Geography of Malta
{{Short description|Island in Europe}}
{{GeoGroup}}{{Infobox country geography|name=Malta|image=File:Malta’s Landscape of Limestone.jpeg|image name=|image caption=Satellite image of Malta|map=Malta2021OSM.png|continent=Europe|region=Southern Europe|coordinates={{Coord|35|54|N|14|31|E|type:city|display=inline,title}}|area ranking=186th|km area=316|percent land=100|percent water=0|highest point=Ta' Dmejrek|lowest point=Mediterranean Sea}}File:Map of Malta 2.pngThe geography of Malta is dominated by water. Malta is an archipelago of coralline limestone, located in Europe, in the Mediterranean Sea, 81 kilometres south of Sicily, Italy,From Żebbuġ in Malta, coordinates: 36°04'48.2"N 14°15'06.7"E to Cava d'Aliga (Scicli) in Italy, coordinates: 36°43'22.5"N 14°41'10.9"E – Google Maps and nearly 300 km north (Libya) and northeast (Tunisia) of Africa. Although Malta is situated in Southern Europe, it is located farther south than Tunis, capital of Tunisia, Algiers, capital of Algeria, Tangier in Morocco and also Aleppo in Syria, and Mosul in Iraq in the Middle East. Only the three largest islands – Malta, Gozo and Comino – are inhabited. Other (uninhabited) islands are: Cominotto, Filfla and the St.Paul's Islands. The country is approximately {{convert|316|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area. Numerous bays along the indented coastline of the islands provide harbours. The landscape of the islands is characterised by high hills with terraced fields. The highest point, at 253 metres, [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/579611/Ta-Zuta Ta' Zuta] on mainland Malta. The capital is Valletta.
Statistics
Malta has a total area of 315.718 km2,[https://www.mepa.org.mt/file.aspx?f=3205 State of the Environment Report for Malta 1998] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103630/https://www.mepa.org.mt/file.aspx?f=3205|date=2015-04-02}} with land making up 315.718 km2 and water taking up zero area. Compared to other political entities, this makes Malta:
- (Australia) slightly less than one-seventh the Australian Capital Territory's size;
- (Canada) roughly one-eighteenth Prince Edward Island's size;
- (UK) slightly smaller than the Isle of Wight;
- (US) slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC.
Excluding 56 km from the island of Gozo, Malta has a coastline of 196.8 km. Its maritime claims of territorial sea are {{Convert|12|nmi|km mi|1|abbr=on}}, contiguous zone is {{Convert|24|nmi|km mi|1|abbr=on|lk=in}}, continental shelf is 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation, and Malta's exclusive fishing zone spans {{Convert|25|nmi|km mi|1|abbr=on}}.
Islands
| class="wikitable sortable" |
| Name
! Area ! Note/ ! Image |
|---|
| Malta Island
|{{coord|35.88182|14.44908|format=dms|name=Malta}}{{cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/advanced-search.html?q=Island&country=MT&featureClass=&continentCode=|title=Islands of Malta|website=GeoNames|access-date=October 26, 2021}} | 200px |
| Gozo (Għawdex) |{{coord|36.04944|14.25|format=dms|name=Gozo}} | 200px |
| Comino (Kemmuna) |{{coord|36.01226|14.33669|format=dms|name=Comino}} | 200px |
| Manoel Island (Il-Gżira Manoel) | 0.3 km2 |{{coord|35.904|14.502|format=dms|name=Manoel Island}} | 200px |
| St Paul's Islands (Il-Gżejjer ta' San Pawl) |{{coord|35|57|55|N|14|24|2|E|format=dms|name=St Paul's Island}} | 200px |
| Cominotto (Kemmunett) |{{coord|36.01361|14.31944|format=dms|name=Kemmunett}} | 200px |
| Filfla (and Filfoletta)
|{{coord|35|47|15|N|14|24|37|E|format=dms|name=Filfla}} | 200px |
| Fungus Rock (Il-Ġebla tal-Ġeneral) |{{coord|36.04694|14.18889|format=dms|name=Fungus Rock}} | 200px |
| Ħalfa Rock (Il-Ġebla tal-Ħalfa) | 0.0050 km2[https://www.mepa.org.mt/talhalfa Il-Gebla tal-Halfa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106173142/https://www.mepa.org.mt/talhalfa |date=2017-01-06 }} - Malta Environment & Planning Authority (MEPA)[http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/sites/330744 Site factsheet for Il-Gebla tal-Halfa] - EUNIS |{{coord|36.02917|14.33083|format=dms|name=Ġebel tal-Ħalfa}} Situated near Gozo. In the island there is 4 to 5 metres deep water rock pool just 2 metres above sea level, possibly man made due to its perfectly round shape. There is also an underground fresh water system which emerges from a small cave. Most of the plants occurs on the western part of the island. Crucianella rupestris, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Lygeum spartum, Convolvulus oleifolius, Thymbra capitata, Teucrium fruticans, Allium melitense, Anacamptis urvilleana, Bromus madritensis, Capparis spinosa, Echium parviflorum, Pallenis spinosa, Plantago lagopus, Trachynia distachya, Urginea pancration. |
| Old Battery's Rock (Ġebla ta' taħt il-Batterija) | | Situated on the southeast of Comino. Flora consisted of 22 individuals of Inula crithmoides (2010). | |
| Lantern Point Rock (Ġebla Tal-Ponta Rqiqa) | | Situated near Comino.[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arnold_Sciberras2/publication/260294462_SCIBERRAS_J.__SCIBERRAS_A_%282010%29_Topography_and_Flora_of_the_Satellite_islets_surrounding_the_Maltese_Archipelago._The_Central_Mediterranean_Naturalist_5%282%2931-42._Nature_Trust_Malta_publications/links/00b49530ad3f6c4e5f000000.pdf "Topography and Flora of the Satellite islets surrounding the Maltese Archipelago"] - Arnold Sciberras, Jeffrey Sciberras, 2010 Live here two species of plants: Limonium melitense and Inula crithmoides. It has a height of 7 meters.[http://www.biodiversityjournal.com/pdf/3(3)_191-200.pdf "A contribution to the knowledge of the terrestrial Mammalian fauna of Comino and its satellite islets (Maltese Archipelago)"] - Biodiversity Journal, 2012, 3 (3): 191-200 | 200px |
| Large Blue Lagoon Rock
| | In island, there is a cave. Species of plants: Hypericium aegypticum, Daucus carota, Convolvulus oleifolius, Darniella melitensis, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Senecio bicolor. | 200px |
| Small Blue Lagoon Rocks
| | Situated between Large Blue Lagoon and Cominotto. Species of plants: Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Daucus carota, Lygeum spartum, Lavatera arborea. | 200px |
| Devil's End Rock (Il-Ġebla tax-Xifer l-Infern) | | Situated near main island, Delimara point. | 200px |
| Għallis Rocks
| |{{coord|35.95361|14.44611|format=dms|name=Għallis Rocks}} | 200px |
| Taċ-Ċawl Rock (Il-Ġebla taċ-Ċawl) | |{{coord|36.02611|14.31583|format=dms|name=Il-Ġebel taċ-Ċawl}} Situated near Gozo. The flora consisted of Lygeum spartum, Asphodelus aestivus, Crithmum maritimum, Cichorium spinosum, Crucianella rupestrisis, Opuntia, Thymbra capitata, Euphorbia melitensis, Foeniculum vulgare, Allium commutatum, Allium lajoconoi, Bromus madritensis, Capparis spinosa, Gynandriris sisirynchium, Pistacia lentiscus, Phagnalon graceum, Sedum litoreum, Sonchus tenerrimus, Trachynia distachya, Valantia muralis. | |
| Cheirolophus Rock (Ħaġra tas-Sajjetta) | | Situated near main island. It has a height of 9 to 12 meters high at its highest point. Species of plants: Darniella melitensis, Crithmum maritimum, Cheirolophus crassifolius, Inula crithmoides, Limonium virgatum, Daucus carota, Cheirolophus crassifolius. | |
