Geographer

{{History of geography sidebar}}

Subdividing geography is challenging, as the discipline is broad, interdisciplinary, ancient, and has been approached differently by different cultures. Attempts have gone back centuries, and include the "Four traditions of geography" and applied "branches."{{cite journal |last1=Pattison |first1=William |title=The Four Traditions of Geography |journal=Journal of Geography |date=1964 |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=211–216 |doi=10.1080/00221346408985265 |bibcode=1964JGeog..63..211P |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00221346408985265 |access-date=27 August 2022}}{{cite book |last1=Sala |first1=Maria |title=Geography Volume I |date=2009 |publisher=EOLSS UNESCO |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84826-960-6 }}{{cite book |last1=Sala |first1=Maria |title=Geography – Vol. I: Geography |date=2009 |publisher=EOLSS UNESCO |url=https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c01/E6-14.pdf |access-date=30 December 2022}}

{{Main|Four traditions of geography}}

The four traditions of geography were proposed in 1964 by William D. Pattison in a paper titled "The Four Traditions of Geography" appearing in the Journal of Geography.{{cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=Alexander |title=Geography's Crosscutting Themes: Golden Anniversary Reflections on "The Four Traditions of Geography" |journal=Journal of Geography |date=27 June 2014 |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=181–188 |doi=10.1080/00221341.2014.918639 |bibcode=2014JGeog.113..181M |s2cid=143168559}} These traditions are:

• spatial or locational tradition
• area studies or regional tradition
• Human–Environment interaction tradition (originally referred to as the "man-land tradition")
• Earth science tradition

{{Main|Category:Branches of geography}}

The UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems subdivides geography into three major fields of study, which are then further subdivided.{{cite book |last1=Sala |first1=Maria |title=Geography Volume I |date=2009 |publisher=EOLSS UNESCO |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84826-960-6 }}{{cite book |last1=Sala |first1=Maria |title=Geography – Vol. I: Geography |date=2009 |publisher=EOLSS UNESCO |url=https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c01/E6-14.pdf |access-date=30 December 2022}} These are:

• Human geography: including urban geography, cultural geography, economic geography, political geography, historical geography, marketing geography, health geography, and social geography.{{Cite journal |last=Nel |first=Etienne |date=2010-11-23 |title=The dictionary of human geography, 5th edition - Edited by Derek Gregory, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael J. Watts and Sarah Whatmore |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2010.01189_4.x |journal=New Zealand Geographer |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=234–236 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-7939.2010.01189_4.x |bibcode=2010NZGeo..66..234N |issn=0028-8144|url-access=subscription }}
• Physical geography: including geomorphology, hydrology, glaciology, biogeography, climatology, meteorology, pedology, oceanography, geodesy, and environmental geography.{{Cite book |last=Marsh |first=William M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797965742 |title=Physical geography : great systems and global environments |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Martin M. Kaufman |isbn=978-0-521-76428-5 |location=Cambridge |oclc=797965742}}
• Technical geography: including geoinformatics, geographic information science, geovisualization, and spatial analysis.

{{main|Five themes of geography}}

The National Geographic Society identifies five broad key themes for geographers:

• human-environment interaction
• Location
• Movement
• Place
• Regions{{Cite web |date=24 October 2008 |title=Geography Education @ |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/education/themes.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207230321/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/education/themes.html |archive-date=7 February 2010 |access-date=16 July 2013 |website=Nationalgeographic.com}}

==Notable geographers==

{{Main|List of geographers|List of Graeco-Roman geographers}}

File:Gerardus Mercator3.jpg]]

• Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) – published Cosmos and founder of the sub-field biogeography.
• Arnold Henry Guyot (1807–1884) – noted the structure of glaciers and advanced understanding in glacier motion, especially in fast ice flow.
• Carl O. Sauer (1889–1975) – cultural geographer.
• Carl Ritter (1779–1859) – occupied the first chair of geography at Berlin University.
• David Harvey (born 1935) – Marxist geographer and author of theories on spatial and urban geography, winner of the Vautrin Lud Prize.
• Doreen Massey (1944–2016) – scholar in the space and places of globalization and its pluralities; winner of the Vautrin Lud Prize.
• Edward Soja (1940–2015) – worked on regional development, planning and governance and coined the terms synekism and postmetropolis; winner of the Vautrin Lud Prize.
• Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932) – first female president of the American Association of Geographers.
• Jovan Cvijić (1865–1927) – Serbian geographer, geologist, sociologist and human geographer; father of the karst geomorphology
• Eratosthenes ({{circa|276|195/194 BC}}) – calculated the size of the Earth.
• Ernest Burgess (1886–1966) – creator of the concentric zone model.
• Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594) – cartographer who produced the Mercator projection
• John Francon Williams (1854–1911) – author of The Geography of the Oceans.
• Karl Butzer (1934–2016) – German-American geographer, cultural ecologist and environmental archaeologist.
• Michael Frank Goodchild (born 1944) – GIS scholar and winner of the RGS founder's medal in 2003.
• Milton Santos (1926–2001) – became known for his pioneering works in several branches of geography, notably urban development in developing countries.
• Muhammad al-Idrisi ({{Langx|ar|أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي|links=no}}; Latin: Dreses) (1100–1165) – author of Nuzhatul Mushtaq.
• Nigel Thrift (born 1949) – originator of non-representational theory.
• Paul Vidal de La Blache (1845–1918) – founder of the French school of geopolitics, wrote the principles of human geography.
• Ptolemy ({{Circa|100|170}}) – compiled Greek and Roman knowledge into the book Geographia.
• Radhanath Sikdar (1813–1870) – calculated the height of Mount Everest.
• Roger Tomlinson (1933 – 2014) – the primary originator of modern geographic information systems.
• Halford Mackinder (1861–1947) – co-founder of the London School of Economics, Geographical Association.
• Strabo (64/63 BC – {{Circa|AD 24}}) – wrote Geographica, one of the first books outlining the study of geography.
• Waldo Tobler (1930–2018) – coined the first law of geography.
• Walter Christaller (1893–1969) – human geographer and inventor of central place theory.
• William Morris Davis (1850–1934) – father of American geography and developer of the cycle of erosion.
• Yi-Fu Tuan (1930–2022) – Chinese-American scholar credited with starting humanistic geography as a discipline.

• American Association of Geographers{{Cite journal|last1=Freeman|first1=T. W.|last2=James|first2=Preston E.|last3=Martin|first3=Geoffrey J.|date=July 1980|title=The Association of American Geographers: The First Seventy-Five Years 1904-1979|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/632894|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=146|issue=2|pages=298|doi=10.2307/632894|jstor=632894|bibcode=1980GeogJ.146..298F |issn=0016-7398|url-access=subscription}}
• American Geographical Society{{Cite web|date=2009-02-26|title=AGS History|url=http://www.amergeog.org/history.htm|access-date=2021-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226220714/http://www.amergeog.org/history.htm|archive-date=26 February 2009}}
• North American Cartographic Information Society
• Anton Melik Geographical Institute (Slovenia)
• Gamma Theta Upsilon (international)
• Institute of Geographical Information Systems (Pakistan)
• International Geographical Union
• Karachi Geographical Society (Pakistan)
• National Geographic Society (US){{Cite web|title=National Geographic Society|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/io/unesco/members/48805.htm|access-date=2021-10-11|website=U.S. Department of State}}
• Royal Canadian Geographical Society
• Royal Danish Geographical Society
• Royal Geographical Society (UK){{Cite web|title=Royal Geographical Society - Royal Geographical Society (with IBG)|url=https://www.rgs.org/|access-date=2021-10-11|website=www.rgs.org}}
• Russian Geographical Society

{{div col}}

• Geographers on Film
• Geography
• Human geography
• List of geographers
• Outline of geography
• Physical geography
• Technical geography

{{div col end}}

{{Reflist}}

• Steven Seegel. Map Men: Transnational Lives and Deaths of Geographers in the Making of East Central Europe. University of Chicago Press, 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-226-43849-8}}.

• {{Commons category-inline|Geographers}}

{{portal-inline|Geography}}

{{Geography topics|state=uncollapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Academic disciplines

Category:Humanities occupations

Category:Science occupations

Category:Social science occupations