Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand was born in Palermo to King Francis I of the Two Sicilies and his second wife Maria Isabella of Spain. His paternal grandparents were King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Queen Maria Carolina of Austria. His maternal grandparents were Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma. Ferdinand I and Charles IV were brothers, both sons of Charles III of Spain and Maria Amalia of Saxony. His sister was Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, Empress of Brazil, wife of the last Brazilian emperor Pedro II.

In his early years, he was fairly popular. Progressives credited him with Liberal ideas and, in addition, his free and easy manners endeared him to the so-called lazzaroni, the lower classes of Neapolitan society.{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Ferdinand II. of the Two Sicilies|volume=10|page=268|first=Luigi|last=Villari|author-link=Luigi Villari}}

On succeeding to the throne in 1830, he published an edict in which he promised to give his most anxious attention to the impartial administration of justice, to reform the finances, and to use every effort to heal the wounds which had afflicted the Kingdom for so many years. His goal, he said, was to govern his Kingdom in a way that would bring the greatest happiness to the greatest number of his subjects while respecting the rights of his fellow monarchs and those of the Roman Catholic Church.

The early years of his reign were comparatively peaceful: he cut taxes and expenditures, had the first railway in Italy built (between Naples and the royal palace at Portici), his fleet had the first steamship in the Italian Peninsula and he had telegraphic connections established between Naples and Palermo, Sicily.

However, in 1837, he violently suppressed Sicilian demonstrators demanding a constitution and maintained strict police surveillance in his domains. Liberal reformists, who were motivated by visions of a new society founded upon a modern constitution, continued to demand that the King grant a constitution and liberalize his rule.

File:120 Grana Ferdinan 1834.png: 120 grana Ferdinand II - 1834]]

In September 1847, violent riots inspired by Liberals broke out in Reggio Calabria and in Messina, which were put down by the military. On 12 January 1848 a rising in Palermo spread throughout the island and served as a spark for the Revolutions of 1848 all over Europe.

After similar revolutionary outbursts in Salerno, south of Naples, and in the Cilento region which were backed by the majority of the intelligentsia of the Kingdom, on 29 January 1848 King Ferdinand was forced to grant a constitution, using for a pattern the French Charter of 1830.

However a dispute arose as to the nature of the oath which should be taken by the members of the chamber of deputies. As an agreement could not be reached and the King refused to compromise, riots continued in the streets. Eventually, the King ordered the army to disperse the rioters by force and dissolved the national parliament on 13 March 1849. Although the constitution was never formally abrogated, the King resumed his rule as an absolute monarch.

During this period, Ferdinand showed his attachment to Pope Pius IX by granting him asylum at Gaeta. The Pope had been temporarily forced to flee from Rome following similar revolutionary disturbances.

In the meantime, Sicily declared independence under the leadership of Ruggero Settimo, who on 13 April 1848 pronounced the King deposed. In response, the King assembled an army of 20,000 men under the command of General Carlo Filangieri and dispatched it to Sicily. A naval flotilla sent to Sicilian waters bombarded the city of Messina with "savage barbarity" for eight hours after its defenders had already surrendered, killing many civilians and earning the King the nickname re bomba ("The Bomb King").

After a campaign lasting close to nine months, Sicily's Liberal regime was completely subdued on 15 May 1849.

File:F. Martorelli - Ritratto di Ferdinando II.jpgBetween 1848 and 1851, the policies of King Ferdinand caused many to go into exile. Meanwhile, an estimated 2,000 suspected revolutionaries or dissidents were jailed.

After visiting Naples on private business in 1850, William Gladstone the British former government minister and future prime minister, began to support Neapolitan opponents of the Bourbon rulers: his "support" consisted of a couple of letters that he sent from Naples to Parliament in London, describing the "awful conditions" of the Kingdom of Southern Italy and claiming that "it is the negation of God erected into a system of government". Gladstone's letters provoked reactions of outrage in much of Europe and helped to cause the kingdom's diplomatic isolation, which facilitated its subsequent invasion and annexation by the Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia, and the foundation of modern unified Italy in 1861.

The British government, which had been the ally and protector of the Bourbon dynasty during the Napoleonic Wars, had already additional interests in limiting the independence of the kingdom.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} It had extensive business interests in Sicily and relied on Sicilian sulphur for certain industries.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art342.htm|title=Giuseppe Garibaldi and Sicily - Best of Sicily Magazine}} The King had endeavoured to limit British influence, which had begun to cause tension. As Ferdinand ignored the advice of the British and French governments, those powers recalled their ambassadors in 1856.

A soldier attempted to assassinate Ferdinand in 1856, and many{{Who|date=June 2016}} believe that the infection he received from the soldier's bayonet led to his ultimate demise. He died on 22 May 1859, shortly after the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia had declared war against the Austrian Empire. This would later lead to the invasion of his Kingdom by Giuseppe Garibaldi and Italian unification in 1861.

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• {{flag|Two Sicilies}}:{{cite book|title=Almanacco reale del Regno delle Due Sicilie per l'anno ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VIKNAmxqdWMC&pg=PP7|publisher=dalla Real Tipografia del Ministero di Stato della Cancelleria Generale|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VIKNAmxqdWMC&pg=PA457 457], [https://books.google.com/books?id=VIKNAmxqdWMC&pg=PA462 462], [https://books.google.com/books?id=VIKNAmxqdWMC&pg=PA471 471], [https://books.google.com/books?id=VIKNAmxqdWMC&pg=PA479 479], [https://books.google.com/books?id=VIKNAmxqdWMC&pg=PA498 498]}}
• Grand Master of the Order of St. Januarius
• Grand Master of the Order of St. Ferdinand and Merit
• Grand Master of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George
• Grand Master of the Order of St. George of the Reunion
• Grand Master of the Royal Order of Francis I
• {{flag|Austrian Empire}}: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1832[http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm "A Szent István Rend tagjai"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|date=22 December 2010}}
• {{flag|Baden}}:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1858), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1871745 pp. 34], [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1871758 47]
• Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1853
• Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1853
• {{flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: Knight of St. Hubert, 1832{{cite book|author=Bayern|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1858|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzpKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7|year=1858|publisher=Landesamt|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dzpKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA7 7]}}
• {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 11 March 1847{{cite book|title=Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi|volume=1|author=H. Tarlier|year=1854|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p35NAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA37 37]|language=fr}}
• {{flag|Denmark}}: Knight of the Elephant, 4 August 1829{{cite book|author=J ..... -H ..... -Fr ..... Berlien|title=Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_-BAZAAAAYAAJ|year=1846|publisher=Berling|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_-BAZAAAAYAAJ/page/n195/mode/2up 164]}}
• {{flagicon image|Pavillon royal de France.svg}} Kingdom of France: Knight of the Holy Spirit, 1821{{cite journal|last1=Teulet|first1=Alexandre|date=1863|title=Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578-1830)|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k122126/f376.item.zoom|language=fr|trans-title=Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578-1830)|journal=Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de France |number=2 |page=116 |access-date=12 September 2020}}
• {{flag|Duchy of Parma}}: Grand Cross of St. Louis for Civil Merit, in Diamonds, 1851{{cite book|title=Almanacco di corte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqYSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA321|year=1858|page=321}}
• {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Black Eagle, 23 March 1832Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10362193?page=30 pp. 19-20]
• {{flagicon|Kingdom of Sardinia}} Kingdom of Sardinia: Knight of the Annunciation, 11 July 1829{{cite book|author=Luigi Cibrario|title=Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2aP6enNFoYC&pg=PA104|year=1869|publisher=Eredi Botta|page=104}}
• {{flag|Spain|1785}}: Knight of the Golden Fleece, 22 April 1821{{citation |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5324213865&view=1up&seq=83|title=Caballeros Existentes en la Insignie Orden del Toison de Oro|date=1837|journal=Calendario manual y guía de forasteros en Madrid|access-date=25 June 2020|page=79|language=es}}
• {{flagicon|Tuscany|habsburg}} Grand Duchy of Tuscany: Grand Cross of St. Joseph{{cite book|title=Almanacco Toscano per l'anno 1855|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5fOnwLsZxsC&pg=PA275|year=1840|publisher=Stamperia Granducale|page=275}}

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