler |first2=C. |last3=Hellwig |first3=F. H. |title=A phylogenetic analysis of Primulaceae s.l. based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequence data |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2003 |volume=237 |issue=1–2 |pages=75–85 |doi=10.1007/s00606-002-0258-1 |bibcode=2003PSyEv.237...75M |s2cid=43988431 |ref={{harvid|Martins et al|2003}}}}
    • {{cite journal |last1=Mast |first1=Austin R. |last2=Kelso |first2=Sylvia |last3=Richards |first3=A. John |last4=Lang |first4=Daniela J. |last5=Feller |first5=Danielle M. S. |last6=Conti |first6=Elena |title=Phylogenetic Relationships in Primula L. and Related Genera (Primulaceae) Based on Noncoding Chloroplast DNA |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |date=2001 |volume=162 |issue=6 |pages=1381–1400 |doi=10.1086/323444 |jstor=323444 |s2cid=59929813 |ref={{harvid|Mast et al|2001}}}}
    • {{cite web |title=The American Primrose Society |url=https://americanprimrosesociety.org |access-date=6 June 2021 |ref={{harvid|APS|2021}} |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606023036/https://americanprimrosesociety.org/ |url-status=live }}

    =Species=

    • {{cite journal |last1=Basak |first1=Sandip Kumar |last2=Maiti |first2=G. G. |title=Primula arunachalensis sp. nov. (Primulaceae) from the Eastern Himalaya |journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica |date=2000 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=11–15 |doi=10.18942/bunruichiri.KJ00001077444}}
    • {{cite journal |last1=Ming |first1=Hu Chi |last2=Ying |first2=Geng Yu |title=Two New Species of Primula (Primulaceae) from China |url=http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/novon/novo-13-02-196.pdf |journal=Novon |date=2003 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=196–199 |doi=10.2307/3393518 |jstor=3393518 |access-date=2013-07-10 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051114/http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/novon/novo-13-02-196.pdf |url-status=live }}
    • {{cite web |last1=Fu |first1=Kunjun |last2=Ohba |first2=Hideaki |last3=Gilbert |first3=Michael G. |title=Primula |url=http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=126719 |page= |accessdate=4 June 2021 |year=2004 |ref={{harvid|Fu et al|2004}} |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515100650/http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=126719 |url-status=live }}, in Flora of China online vol. 15
    • {{cite web |last1=Little |first1=R. John |last2=McKinney |first2=Landon E. |title=Primula |url=http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1&start_taxon_id=126719= |work=Flora of North America |year=2003 |volume=8 |accessdate=5 June 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606024427/http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1&start_taxon_id=126719= |url-status=live }}
    • {{cite web |last=GRIN |title=Species of Primula |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomylist?category=species&type=genus&value=Primula&id=9834 |website=U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (GRIN) |publisher=Agricultural Research Service, USDA |access-date=6 June 2021 |date=2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606025956/https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomylist?category=species&type=genus&value=Primula&id=9834 |url-status=live }}

    {{refend}}

    External links

    {{Commons category}}{{wikispecies}}

    • [http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Primula Armeniapedia: Medicinal Uses of Primula]

    https://www.mutagens.co.in/jgb/vol.09/12/091204.pdf, CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSE EXTINCTION FOR Primula boveana FROM ITS NATURAL HABITATS IN SOUTH SINAI, EGYPT.Moustafa, A., & Mansour, S. (2020)

    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299247893_Evolution_and_conservation_of_Sinai's_primrose_Primula_boveana_an_endangered_pre-glacial_relict_species_growing_on_Sinai_Mountain_Egypt. Moustafa, A. A., Zaghloul, M.S., Mauricio, R., and Mansour, H. M. H. (2016).

    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281438454_Characteristics_of_two_endemic_and_endangered_species_Primula_boveana_and_Kickxia_macilenta_growing_in_south_Sinai. Moustafa, A. A., Ramadan, A. A., Zaghloulol, M.S., & Helmy, M. A., (2001).

    {{Taxonbar|from=Q158974}}

    {{Authority control}}

    Category:Garden plants

    Category:Primulaceae genera

    Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus