Fragaria

Strawberries are not berries in the botanical sense.Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York. The fleshy and edible part of the "fruit" is a receptacle, and the parts that are sometimes mistakenly called "seeds" are achenes and therefore the true botanical fruits.E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia: [http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Fragaria%20virginiana Fragaria virginiana].

The genus name {{lang|la|{{linktext|Fragaria}}}} derives from {{lang|la|{{linktext|fragum}}}} ("strawberry") and {{lang|la|{{linktext|-aria}}}}, a suffix used to create feminine nouns and plant names. The Latin name is thought in turn to derive from a Proto-Indo-European language root meaning "berry", either *dʰreh₂ǵ- or *sróh₂gs.{{cite book |last1=De Vaan |first1=Michiel |title=Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004167971 |page=239}} The genus name is sometimes mistakenly derived from {{lang|la|{{linktext|fragro}}}} ("to be fragrant, to reek").{{cn|date=January 2024}}

The English word is found in Old English as streawberige.Ðeós wyrt ðe man fraga and óðrum naman streáwbergean nemneþ: Anglo-Saxon Leechdom It is commonly thought that strawberries get their name from straw being used as a mulch in cultivating the plants, though it has been suggested that the word is possibly derived from "strewn berry" in reference to the runners that "strew" or "stray away" from the base of the plants. Streaw in Old English means 'straw', but also streawian means 'to strew', from the same root.[https://bosworthtoller.com/29134 Bosworth and Toller]: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary David Mikkelson argues that "the word 'strawberry' has been part of the English language for at least a thousand years, well before strawberries were cultivated as garden or farm edibles."{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/notthink/strawberry.asp |title=Etymology of Strawberry |website=Snopes.com |date=5 October 2003 |access-date=2013-05-08}}{{aut|Darrow, G.M.}} (1966). [http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826020754/http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm |date=2013-08-26 }} 3. Early History of the Strawberry: 16

There are more than 20 different Fragaria species worldwide. A number of other species have been proposed, some of which are now recognized as subspecies.{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx?Fragaria |title=Species records in the database (for the query: genus = Fragaria) |publisher=U.S. National Plant Germplasm System |access-date=2017-08-24}} One key to the classification of strawberry species is that they vary in the number of chromosomes. They all have seven basic types of chromosomes, but exhibit different polyploidy. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total), but others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).

As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries.Darrow, George M. The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. [http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm online text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826020754/http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm |date=2013-08-26 }}

The oldest fossils confidently classifiable as Fragaria are from the Miocene of Poland. Fossilised Fragaria achenes are also known from the Pliocene of China.{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Yong-Jiang |last2=Zhu |first2=Hai |last3=Momohara |first3=Arata |last4=Jia |first4=Lin-Bo |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhe-Kun |date=March 2019 |title=Fruit fossils of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) from the late Pliocene of northwestern Yunnan, Southwest China |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=180–189 |doi=10.1111/jse.12443 |s2cid=89751967 |issn=1674-4918|doi-access=free |bibcode=2019JSyEv..57..180H }}

Image:Fragaria daltoniana.jpg, a species from the Himalayas]]

Image:Fragaria vesca 2.jpg), a Northern Hemisphere species]]

Image:Fragarianilgerrensis.jpg, an Asian species]]

File:Sosnovka Bekovo 2014 Wild Strawberries.jpg) from Sosnovka, Penza Oblast, Russia]]

File:Fragaria viridis fruit - Keila.jpg fruit photographed in Keila, Estonia]]

• Fragaria × bifera Duchesne - F. vesca × F. viridis (Europe)
• Fragaria bucharica Losinsk. (China)
• Fragaria chinensis Losinsk (China)
• Fragaria daltoniana J.Gay (Himalayas)
• Fragaria emeiensis Jia J. Lei (China)
• Fragaria gracilis Losinsk. (China)
• Fragaria hayatae Makino (Taiwan)
• Fragaria iinumae Makino (East Russia, Japan)
• Fragaria mandshurica Staudt (China)
• Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlecht. ex J.Gay (South and Southeast Asia)
• Fragaria nipponica Makino (Korea, Japan)
• Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita (Himalayas)
• Fragaria pentaphylla Losinsk. (China)
• Fragaria vesca L. - woodland strawberry (Northern Hemisphere)
• Fragaria viridis Duchesne (Europe, Central Asia)

• Fragaria corymbosa Losinsk. (northern China)
• Fragaria × intermedia (Bach) Beck (Europe)

• Fragaria moupinensis Cardot (China)
• Fragaria orientalis Losinsk. (Eastern Asia, Eastern Siberia)
• Fragaria tibetica Staudt & Dickoré (China)

• Fragaria × bringhurstii Staudt (coast of California)

• Fragaria moschata Duchesne - musk strawberry (Europe)

• Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier - garden strawberry, pineapple strawberry
• Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill. - beach strawberry (Western Americas)
• Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma chiloensis
• Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma patagonica (Argentina, Chile)
• Fragaria chiloensis subsp. lucida (E. Vilm. ex Gay) Staudt (coast of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
• Fragaria chiloensis subsp. pacifica Staudt (coast of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
• Fragaria chiloensis subsp. sandwicensis (Decne.) Staudt - {{okina}}ōhelo papa (Hawai{{okina}}i)
• Fragaria virginiana Mill. - Virginia strawberry (North America)

• Fragaria cascadensis K.E. Hummer (Cascade Mountains in Oregon){{cite journal |author-last=Hummer |author-first=K.E. |date=2012 |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=276470 |title=A new species of Fragaria (Roseaceae) from Oregon |journal=Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |access-date=2012-06-10}}
• Fragaria iturupensis Staudt - Iturup strawberry (Iturup, Kuril Islands)
• Fragaria × Comarum hybrids
• Fragaria × vescana

• Fragaria tayulinensis S.S.Ying (Taiwan)

• 'Lipstick' (Fragaria × Comarum hybrid), red-flowered runnering ornamental, sparse small globular fruits.
• Fragaria vesca and certain other diploid species can be hybridized and produce fertile offspring (although Fragaria nilgerrensis appears less compatible).{{cite journal |url=http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/130/3/418.full.pdf |title=Interspecific Hybridization of Fragaria vesca subspecies with F. nilgerrensis, F. nubicola, F. pentaphylla, and F. viridis |first1=R.H. |last1=Bors |first2=J.A. |last2=Sullivan |date=2005 |journal=J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=418–423|doi=10.21273/JASHS.130.3.418 |doi-access=free }}
• Fragaria moschata can hybridize with diploid species such as Fragaria viridis and Fragaria nubicola but producing a lower proportion of viable seeds.{{cite journal |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/31/4/610.2 |title=Production of Interspecific Hybrids between Hexaploid Fragaria moschata and the diploid species F. nubicola and F. viridis. |first1=Robert H. |last1=Bors |first2=J. Alan |last2=Sullivan |date=August 1996 |journal=HortScience|volume=31|issue=4|pages=610|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.31.4.610b |doi-access=free }}
• Fragaria moschata can hybridize with Fragaria × ananassa.{{cite magazine |last=Karp |first=David |date=July 2006 |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/berried-treasure-120534521 |title=Berried Treasure |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine }}

A number of species of butterflies and moths feed on strawberry plants.{{facts|date=June 2024}}

• Accessory fruit
• Mock strawberry (Duchesnea/Potentilla indica) and barren strawberry (Potentilla sterilis, Waldsteinia fragarioides) are closely related species in other genera which resemble Fragaria.
• Strawberry tree (disambiguation) is a name for several trees that are unrelated to strawberry.
• The breeding of strawberries

{{Reflist}}

• Hogan, Sean (chief consultant) (2003), Flora: A Gardener's Encyclopedia, Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. {{ISBN|0-88192-538-1}}.

• [https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx?Fragaria Species records in the database (for the query: genus = Fragaria)] from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System website

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Category:Berries

Category:Stoloniferous plants

Category:Rosaceae genera

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus