Gay bashing

{{Short description|Violence against and bullying of LGBTQ people}}

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Gay bashing is an attack, abuse, or assault committed against a person who is perceived by the aggressor to be gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender or queer (LGBTQ+). It includes both violence against LGBTQ people and LGBTQ bullying. The term covers violence against and bullying of people who are LGBTQ, as well as non-LGBTQ people whom the attacker perceives to be LGBTQ.

Physical gay bashings sometimes involve extreme violence or murder; the perpetrators’s actions being based on their perceptions or assumptions of the victim's sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression.

LGBTQ youth are more likely to report bullying than non-LGBTQ youth, particularly in schools. Victims of LGBTQ bullying may feel unsafe, resulting in depression and anxiety, including increased rates of suicide and attempted suicide. LGBTQ students may try to pass as heterosexual to escape the bullying, leading to further stress and isolation from available supports. Support organizations exist in many countries to prevent LGBTQ bullying and support victims. Some jurisdictions have passed legislation against LGBTQ bullying and harassment.

Violence

LGBTQ people frequently experience violence directed toward their sexuality, gender identity, or gender expression.{{cite journal|last=Meyer|first=Doug|title=An Intersectional Analysis of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People's Evaluations of Anti-Queer Violence|journal=Gender & Society|date=December 2012|volume=26|issue=6|pages=849–873|doi=10.1177/0891243212461299|s2cid=145812781}} This violence may be enacted by the state, as in laws prescribing punishment for homosexual acts, or by individuals. It may be motivated by biphobia, gayphobia, homophobia, lesbophobia, and transphobia. Influencing factors may be cultural, religious, or political mores and biases.{{Cite book|url=https://www.rutgersuniversitypress.org/violence-against-queer-people/9780813573151|title=Violence against Queer People|last=Meyer|first=Doug|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2015|access-date=2017-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515035337/https://www.rutgersuniversitypress.org/violence-against-queer-people/9780813573151/|archive-date=2019-05-15|url-status=dead}}

Bullying

Bullying of LGBTQ people, particularly LGBTQ youth, involves intentional actions toward the victim, repeated negative actions by one or more people against another person, and an imbalance of physical or psychological power.{{cite web |publisher=US Dept of Education |title=Bullying Myths and Facts |access-date=October 2, 2010 |url=http://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/training/bullying/bullying_pg3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325204905/http://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/training/bullying/bullying_pg3.html |archive-date=March 25, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}

LGBTQ youth are more likely to report bullying than non-LGBTQ youth.{{cite journal |author1=Berlan, ED |author2=Corliss, HL |author3=Field, AE |title= Sexual Orientation and Bullying Among Adolescents in the Growing Up Today Study |journal= Journal of Adolescent Health |date=April 2010 |volume=46 |pages=366–71 | doi = 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.10.015 |pmid=20307826 |pmc=2844864 |issue=4|display-authors=etal}} In one study, boys who were bullied with taunts of being gay suffered more bullying and more negative effects compared with boys who were bullied with other categories of taunting.{{cite journal |author1=Swearer, SM |author2=Turner, RT |author3=Givens, JE |title="You're so gay!": Do different forms of bullying matter for adolescent males? |journal= School Psychology Review |year=2008 |volume=37|issue=2 |pages=160–173 |doi=10.1080/02796015.2008.12087891 |s2cid=6456413 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1152&context=edpsychpapers |url-access=subscription }} Some researchers suggest including youth questioning their sexuality in any research on LGBTQ bullying because they may be as susceptible to its effects as LGBTQ students.{{cite journal |last1=Swearer |first1=S. M. |last2=Turner |first2=R. K. |last3=Givens |first3=J. E. |last4=Pollack |first4=W. S. |year=2008 |title=You're So Gay!": Do Different Forms of Bullying Matter for Adolescent Males?. |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1152&context=edpsychpapers |journal=School Psychology Review |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=160–173 |doi=10.1080/02796015.2008.12087891 |s2cid=6456413|url-access=subscription }}{{cite journal | last1 = Russell | first1 = S. T. | last2 = Joyner | first2 = K. | year = 2001 | title = Adolescent Sexual Orientation and Suicide Risk: Evidence From a National Study | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 91 | issue = 8| pages = 1276–1281 | doi=10.2105/ajph.91.8.1276 | pmid=11499118 | pmc=1446760}}{{cite journal | last1 = Williams | first1 = T. | last2 = Connolly | first2 = J. | last3 = Pepler | first3 = D. | last4 = Craig | first4 = W. | year = 2005 | title = Peer Victimization, Social Support, and Psychosocial Adjustment of Sexual Minority Adolescents | url = http://bullylab.com/Portals/0/Peer%20Victimization%2C%20Social%20Support%2C%20and%20Psychosocial%20adjustment%20of%20sexual%20minority%20adolescents.pdf | journal = Journal of Youth and Adolescence | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 471–482 | doi = 10.1007/s10964-005-7264-x | citeseerx = 10.1.1.459.218 | s2cid = 56253666 | access-date = November 1, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808104155/http://www.bullylab.com/Portals/0/Peer%20Victimization,%20Social%20Support,%20and%20Psychosocial%20adjustment%20of%20sexual%20minority%20adolescents.pdf | archive-date = August 8, 2017 | url-status = dead }}

Gay bashing

Violence

Bullying

See also

References

Further reading