Funchal#History

The first settlers named their settlement Funchal after the abundant wild fennel that grew there. The name is formed from the Portuguese word for fennel, funcho, and the suffix -al, to denote "a plantation of fennel":{{citation |author1=Frutuoso, G. |author2=de Azevedo, A.R. |year=1873 |title=As Saudades da terra |publisher=Typ. funchalense |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIsDAAAAYAAJ |page=39 |language=pt }}{{cite web |title=Funchal. I Origem do nome |url=http://nesos.madeira-edu.pt/imgdocs/nesos_publicar/ebooks/Funchal_origem/Funchal_origem.pdf |publisher=nesos.madeira-edu.pt |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115011/http://nesos.madeira-edu.pt/imgdocs/nesos_publicar/ebooks/Funchal_origem/Funchal_origem.pdf |url-status=dead }}

{{blockquote|text=Funchal, to whom the captain gave this name, because it was founded in a beautiful forested valley, full of fennel up to the sea ...|sign=Gaspar Frutuoso, 16th century|source=As Saudades da Terra}}

{{see also|Timeline of Funchal}}

File:Funchal ( Portugal )11.jpg (Sé Catedral), constructed under the orders of D. Manuel, Duke of Beja, dating back to the 15th century]]

The settlement of Funchal began between 1420 and 1425.{{Cite web|url=https://www.funchal.pt/municipio/historia/pacos-do-municipio/|title=Paços do Município|access-date=23 Nov 2024}} The island was divided into two captaincies. The zones that would become the urbanized core of Funchal were founded by João Gonçalves Zarco who settled there with members of his family. Owing to its geographic location, the site became an important maritime port and its productive soils attracted new settlers.{{Cite book |last=Nepomuceno |first=Rui |title=História da Madeira: uma visão actual |date=2006 |publisher=Campo das Letras Editores |isbn=978-989-625-129-1 |series=Campo da História |location=Porto}} Its coastal position, the most productive on the island, quickly permitted Funchal to develop an urban core and surpass the populations of other settlements.

In the early 15th century, Álvaro Fernandes became the commander of Funchal.

As part of its administrative role, the settlement received its primary lighthouse between 1452 and 1454, when it was elevated to the status of vila and municipal seat. Funchal became an important transfer point for European commercial interests. Many of merchant families established commercial interests on the island, including: João d'Esmenaut from the Picardy region,{{Cite web |title=Cultura Madeira - Casa de João Esmeraldo "Casa de Colombo" |url=https://cultura.madeira.gov.pt/olhares-sobre-o-passado/2681-casa-de-jo%C3%A3o-esmeraldo-casa-de-colombo.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=cultura.madeira.gov.pt}} the Lomelino from Genoa,{{Cite web |title=Lomelino - Elucidario Madeirense |url=https://elucidariomadeirense.pt/pt/articles/2041 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=elucidariomadeirense.pt}} the Mondragão from Biscay,{{Cite web |title=Mondragão - Elucidario Madeirense |url=https://elucidariomadeirense.pt/pt/articles/2327 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=elucidariomadeirense.pt}} the Acciauoli from Florence,{{Cite web |title=Acciaioly - Elucidario Madeirense |url=https://elucidariomadeirense.pt/pt/articles/29 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=elucidariomadeirense.pt}} the Bettencourts from France, the Lemilhana Berenguer from Valencia and many others.{{Cite web |title=Berenguer - Elucidario Madeirense |url=https://elucidariomadeirense.pt/pt/articles/466 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=elucidariomadeirense.pt}}

During the second half of the 15th century, the sugar industry expanded significantly along the southern coast, from Machico{{Cite web |title=Formas de açúcar descobertas em Machico são dos achados mais importantes em Portugal {{!}} RTP Madeira |url=https://madeira.rtp.pt/cultura/formas-de-acucar-descobertas-em-machico-sao-dos-achados-mais-importantes-em-portugal/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=madeira.rtp.pt |language=pt-PT}} until Fajã da Ovelha, making Funchal the most important industrial centre of the industry.{{Cite web |title=Açúcar - Elucidario Madeirense |url=https://elucidariomadeirense.pt/pt/articles/47 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=elucidariomadeirense.pt}} By the end of the century, fronting the Order of Christ, D. Manuel, Duke of Beja, expanded the support of the local community; he ordered the construction of the administrative Paços do Concelho and the Paços dos Tabeliães (completed in 1491), raised the construction of a church (began in 1493 and later raised to cathedral in 1514), and finally the construction of a hospital and customs-house in the village. In 1508, it was elevated to the status of city by King Manuel I of Portugal, and in 1514 (on completion of the Sé Cathedral) the bishopric was headquartered in Funchal.{{Cite web |date=2023-01-28 |title=História da Sé :: Catedraldofunchal |url=https://www.catedraldofunchal.com/historia-da-se/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.catedraldofunchal.com |language=pt}}

File:TownOfFunchal,InMadeira,1834.PNG

File:Funchal, Portugal (1907).jpg

In September 1566, French corsairs under the command of Bertrand de Montluc, a gentleman in the court of Charles IX of France and second-son of Field Marshal Blaise de Montluc, departed from Bordeaux with a force of 1200 men, on a small fleet of three main ships and eight support craft. The armada sacked Porto Santo. When the news was relayed to the settlements on Madeira and the villas of Machico and Santa Cruz, the citizenry armed themselves. In Funchal, the governor, Francisco de Sales Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara, did not take any hostile action. Meanwhile, the armada anchored off the beach of Formosa, disembarked a contingent of 800 men that marched towards the city in three columns, encountering no resistance until the main bridge in São Paulo.{{Cite journal |last=Brehm |first=António |last2=Trindade |first2=Cristina |date=2020-10-06 |title=O Saque ao Funchal em 1566 e as suas Repercussões no Reinado de D. Sebastião |url=https://ahm-abm.madeira.gov.pt/index.php/ahm/article/view/37 |journal=Arquivo Histórico da Madeira |series=Nova Série |language=pt |issue=2 |pages=15–79 |issn=2184-5743}} At the bridge the privateers encountered a force from the small fort, with a few small-caliber pieces, which were quickly routed in confusion. At the road near Carreira, the attackers were confronted by a small group of Franciscan friars, who were quickly dispatched. Funchal's fortifications were finally assaulted by land, where its defense was thin; the defenders could not even reposition many of the cannons directed towards the sea. The city suffered a violent sack that lasted fifteen days, after which little remained.{{Cite web |title=Histórias da História de 16 nov 2020 |url=https://www.rtp.pt/play/p3196/e513358/historias-da-historia |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=RTP Play |language=pt}}

The following year, the military architect Mateus Fernandes III was sent to Funchal in order to completely modify the defensive system of the city. Evidence of the work produced by this architect was published in the "Mapa de Mateus Fernandes" (1573), considered to be the oldest plan of the island of Funchal.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cm-funchal.pt/cmf/Default.aspx?SID=315|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607022624/http://www.cm-funchal.pt/cmf/Default.aspx?SID=315|url-status=dead|title=Cidade do Funchal e a sua Evolução Espacial|archive-date=7 June 2007|access-date=24 June 2010}} The document identifies the major defenses of the city, which included a large fortification in the area around the dyke in Pena.

During the 16th century, Funchal was an important stop-over for caravels travelling between the Indies and the New World.{{Cite web |last=Mad |first=Selmo |date=2022-10-15 |title=Things to Do in Funchal, Madeira |url=https://www.madeira-holidays.eu/news/things-to-do-in-funchal-madeira/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |title=História |url=https://www.madeira-a-z.com/lazer-destaques/a-cidade-de-funchal/historia.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.madeira-a-z.com}}

File:Mirante da Quinta Vigia, c 1880.jpg

File:Vista do Funchal, 1936.jpg hilltops]]

The wine culture appeared during early settlement, through the incentives from Henry the Navigator. By 1455, the Venetian navigator, Luís de Cadamosto, on visiting Madeira, referred to the excellence of the Madeirense wines, principally the Malvasia castes from the island of Crete, which were being exported in greater numbers. By the end of the 16th century, the celebrated English poet and playwright, William Shakespeare, cited the important export and notoriety of the Madeiran Malvasia castes: in Richard III the Duke of Clarence, the brother of King Edward IV selected a death by drowning in a barrel of Madeira.{{Cite web |title=Madeira - winesofportugal.com |url=https://winesofportugal.com/en/discover/wine-regions/madeira/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=winesofportugal.com}}{{Cite journal |last=Vieira |first=Alberto |date=2001 |title=O Vinho Madeira. A Expressão Artístico-Literária |url=https://abm.madeira.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Vinho_lit.pdf |journal=Margem |issue=12 |pages=18–33}} Later, in Shakespeare's Henry IV he has Poins censure Falstaff for having sold his soul to the devil for a cup of Madeira wine. The growth of viticulture in Madeira expanded when the sugar industry was attacked by cheaper exports from the New World and Africa, but also from various epidemics and the after-effects of the 1566 privateer sacks. In the 17th century, commercial treaties with England brought increased investments to a business that was still insular. Many commercial wine-makers from England moved to the island, changing the economy, architecture forms and lifestyle of the community. This incremental growth expanded the city with new estates, and a new merchant class that populated the urban quarters. Generally, there were many new three-floor homes with an intermediary service floor, a floor for storage and wine-cellars, and in some cases a tower to watch the port and monitor shipping in the harbour. Various island governors and the convents participated in commercial viticulture.{{Cite web |title=Aprender Madeira |url=https://aprenderamadeira.net/article/convento-de-sao-bernardino |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=aprenderamadeira.net}}{{Cite web |title=Aprender Madeira |url=https://aprenderamadeira.net/article/vinho |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=aprenderamadeira.net}} The Companhia de Jesus developed the vast estate of Campanário, which extended from the city to Fajã dos Padres into one of the most successful wines on the island, whereas the nuns of Santa Clara, owners of some large parcels of land, entered into the wine industry, financing the ships that would take their wines to Brazil (and exchanging them for sugar for their sweets business). But, during the 19th century there were epidemics, aggravating the economy and forcing some to return to sugar plantations. In order to maintain the level of development, many landowners tried to plant new more-resistant castes, but of an inferior quality, in order to support the industry.

Among the notable visitors to the region were Queen Adelaide of the United Kingdom, Prince Alexander of the Netherlands (who died in Funchal in 1848), Empress Amélia of Brazil and Elisabeth, empress of Austria-Hungary. Most of them travelled to the island hoping the gentle climate would benefit their health. Charles I of Austria, Emperor of Austria and king of Hungary, 1867–1918, was exiled to Funchal. Polish Field Marshal Józef Piłsudski in order to recuperate his health. Winston Churchill travelled there on holidays and was known to have painted a few paintings during his visits and Fulgencio Batista stopped over en route to his exile in Spain.{{Cite web |title=Chegada ao Funchal de Fulgencio Batista Zaldívar |url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/chegada-ao-funchal-de-fulgencio-batista-zaldivar-e-familia/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |language=pt-PT}} The presence of these notable visitors marked a period when Funchal became a center of tourism and therapeutic health.{{Cite journal |last=Marujo |first=Noémi |date=2013 |title=O Desenvolimento do Turismo na Ilha da Madeira |url=https://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/9533/1/Artigo%20No%C3%A9mi%20-%20O%20DESENVOLVIMENTO%20DO%20TURISMO%20NA%20ILHA%20DA%20MADEIRA.pdf |journal=TURyDES - Revista de Investigación en Turismo y Desarollo Local |volume=6 |issue=15}} With the formal creation of the Port of Funchal, and later the establishment of the Santa Catarina Airport, Funchal turned into a major international tourist destination supported by a series of hotels and ocean-front residences.

File:Madeira 5 2014.jpg

Funchal is located inside a natural amphitheatre-shaped valley, with gentle slopes beginning at the coast which rise to 1200 metres and provide a natural shelter for early settlers

In addition to the urbanized area, the municipality includes the Ilhas Selvagens ({{langx|en|Savage Islands}}), a nature reserve located {{convert|294|km|0|abbr=on}} south of the capital.

According to the Köppen climate classification, Funchal has a subtropical, hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa). It is the warmest city in Portugal, with an annual average temperature of {{convert|20.0|C|F}}.

The climate can be divided into two main seasons: a warm dry summer season spanning from May to September with average daily high temperatures ranging from {{convert|22|to|27|C|F}}, and a cooler wet winter season from October to April with average daily high temperatures ranging from {{convert|20|to|25|C|F}}. The city has warm temperatures all year round, and humidity levels remain constantly high at about 70%.

Sea temperatures range from a low of {{convert|18|C|F}} in February–March to {{convert|24|C|F}} in August–October.{{cite web |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/funchal.htm |title=Funchal Sea Temperature |publisher=seatemperature.org |access-date=October 19, 2020}}

Since the city rises from the sea level up to altitudes of {{convert|800|m|ft}} on its northern slopes, it is quite common to experience cloudiness, fog and rain in the northern suburbs while, at the same time, having clear skies in the south. Temperatures also tend to be slightly lower at the higher altitudes.

Early summer, especially June, tends to be quite infamous due to a phenomenon where persistent cloudiness covers the entire bay area of the city, similar to the June Gloom phenomenon, locally nicknamed "Funchal's helmet". The length and severity of the wet and dry seasons varied greatly from year to year.

{{Weather box

|location = Funchal Observatory, 1991-2020, altitude: {{convert|58|m|abbr=on}}

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan record high C = 25.6

|Feb record high C = 28.6

|Mar record high C = 30.5

|Apr record high C = 32.6

|May record high C = 34.2

|Jun record high C = 33.9

|Jul record high C = 37.7

|Aug record high C = 38.2

|Sep record high C = 34.3

|Oct record high C = 34.3

|Nov record high C = 29.5

|Dec record high C = 27.1

|year record high C =

|Jan high C = 20.0

|Feb high C = 19.9

|Mar high C = 20.6

|Apr high C = 21.0

|May high C = 22.0

|Jun high C = 23.7

|Jul high C = 25.4

|Aug high C = 26.8

|Sep high C = 26.6

|Oct high C = 25.2

|Nov high C = 22.8

|Dec high C = 21.0

|year high C =

|Jan mean C = 17.1

|Feb mean C = 16.8

|Mar mean C = 17.4

|Apr mean C = 17.9

|May mean C = 19.1

|Jun mean C = 20.9

|Jul mean C = 22.6

|Aug mean C = 23.7

|Sep mean C = 23.5

|Oct mean C = 22.2

|Nov mean C = 19.9

|Dec mean C = 18.3

|year mean C =

|Jan low C = 14.3

|Feb low C = 13.9

|Mar low C = 14.3

|Apr low C = 14.9

|May low C = 16.2

|Jun low C = 18.2

|Jul low C = 19.7

|Aug low C = 20.7

|Sep low C = 20.4

|Oct low C = 19.2

|Nov low C = 17.0

|Dec low C = 15.5

|year low C =

|Jan record low C = 9.2

|Feb record low C = 8.7

|Mar record low C = 8.5

|Apr record low C = 11.1

|May record low C = 9.7

|Jun record low C = 14.5

|Jul record low C = 16.3

|Aug record low C = 17.5

|Sep record low C = 17.9

|Oct record low C = 13.5

|Nov record low C = 11.2

|Dec record low C = 11.0

|year record low C =

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 67.1

|Feb precipitation mm = 72.4

|Mar precipitation mm = 62.3

|Apr precipitation mm = 45.2

|May precipitation mm = 27.2

|Jun precipitation mm = 7.8

|Jul precipitation mm = 1.7

|Aug precipitation mm = 1.3

|Sep precipitation mm = 23.1

|Oct precipitation mm = 91.2

|Nov precipitation mm = 80.3

|Dec precipitation mm = 94.8

|year precipitation mm =

|Jan rain days = 6.2

|Feb rain days = 5.5

|Mar rain days = 5.8

|Apr rain days = 4.7

|May rain days = 3.3

|Jun rain days = 1.0

|Jul rain days = 0.3

|Aug rain days = 0.4

|Sep rain days = 3.1

|Oct rain days = 7.0

|Nov rain days = 7.3

|Dec rain days = 8.6

|year rain days =

|unit rain days = 1 mm

|Jan humidity = 71

|Feb humidity = 70

|Mar humidity = 68

|Apr humidity = 68

|May humidity = 70

|Jun humidity = 73

|Jul humidity = 73

|Aug humidity = 72

|Sep humidity = 71

|Oct humidity = 71

|Nov humidity = 70

|Dec humidity = 70

|year humidity = 71

|Jan sun = 160.9

|Feb sun = 166.8

|Mar sun = 197.7

|Apr sun = 194.8

|May sun = 208.6

|Jun sun = 194.0

|Jul sun = 232.5

|Aug sun = 236.7

|Sep sun = 210.8

|Oct sun = 194.3

|Nov sun = 165.9

|Dec sun = 151.1

|year sun =

|Jan percentsun= 50

|Feb percentsun= 54

|Mar percentsun= 53

|Apr percentsun= 50

|May percentsun= 48

|Jun percentsun= 45

|Jul percentsun= 55

|Aug percentsun= 57

|Sep percentsun= 57

|Oct percentsun= 55

|Nov percentsun= 53

|Dec percentsun= 49

|year percentsun=

| Jan uv = 4.0

| Feb uv = 5.9

| Mar uv = 8.0

| Apr uv = 9.7

| May uv = 10.4

| Jun uv = 11.0

| Jul uv = 10.8

| Aug uv = 10.1

| Sep uv = 8.6

| Oct uv = 7.2

| Nov uv = 4.7

| Dec uv = 3.4

| year uv =

|source 1 = Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera{{cite web |title=Normal Climatológica – Funchal 1991-2020 |url=https://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_91-20_FUNCHAL.pdf |publisher=IPMA |access-date=1 June 2025}} (average daily max UV recorded in 2015-2020){{cite web |title=Índice Ultravioleta, na Estação Meteorológica Funchal / Observatório - 2015-2020 |url=https://estatistica.madeira.gov.pt/download-now/ambiente-territorio/dados-meteorologicos/dados-meteorologicos-serie-retrospetiva/send/671-dados-meteorologicos-serie-retrospetiva/13689-indice-ultravioleta-na-estacao-meteorologica-funchal-observatorio-2015-2020.html |publisher=Direção Regional de Estatística da Madeira |access-date=10 January 2022}}{{cite web |title=Série retrospetiva da informação meteorológica (1976-2019) |url=https://estatistica.madeira.gov.pt/en/download-now-3/territorio-gb/weather-data/weather-data-in-focus/send/673-weather-data-in-focus/12959-in-focus.html |publisher=Direção Regional de Estatística da Madeira |access-date=19 December 2021}}

|source 2 = NOAA (humidity 1961–1990),

{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/PA/08522.TXT| server = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| title = Funchal Climate Normals 1961–1990| access-date = 10 March 2017}} German Meteorological Service (sunshine 1991-2020){{cite web |url=https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/sunshine_duration/historical/08522_198606_201812.txt |title=Monthly Averages for Funchal|publisher=DwD}}{{cite web |url=https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/sunshine_duration/recent/08522.txt |title=Monthly Averages for Funchal|publisher=DwD}}

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Funchal Observatory, 1991–2020 (extremes 1961-2024), altitude: {{convert|58|m|abbr=on}}

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|collapsed = yes

|Jan record high C = 25.5

|Feb record high C = 27.0

|Mar record high C = 30.5

|Apr record high C = 32.6

|May record high C = 34.2

|Jun record high C = 34.7

|Jul record high C = 37.7

|Aug record high C = 38.5

|Sep record high C = 38.4

|Oct record high C = 34.1

|Nov record high C = 31.0

|Dec record high C = 26.5

|year record high C = 38.5

|Jan avg record high C = 21.8

|Feb avg record high C = 21.8

|Mar avg record high C = 23.2

|Apr avg record high C = 24.1

|May avg record high C = 25.7

|Jun avg record high C = 27.5

|Jul avg record high C = 29.7

|Aug avg record high C = 29.6

|Sep avg record high C = 28.8

|Oct avg record high C = 27.4

|Nov avg record high C = 24.8

|Dec avg record high C = 22.8

|year avg record high C = 31.6

|Jan high C = 19.8

|Feb high C = 19.8

|Mar high C = 20.4

|Apr high C = 20.9

|May high C = 22.1

|Jun high C = 23.8

|Jul high C = 25.6

|Aug high C = 26.8

|Sep high C = 26.5

|Oct high C = 25.1

|Nov high C = 22.6

|Dec high C = 20.8

|year high C =

|Jan mean C = 17.2

|Feb mean C = 17.0

|Mar mean C = 17.5

|Apr mean C = 18.0

|May mean C = 19.2

|Jun mean C = 21.1

|Jul mean C = 22.7

|Aug mean C = 23.9

|Sep mean C = 23.6

|Oct mean C = 22.2

|Nov mean C = 19.9

|Dec mean C = 18.3

|year mean C =

|Jan low C = 14.6

|Feb low C = 14.1

|Mar low C = 14.5

|Apr low C = 15.1

|May low C = 16.3

|Jun low C = 18.3

|Jul low C = 19.8

|Aug low C = 20.9

|Sep low C = 20.6

|Oct low C = 19.3

|Nov low C = 17.2

|Dec low C = 15.7

|year low C =

|Jan avg record low C = 11.6

|Feb avg record low C = 11.3

|Mar avg record low C = 11.3

|Apr avg record low C = 12.4

|May avg record low C = 13.6

|Jun avg record low C = 15.9

|Jul avg record low C = 17.4

|Aug avg record low C = 18.7

|Sep avg record low C = 18.5

|Oct avg record low C = 16.2

|Nov avg record low C = 13.6

|Dec avg record low C = 12.8

|year avg record low C = 10.3

|Jan record low C = 8.2

|Feb record low C = 7.4

|Mar record low C = 7.7

|Apr record low C = 9.3

|May record low C = 9.7

|Jun record low C = 12.0

|Jul record low C = 14.6

|Aug record low C = 16.3

|Sep record low C = 14.9

|Oct record low C = 13.1

|Nov record low C = 9.8

|Dec record low C = 8.0

|year record low C =

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 98.7

|Feb precipitation mm = 95.0

|Mar precipitation mm = 83.4

|Apr precipitation mm = 61.8

|May precipitation mm = 44.5

|Jun precipitation mm = 16.8

|Jul precipitation mm = 3.7

|Aug precipitation mm = 4.0

|Sep precipitation mm = 44.9

|Oct precipitation mm = 117.9

|Nov precipitation mm = 111.7

|Dec precipitation mm = 135.3

|year precipitation mm =

|unit precipitation days = 1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 9.2

|Feb precipitation days = 8.3

|Mar precipitation days = 9.6

|Apr precipitation days = 6.6

|May precipitation days = 5.2

|Jun precipitation days = 2.4

|Jul precipitation days = 0.9

|Aug precipitation days = 1.4

|Sep precipitation days = 5.1

|Oct precipitation days = 9.7

|Nov precipitation days = 10.5

|Dec precipitation days = 12.0

|year precipitation days =

|Jan humidity = 71

|Feb humidity = 70

|Mar humidity = 68

|Apr humidity = 68

|May humidity = 70

|Jun humidity = 73

|Jul humidity = 73

|Aug humidity = 72

|Sep humidity = 71

|Oct humidity = 71

|Nov humidity = 70

|Dec humidity = 70

|year humidity = 71

|Jan sun = 161

|Feb sun = 167

|Mar sun = 198

|Apr sun = 195

|May sun = 209

|Jun sun = 194

|Jul sun = 233

|Aug sun = 237

|Sep sun = 211

|Oct sun = 194

|Nov sun = 166

|Dec sun = 151

|year sun =

| Jan uv = 4.0

| Feb uv = 5.9

| Mar uv = 8.0

| Apr uv = 9.7

| May uv = 10.4

| Jun uv = 11.0

| Jul uv = 10.8

| Aug uv = 10.1

| Sep uv = 8.6

| Oct uv = 7.2

| Nov uv = 4.7

| Dec uv = 3.4

| year uv =

|source 1 = Météo Climat{{cite web

|url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-1-p241.php

|title = Météo Climat stats Portugal (Madère)

|publisher = Météo Climat

|language = fr

|access-date = 10 October 2023

}} Infoclimat{{cite web

|url = https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/funchal-s-catarina/valeurs/08521.html

|title = Climatologie de l'année à Funchal/S. Catarina

|publisher = Infoclimat

|language = fr

|access-date=10 October 2023}} (average daily max UV recorded in 2015-2020){{cite web |title=Índice Ultravioleta, na Estação Meteorológica Funchal / Observatório - 2015-2020 |url=https://estatistica.madeira.gov.pt/download-now/ambiente-territorio/dados-meteorologicos/dados-meteorologicos-serie-retrospetiva/send/671-dados-meteorologicos-serie-retrospetiva/13689-indice-ultravioleta-na-estacao-meteorologica-funchal-observatorio-2015-2020.html |publisher=Direção Regional de Estatística da Madeira |access-date=10 January 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite web |title=Série retrospetiva da informação meteorológica (1976-2019) |url=https://estatistica.madeira.gov.pt/en/download-now-3/territorio-gb/weather-data/weather-data-in-focus/send/673-weather-data-in-focus/12959-in-focus.html |publisher=Direção Regional de Estatística da Madeira |access-date=19 December 2021}}

|source 2 = NOAA (humidity 1961–1990),

{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/PA/08522.TXT| server = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| title = Funchal Climate Normals 1961–1990| access-date = 10 March 2017}} German Meteorological Service (sunshine 1991-2020){{cite web |url=https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/sunshine_duration/historical/08522_198606_201812.txt |title=Monthly Averages for Funchal|publisher=DwD}}{{cite web |url=https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/sunshine_duration/recent/08522.txt |title=Monthly Averages for Funchal|publisher=DwD}}{{cite web |url=https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=08522&ano=2024&mes=11&day=11&hora=5&min=0&ndays=30|title=08522: Funchal (Portugal)|author= |date= 10 November 2024|website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date= 12 November 2024|quote=}}

}}

A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~{{convert|2.5-3|C-change|F-change}} by 2100, the climate of Funchal in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Rabat in Morocco. The annual temperature and the temperature of the warmest and coldest month would all increase by {{convert|1.9|C-change|F-change}}, putting the coldest and warmest months above {{convert|18|to|24|C|F|0}}.{{cite journal |last1=Bastin |first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Clark |first2=Emily |last3=Elliott |first3=Thomas |last4=Hart |first4=Simon |last5=van den Hoogen |first5=Johan |last6=Hordijk |first6=Iris |last7=Ma |first7=Haozhi |last8=Majumder |first8=Sabiha |last9=Manoli |first9=Gabriele |last10=Maschler |first10=Julia |last11=Mo |first11=Lidong |last12=Routh |first12=Devin |last13=Yu |first13=Kailiang |last14=Zohner |first14=Constantin M. |last15=Thomas W. |first15=Crowther |title=Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 July 2019 |volume=14 |issue=7 |at=S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217592 |pmid=31291249 |pmc=6619606 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1417592B |doi-access=free }}{{cite web |url=https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |title=Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action |at=Current vs. future cities |access-date=8 January 2023}} According to Climate Action Tracker, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with {{convert|2.7|C-change|F-change}}, which closely matches RCP 4.5.{{cite web |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |title=The CAT Thermometer |access-date=8 January 2023}}

{{wide image|Funchal at Sunset.jpg|900px|Panoramic view of Funchal Bay during sunset, taken from Ponta do Garajau.}}

File:Madeira 4093.jpg]]

File:Madeira 17 2014.jpg

File:Madeira 6 2014.jpg

File:Funchal Praça do Município 2016 4.jpg seen in 2016.]]

The urbanised core of the city of Funchal includes several of the civil parishes that surround the municipality (Câmara de Lobos, Santa Cruz, Machico and Ribeira Brava), and includes a population of 150,000 inhabitants, the largest Portuguese city outside of mainland Portugal. The municipality itself is a grouping of several smaller administrative entities, that includes Funchal, Câmara de Lobos, Caniço and Santa Cruz, located along the southern coast of Madeira. Funchal is a cosmopolitan and panoramic city, with parks, shops and hotels.

The municipality ({{langx|pt|concelho}}) and city ({{langx|pt|cidade}}) are one administrative division, administered by an executive and legislative committee in the city hall. Local communities, are administered at the civil parish levels, through their own legislative bodies and executives. Funchal comprises ten civil parishes ({{langx|pt|freguesias}}) based on traditional religious districts ({{langx|pt|paróquias}}):

• Imaculado Coração de Maria – a northern suburb, it is one of the smaller parishes in area, with the highest concentrations of residents (6951 residents in 2001);
• Monte – originally a summer refuge for the wealthy, due to its mild climate, Monte is symbolised by the toboggan drivers that race tourists down to the central town; today it is one of the more populated areas of Funchal with over 7500 inhabitants;
• Santa Luzia – one of the four urban suburbs of Funchal, developed from urban sprawl that expanded into the hinterland; today there are more than 6600 inhabitants in these foothills;
• Santa Maria Maior – named from the first episcopal divisions on the island, it along with Sé were the first faith communities to develop, concentrating along the coast in the church of Nossa Senhora do Calhau;
• Santo António – the most populated civil parish in the municipality, developed from some initial sugar engine plantations, until the 16th century; today the population includes approximately 22,000 residents;
• São Gonçalo – initially settled by Gonçalo Aires, in service to João Gonçalves Zarco, the lands of the parish were once the personal domains of this settler;
• São Martinho – the highly urbanized area pertains to 20,000 inhabitants and includes the hotel zone of Funchal known as Lido (named after the Lido Bathing Complex);
• São Pedro – central to the business and residential character of Funchal, São Pedro is a bedroom community of Sé, with 7681 residents;
• São Roque – deannexed from Sé under the authority of Cardinal Infante Henriques, the prelate of Funchal constructed this parish from sections of São Pedro and São Martinho;
• Sé – the historical centre of Funchal, and most developed, including many of the older buildings; its population is less than 2148 residents (2001).

{{see also|Transport in Madeira}}

File:Teleférico - Funchal 11.jpg

Madeira Airport, often known as Funchal Airport (code: FNC) and officially Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport, is located east of the city, in the municipality of Santa Cruz. The airport was one of the most dangerous airports in the world{{cite web|url=https://aviatechchannel.com/top-10-dangerous-airports-in-the-world/ |title=Top 10 most dangerous airports in the world 2020 |work=Aviatech Channel |date=17 August 2020 |first=Sierra |last=Kilo}} due to the limited flat space in close proximity to cliffs, but the extension of the runway on concrete pillars in the sea has improved safety. It served more than 5 million passengers as of 2024.{{cite web |title=VINCI Airports - Traffic as of December 31, 2024 |url=https://en.newsroom.vinci-airports.com/news/vinci-airports-traffic-as-of-december-31-2024-0e435-46ae7.html| date=16 January 2025 | access-date=17 January 2025}}

The Port of Funchal was the only major port in Madeira. Since 2007 it has been fully dedicated to passenger transport (cruise ships and ferries) and other tourist-related boats and yachts. In that year all remaining fishing activity and cargo trade was moved to the newly developed port of Caniçal, {{convert|12|mi|0|abbr=on}} to the east.{{cite web|title=Portos da Madeira|url=http://www.portosdamadeira.com/index2.php?t=1&l=pt|publisher=Administração dos Portos da Região Autónoma da Madeira|language=pt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415103815/http://www.portosdamadeira.com/index2.php?t=1&l=pt|archive-date=15 April 2012|access-date=14 October 2012}}

A ferry service between Funchal and Portimão, on the mainland, provided by Naviera Armas sailed weekly from 2008, but was discontinued in 2013 due to a dispute over harbour fees. In summer 2018 it was re-instated, but as a seasonal service from July to September, being operated by Grupo Sousa using Naviera Armas's ship Volcán de Tijarafe, that provided the crossing prior to the 2013 discontinuation, with a maximum speed of 23 knots. The crossing takes around 24 hours.

{{cite web

| url = https://www.rtp.pt/madeira/sociedade/ferry-madeira-portimao-bilhetes-disponiveis-a-partir-de-amanha-_19383

| title = Ferry Madeira-Portimão: Bilhetes disponíveis a partir de hoje A primeira viagem realiza-se a 2 de julho mas os bilhetes vão estar disponíveis já a partir desta terça-feira (Vídeo)

| date = 12 June 2018

| access-date = 13 June 2018}}

A ferry runs in two hours between Funchal and Porto Santo Island, called the Lobo Marinho.{{cite web|url=http://www.madeira-web.com/pagesuk/lobo-marinho.html|title=madeira-web.com – Things to do: "Lobo Marinho"|website=madeira-web.com|access-date=2 May 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912145933/http://www.madeira-web.com/PagesUK/lobo-marinho.html|archive-date=12 September 2017}}

Funchal is frequently used as a stop-over by transatlantic ships, en route from Europe to the Caribbean, as it is the northernmost Atlantic island that lies in the path of the Westerlies.

A highway provides access to Câmara de Lobos and Ribeira Brava to the west, and Santa Cruz, Machico and Caniçal to the east.

File:Toboggan riders, Monte, Madeira, Portugal.jpg ride going down Monte]]

File:Funchal ( Portugal )05.jpg

Today Funchal is a major tourist town, with hotels, port, and an international airport Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport (FNC), located in the nearby municipality of Santa Cruz.

Besides the city of Funchal, tourist destinations include: Ribeira Brava, Curral das Freiras, Porto Moniz, Santana, the Laurisilva forest, a UNESCO Natural Site, in the centre of Madeira Island and the beaches in Porto Santo island. There is also a passenger gondola lift (Funchal Cable Car), that transports people from the lower section of the city to the suburb of Monte and another that runs between Monte and the Botanical Gardens.

Funchal has many Museums, such as the:-

• Casa-Museu Frederico de Freitas
• Núcleo Museológico da Cidade do Açúcar
• Museu Barbeito
• Museu CR7
• Museu de Electricidade (Museum of Electricity)
• Museu de Arte Contemporânea do Funchal
• Sacred Art Museum of Funchal
• Museu de Fotografia – Vicentes
• Museu do Forte de S. Tiago
• Museu do Vinho da Madeira
• Museu Henrique e Francisco Franco
• Museu de História Natural do Funchal
• Museu Quinta das Cruzes
• Museu Sala de Troféus do Clube Sport Marítimo
• Núcleo Museológico do IVBAM
• Núcleo Museológico do Museu Militar Palácio São Lourenço
• Núcleo Museológico Mary Jane Wilson

{{Main|Roman Catholic Diocese of Funchal}}

File:The Igreja do Colégio interior (Barocco ), Funchal’s City Square. Funchal, Portugal, Autonomous Region of Madeira, Southwestern Europe.jpg interior featuring Baroque architecture, Funchal's City Square]]The Episcopal see (diocese) of the Roman Catholic bishop of Funchal includes the entirety of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, and is a suffragan see under the Archdiocese of Lisbon. Its focus is the Sé Cathedral, located in civil parish of Sé, dedicated to Nossa Senhora da Assunção ({{langx|en|Our Lady of the Assumption}}) while its patron saint is Saint James.

Anglican services have been held at Holy Trinity Church in Funchal (Rua do Quebra Costas) since 1822, although the first recorded Protestant service took place in 1774.{{cite web| title =The Church| work =Holy Trinity Church, Funchal| date =25 August 2010| url =http://www.holytrinity-madeira.org/the_church.php| access-date =10 September 2010| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100224072841/http://www.holytrinity-madeira.org/the_church.php| archive-date =24 February 2010| df =dmy-all}} The Holy Trinity Church also takes care of the British Cemetery of Funchal.

Funchal Baptist Church was established in Madeira in 1976. It is located at Rua Silvestre Quintino de Freitas, and provides English services in the morning and Portuguese in the evening.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was established on Madeira in 1983. A few congregations have developed and a number of island converts have served missions off-island for the church in turn. Its main chapel in Lido was commenced in 1987 and dedicated a few years later.

The Synagogue of Funchal was built in 1836, but is now disused.{{cite web | last = Dysch | first = Marcus | title = Madeira: Peace in the land of Ronaldo | work = The Jewish Chronicle Online | date = 7 April 2009 | url = http://www.thejc.com/travel/travel-features/madeira-peace-land-ronaldo | access-date = 10 September 2010 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100502024854/http://www.thejc.com/travel/travel-features/madeira-peace-land-ronaldo | archive-date = 2 May 2010}} There is the Jewish Cemetery of Funchal which is also disused.

Funchal has two association football clubs: C.S. Marítimo, C.D. Nacional. Together they form the Madeira derby, which was first played in 1981 due to the teams being in different league levels for 7 decades. A third, C.F. União, also existed and contested the derby prior to its dissolution in 2021.

Since 2011, the project "ArT of opEN doors project in Rua de Santa Maria" has been implemented in Funchal.{{Cite web|url=http://www.arteportasabertas.com|title=Projecto artE pORtas abErtas - Funchal - Projecto artE pORtas abErtas - Funchal|website=www.arteportasabertas.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.world-in-words.com/news/open-doors-art-in-funchal/|title=Open Doors Art in Funchal ::|website=www.world-in-words.com}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitmadeira.pt/en-gb/explore/detalhe/painted-doors-project|title=Painted Doors Project|website=www.visitmadeira.pt}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/opening-doors-in-madeira_b_1666502|title=Opening Doors With Art In Madeira, Portugal|date=13 July 2012|website=HuffPost}}{{Cite web|url=https://travellingclaus.com/painted-doors-funchal/|title=The painted doors of Funchal|date=11 November 2014|website=Travelling Claus}}{{Cite web|url=https://simpletravelourway.wordpress.com/2014/08/24/art-of-open-doors/|title=ArT of opEN doors|date=24 August 2014}} The aim of the project is to open the city to artistic and cultural events. The project was born by the hand of many artists who coordinated with the city council and decided to take it out on the streets of the Old Town, particularly in the Rua de Santa Maria. The doors of houses, abandoned shops, deteriorated areas received a new life, in order to sensitize people towards the art and culture that fills these spaces.

File:Painted door (Pair). Funchal, Madeira.jpg

File:Painted door (On the coast). Funchal, Madeira.jpg

File:Painted door (Photographer). Funchal, Madeira.jpg

File:Painted door (Niu). Funchal, Madeira.jpg

File:Madeira-Street art-Portrait-Kleiner Prinz.jpg

File:Street art-Madeira-Portrait Nixe.jpg

File:Street art-Madeira-Portrait Man.jpg

File:ArT of opEN doors project - Rua de Santa Maria - Funchal 37.jpg

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Portugal}}

File:Penha de França - Funchal.jpg

Funchal is twinned with:{{cite web|title=Acordos de Geminação|url=https://funchal.pt/en/rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es-internacionais/179-acordos-de-gemina%C3%A7%C3%A3o.html|website=cm-funchal.pt|publisher=Funchal|language=pt|access-date=2022-06-29|archivedate=18 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518123103/https://www.funchal.pt/en/rela%c3%a7%c3%b5es-internacionais/179-acordos-de-gemina%c3%a7%c3%a3o.html|url-status=deviated}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• {{flagicon|POR}} Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
• {{flagicon|RSA}} Cape Town, South Africa
• {{flagicon|AUS}} Fremantle, Australia
• {{flagicon|GIB}} Gibraltar, Gibraltar
• {{flagicon|ISR}} Herzliya, Israel
• {{flagicon|USA}} Honolulu, United States
• {{flagicon|POR}} Ílhavo, Portugal
• {{flagicon|GER}} Leichlingen, Germany
• {{flagicon|ZMB}} Livingstone, Zambia
• {{flagicon|AUS}} Marrickville (Inner West), Australia
• {{flagicon|USA}} Maui County, United States
• {{flagicon|USA}} New Bedford, United States
• {{flagicon|USA}} Oakland, United States
• {{flagicon|CPV}} Praia, Cape Verde
• {{flagicon|JEY}} Saint Helier, Jersey
• {{flagicon|BRA}} Santos, Brazil
• {{flagicon|PHI}} Vigan, Philippines

{{div col end}}

File:Alberto João Jardim e Irineu Barreto (cropped).jpg

File:Maximiano de Sousa.jpg

File:Herberto Helder.jpg

• Arsénio Pompílio Pompeu de Carpo (1792–1869), slave trader, freemason, poet and journalist
• James Yate Johnson (1820–1900), English naturalist, lived in Madeira from 1851
• José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage (1823–1907), Portuguese zoologist and politician
• Arthur Phelps (1837–1920), British civil engineer, homeopath and anti-vaccinationist
• Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos (1837–1880), Roman Catholic Archbishop of Goa
• Sarah Forbes Bonetta (1843–1880), goddaughter of Queen Victoria, died of tuberculosis
• Sir Lloyd William Mathews (1850–1901), British naval officer, politician and abolitionist
• Charles, Count de Lambert (1865–1944), early European aviator
• Adolfo de Noronha (1873–1963), Portuguese naturalist
• Leontina de Cabral Hogan (1886–1943), medium and feministFile:Leontina-Cabral-Hogan.jpg]]
• Lourdes Castro (1930–2022), artist using abstract art, silk screens and shadow puppets
• Maria Teresinha Gomes (1933–2007), spent 20 years as a male army general
• Alberto João Jardim (born 1943), President of the Regional Government of Madeira, 1978–2015
• Joe Berardo (born 1944), Portuguese and South African businessman, and art collector
• Ilse Everlien Berardo (born 1955), German Lutheran theologian, responsible for the local German-speaking Protestant Church
• Humberto Barbosa (born 1961), Portuguese nutritionist
• Miguel Albuquerque (born 1961), politician, current President of the Regional Government of Madeira
• Berto Correia de Sousa (born 1972), Portuguese-Swiss bank manager in Zurich, noble roots
• Liliana Rodrigues (born 1973), politician and Member of the European Parliament
• Rubina Berardo (born 1982), Madeiran and Portuguese politician and pundit

• Viscondessa das Nogueiras (1805–1888), poet, author, and translator
• Jane Wallas Penfold (1820–1884), botanical artist{{cite book |date=2004 |last=Hoe |first=Susanna |title=Madeira: Women, History, Books and Places |publisher=Holo |location=Oxford, UK |page=129 |ISBN=9780953773084 }}
• Virgílio Teixeira (1917–2010), film, TV and stage actor
• Maximiano de Sousa (1918–1980), Portuguese singer, known as Max
• Herberto Hélder (1930–2015), Portuguese surrealist and experimental poet
• António da Cunha Telles (born 1935), Portuguese film director and producer
• Maria Aurora (1937–2010), journalist, poet, novelist, children's writer and TV presenter
• {{ill|Nini Andrade|pt}} (born 1962) interior designer and painter
• Fátima Lopes (born 1965), fashion designer
• Kátia Aveiro (born 1977), singer and sister of footballer Cristiano Ronaldo
• Pedro Camacho (born 1979), composer of classical and religious music and film scores
• Carlos Nóbrega (born 1979), singer, songwriter, actor, photographer and writer
• Fabio Machado (born 1985), Portuguese mandolin virtuoso
• Vânia Fernandes (born 1985), singer and 2008 Eurovision Song Contest competitor
• Giullia Buscacio (born 1997), Portuguese Brazilian actress

File:CR7.JPG, born in the city in 1985]]

• Cristiano Ronaldo (born 1985), footballer and longtime captain of the Portugal national team
• Artur de Sousa Pinga (1909–1963), footballer and later coach of FC Porto
• Marco Paiva (born 1973), retired footballer with 528 club caps
• Catarina Fagundes (born 1977), the first Portuguese female sailing athlete, entered the 1996 Summer Olympics
• Márcio Abreu (born 1980), Portuguese footballer with 505 club caps
• Rúben Andrade (born 1982), retired footballer with 491 club caps
• Moises Henriques (born 1987), Australian cricketer, moved to Australia aged one
• Marcos Freitas (born 1988), European Champion table tennis player
• Laura Luís (born 1992), football forward, with 49 caps for the Portugal women's team
• Fátima Pinto (born 1996), the first footballer from Madeira in a UEFA Women's Championship
• Telma Encarnação (born 2001), footballer who plays for the Portugal women's team

• History of Madeira
• Madeira wine
• {{Portal-inline|Portugal}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book | last = Fructuoso| first = Gaspar | title = Saudades da Terra|volume=2|orig-year=1873 | language=pt|publisher = Instituto Cultural de Ponta Delgada|location=Ponta Delgada, Azores| year = 1966}}

{{See also|Timeline of Funchal#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Funchal}}

{{commons category}}

{{Wikivoyage}}

{{Municipalities of Madeira}}

{{List of African capitals}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Cities in Portugal

Category:1421 establishments in Portugal

Category:Populated places established in the 1420s

Category:Municipalities of Madeira

Category:Madeira Island

Category:Capitals in Africa