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Garad

{{Short description|Clan leader or chief}}

Garad (Harari: ገራድ, {{Langx|so|Garaad}}, {{Langx|ar|الجراد}}, Oromo: Garaada) is a term used to refer to a king, Sultan or regional administrator. It was used primarily by Muslims in the Horn of Africa that were associated with Islamic states, most notably the Adal Sultanate.{{cite book |last1=Abubaker |first1=Abdulmalik |title=Taxes, tax payers and collectors-pre and post Menelik: Harari experience |publisher=University of Alabama |page=24 |url=https://everythingharar.com/files/Abdulmalik_Abubaker.pdf}}{{cite book |last1=Hassan |first1=Mohammed |title=Oromo of Ethiopia |publisher=University of London |page=177 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29226/1/10731321.pdf}}

Etymology

The origin of the term Garad is uncertain.{{citation|title=Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth ..|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3N0DwAAQBAJ&q=garad+origin+in+ethiopia&pg=PA87|date=n.d.|isbn=978-0-8156-5431-5|last1 = Ben-Dror|first1 = Avishai| publisher=Syracuse University Press }} According to Enrico Cerulli, Garad originates from the era of Adal.{{cite thesis |last1=Hersi |first1=Ali |title=The Arab factor in Somali history the origins and the development of Arab enterprise and cultural influences in the Somali peninsula |date=1977 |publisher=University of California |page=13 |url=https://iucat.iu.edu/iue/576862}} Garad denotes a headman within a "Gaar" (clan/house).{{cite journal |last1=Woldeselassie |first1=Zerihun |title=Ethnicity, belonging and identity among the Eastern Gurage of Ethiopia |journal=Ethnicities |year=2017 |volume=17 |issue=3 |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc |page=438 |doi=10.1177/1468796815588619 |jstor=26413960 |hdl=10037/18693 |s2cid=143003936 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26413960|hdl-access=free }}{{cite book |last1=Turton |first1=Edmund |title=The Pastrol tribes of Northern Kenya |publisher=University of London |page=27 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29105/1/10731200.pdf}}

In the Somali language Garad roughly translates to "chief" or "wise man", as well as "wisdom".{{Cite book|last=Höhne|first=Markus Virgil|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/976483444|title=Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision|date=2015|isbn=978-1-907431-13-5|location=London|pages=47|oclc=976483444}}{{Cite book|last=Waller|first=David|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29513928|title=Rwanda : which way now?|date=1993|publisher=Oxfam|isbn=0-85598-217-9|location=Oxford|pages=68|oclc=29513928}} Another word origin in the Somali language is Gar Aad, which is the concatenation of the words "justice" and "move towards", therefore the literal meaning of Garad in Somali is "one who seeks justice"{{Cite book |last=Kirk |first=J. W. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPVWJxtLG6IC |title=A Grammar of the Somali Language: With Examples in Prose and Verse, and an Account of the Yibir and Midgan Dialects |date=2010-10-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-01326-0 |language=en}}

Garad also denotes a "chief" in Harari and Silt'e languages respectively.{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Gärad |url=https://en.sewasew.com/phrases/4612?withDetails=1}} According to Leslau, Garad is a Cushitic loanword in the Harari language. However, linguist Giorgio Banti disputes this claim, stating that Leslau's evidence is not sufficient to support it. Banti adds that there is little proof to support the terms Ethiopian Semitic origin as well.{{cite book |last1=Banti |first1=Giorgio |title=Strata on loanwords from Arabic and other Semitic languages in Northern Somali |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=203-204 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110292343.185/html?lang=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Leslau |first=Wolf |date=1959 |title=An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_1959_num_3_1_1310 |journal=Annales d'Éthiopie |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=290 |doi=10.3406/ethio.1959.1310}}

History

File:Ala Oromo Garad.jpg

Several Muslim states and dominions including Hadiya Sultanate, Sultanate of Darfur, Ganz province, Harla and Somali Sultanate leaders were known as Garads.{{cite journal |last1=Boustead |first1=J.E.H |title=The Youth & Last Days of Sultan Ali Dinar "A Fur View" |journal=Sudan Notes and Records |year=1939 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=149–153 |publisher=University of Khartoum |jstor=41716321 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41716321}}{{cite book |last1=Markakis |first1=John |title=Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers |year=2011 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |page=141 |isbn=978-1-84701-033-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&q=somali+elders+with+titles+such+as+sultan%2C+Ugas%2C+Garad%2C+Damin+and+Malaq&pg=PA141}}{{cite book |last1=Huntingford |first1=G.W.B |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646: Being Extracts from The History of High Ethiopia or Abassia by Manoel de Almeida Together with Bahrey's History of the Galla |date=15 May 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-05271-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgkDwAAQBAJ&q=hadiya+garad&pg=PT46}}{{cite web |last1=Levi |first1=Vida |title=Le manuscrit Vatican arabe 1792 |page=2 |url=https://f.hypotheses.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/4313/files/2020/07/Labadie_Manuscrit_Vatican_Arabe_1792-1.pdf |publisher=European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme}}

Within Somali clans the use of the traditional hereditary title "Garad" is most widespread among the Dhulbahante and Karanle and was also used by the Habr Awal up until the 1940s.{{cite book|last=Felix|first=Rosen|url=https://archive.org/details/einedeutscheges00rose|title=Eine deutsche Gesandtschaft in Abessinien|publisher=VERLAG VON VEIT & COMP Leipzig|year=1907|isbn=978-0-274-11341-5|page=115|language=de}}{{cite book |last1=Buur |first1=L |last2=Kyed |first2=K |title=State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities? |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMeHDAAAQBAJ&q=dhulbahante+i+m+lewis&pg=PA176 |access-date=21 September 2019|isbn=978-0-230-60971-6 }}{{cite book |last1=Cerulli |first1=Enrico |title=Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber |publisher=Istituto Per L'Oriente |page=199 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g-LkxaXWZopjLCFEuWm8wnly2lh4WvFp/view}} According to tradition the Somali Girhi's founding Garad "Aboker" lived five centuries ago in Harar.{{cite journal |last1=Hussein |first1=Jeylan |title=Sociocognitive Processes in the Construction of Identity and Conflict between the Jarso and Girhi in Eastern Ethiopia |journal=African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review |year=2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=107 |doi=10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89 |jstor=10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89 |s2cid=154694376 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89|url-access=subscription }} Tradition among the Somali Geledi clan claim Aw Kalafow, a descendant of Abadir, was the first to use the title Garad.{{cite book |last1=Mukhtar |first1=Mohammed |title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia |date=25 February 2003 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=87 |isbn=978-0-8108-6604-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&dq=first+to+use+the+title+gereed&pg=PA87}} Enrico Cerulli and others state that the Harari titles such as Garad were embraced by Somali chiefs.{{cite book |last1=Cerulli |first1=Enrico |title=HARAR CENTRO MUSULMANO IN ETIOPIA |publisher=Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino |page=314 |url=http://everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/Harar,%20Centro%20Musulmano%20In%20Ethiopia%20-%20Cerulli.pdf}}{{cite book |last1=Banti |first1=Giorgio |title=Strata in Semitic loanwords in Northern Somali |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |page=192 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5529034}}

In the early seventeenth century Emirate of Harar, Garad was the title given to tax collectors on behalf of the state. According to Richard Caulk, Garad was a bygone Harari title that was introduced to the Oromo of Hararghe whom also began using it.{{cite book |last1=Abubaker |first1=Abdulmalik |title=Trade for Peace not for Conflict: Harari Experience |publisher=School of Law, University of Warwick |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/lgd/2013_1/abubaker}}{{cite book |last1=WONDIMU |first1=ALEMAYEHU |title=A CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE HARARI PEOPLE |publisher=Jimma University |page=18 |url=https://repository.ju.edu.et/bitstream/handle/123456789/803/Edd.%20Ful.%20%20His.%20RES.%207%20Alemayehu%2020099.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421223316/https://repository.ju.edu.et/bitstream/handle/123456789/803/Edd.%20Ful.%20%20His.%20RES.%207%20Alemayehu%2020099.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=21 April 2021 |url-status=dead}} Garads were also commanders of the army called the Malassay in the Harar Emirate.{{cite journal |last1=Kropp |first1=Manfred |title=Mäläsay: Selbstbezeichnung Eines Harariner Offizierskorps und Ihr Gebrauch in Äthiopischen und Arabischen Chroniken |journal=Paideuma |year=1990 |volume=36 |publisher=Frobenius Institute |page=111 |jstor=40732663 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40732663}} An eighteen century Harari chronicle states the Harar region went through major upheavals in the late 1700s which led to the destruction of several villages administrated by Garads.{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=Ewald |title=Three Arabic Documents on the History of Harar |year=1974 |issue=1 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=12 |pages=213–224 |jstor=44324707 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44324707}}

Somali Garad clans

There are many Somali clans suffixed with Garad, in particular subclans of the Marehan, Dhulbahante, and Karanle which include:GIKONYO, FLORENCE, MÉMOIRE SOUMIS POUR L’OBTENTION DU, and DIPLÔME DE MAÎTRISE ES LETTRES. "UNIVERSITÉ KENYATTA." (2011).{{Cite book|last=Hunt|first=John Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAhBAQAAIAAJ|title=A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484|date=1951|publisher=To be purchased from the Chief Secretary|pages=141–143|language=en}}

Places

Notable Garads

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

Category:Horn of Africa

Category:History of Darfur

Category:Society of Somalia

Category:Adal Sultanate

Category:Royal titles

Category:Noble titles

Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership

Category:Aristocracy

Category:Heads of state