| Barbaganni Rock
| | Situated near Gozo. No soil exists on the islet because island is inundated by water wave action during rough weather. The flora consisted of only 14 individuals of Inula crithmoides (2010). | |
| Crocodile Rock & Bear rocks (Il-Ġebla tal-Baqra u il-Ġebel tal-Orsijiet) | | Near Gozo, three rocks in total. | |
| Qawra Point (Ta' Fra Ben islet, Il-Ponta jew Ras il- Qawra) | | Situated near main island. The western part is littered with small boulders, while much of the vegetation occurs in the middle part of the islet. In island there is sea cave occurs as a big hole in the middle of the islet. Species of plants: Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Anthemis urvilleana, Inula crithmoides, Lotus cystisoides, Limonium, Sporbolus pungens. | 200px |
| Comino Cliff Face Rock (Ta' Taħt il-Mazz Rock) | | Situated near Comino. The island is very steep - cliffs. The majority of species of plants occur on its west side, while only one species of plant inhabits its east side. Species of plants: Matthiola incana, Inula crithmoides, Darniella melitensis, Daucus carota, Limonium melitensis, Anthyllis hermanniae, Pistacia lentiscus. | |
| Xrobb l-Għaġin Rock (It-Taqtiegħa) | | | |
| Fessej Rock (Il-Ġebla tal-Fessej){{cite journal|journal=L-Imnara|last=Caruana|first=Joseph|date=2011|title=Toponomi t'Għajnsielem (1)|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/L-Imnara/L-Imnara.%2009(2011)4=35/11s.pdf|volume=9|issue=4|publisher=Rivista tal-Għaqda Maltija tal-Folklor|page=189|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418041200/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/L-Imnara/L-Imnara.%2009%282011%294%3D35/11s.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2016|url-status=dead}} | | | 200px |
| Għemieri Rocks (L-iskolli tal-Għemieri) | | | |
| Ħnejja Rocks (Ġebel tal-Ħnejja) | | | |
| White Rock / Blue Islets (Rocks) (Ġebla tal-Għar Qawqla) | |{{coord|36|04|27|N|14|15|45|E|format=dms|name=Għar Qawqla}} | 200px |
Climate
{{see also|Climate of Malta}}
Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers.
Elevation extremes
The lowest point is the Mediterranean Sea at 0 m and the highest point is Ta' Dmejrek at 253 m.
Geology
{{main|Geology of Malta}}
The Geology of Malta consists of a sequence of sedimentary rocks of late Oligocene to late Miocene age cut through by a set of extensional faults of Pliocene age.{{Cite journal |last1=Dart C.J. |last2=Bosence D.W.J. |last3=McClay K.R. |title=Stratigraphy and structure of the Maltese graben system |url=http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/150/6/1153.short |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |year=1993 |publication-date=1993 |volume=150 |issue=6 |pages=1153–1166 |doi=10.1144/gsjgs.150.6.1153|s2cid=131447222 }} The sequence is divided into five formations, from the oldest, the Lower Coralline Limestone, followed by the Globigerina Limestone, the Blue Clay and the youngest unit, the Upper Coralline Limestone.{{Cite web |url=https://continentalshelf.gov.mt/en/Pages/Geological-Map-of-the-Maltese-Islands.aspx |title=Geological Map of the Maltese Islands |last=Continental Shelf Department |publisher=Government of Malta |access-date=2018-02-22}}
Land use
- Arable land: 28.12%
- Permanent crops: 4.06%
- Other: 67.81% (2011)
= Irrigated land =
32 km2 (2007)
= Total renewable water resources =
File:Għajn Bierda (12524091145).jpg
0.05 km3 (2011)
Environment
= Current issues =
Limited natural fresh water resources; increasing reliance on desalination.
= International Agreements =
- Party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: