Valletta

{{see also|Mount Sciberras|Sciberras Peninsula}}

File:Malta - Valletta - Triq il-Merkanti 12 ies.jpg illustrating the city's construction]]

The peninsula was previously called Xagħret Mewwija (Mu' awiya – Meuia; named during the Arab period{{cite web|url=http://www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/Glossary+of+placenames+related+to+Islam+Christianity+and+Ethnicity.pdf|title=thinksite.eu|website=Thinksite.eu|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-date=29 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211446/http://www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/Glossary+of+placenames+related+to+Islam+Christianity+and+Ethnicity.pdf|url-status=dead}}){{cite web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2013-01-06/newspaper-lifestyleculture/%E2%80%98Xaghret-Mewwija:-L-Istorja-tal-Belt-%E2%80%A6-Milwija%E2%80%99-aka-Dragut%E2%80%99s-revenge-637304835|title='Xagħret Mewwija: L-Istorja tal-Belt … Milwija' aka Dragut's revenge – The Malta Independent|website=www.independent.com.mt}}{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2009-03-15/news/the-secrets-of-underground-valletta-221865/|title=The Secrets of underground Valletta – The Malta Independent|website=Independent.com.mt}} or Ħal Newwija.[http://www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/Glossary%20of%20placenames%20related%20to%20Islam%20Christianity%20and%20Ethnicity.pdf p. 21, footnote 163] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117201321/http://www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/Glossary%20of%20placenames%20related%20to%20Islam%20Christianity%20and%20Ethnicity.pdf |date=17 January 2016 }}. Mewwija refers to a sheltered place.{{cite web|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Archivum%20Melitense/AM.01(1910-1912)/6%20AM.%201(1911-1912)11-12/04.pdf|title=p. 231}} Some authors state that the extreme end of the peninsula was known as Xebb ir-Ras (Sheb point), of which name origins from the lighthouse on site.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsK_BAAAQBAJ&q=Mewwija+Valletta&pg=PT150|title=Malta: A Traveller's Anthology|first=Deborah|last=Manley|date=10 February 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781908493590|via=Google Books}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7p2l48O2KoC&q=mewwija+sheb+er+ras&pg=PA215|title=Foundation, Dedication and Consecration in Early Modern Europe|first1=M.|last1=Delbeke|first2=M.|last2=Schraven|date=9 December 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004217577|via=Google Books}} A family which surely owned land became known as Sceberras, now a Maltese surname as Sciberras.[https://books.google.com/books?id=wbFQAAAAYAAJ&q=Valletta+Sceberras de Piro]. At one point the entire peninsula became known as Sceberras.

{{Quote box |width=22em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0C4DE

|title=Historical affiliations

|fontsize=100% |quote={{flagicon|Knights Hospitaller}} Hospitaller Malta 1566–1798

{{flagicon|France|1830}} French Republic 1798–1800

{{flagicon|UK}} Protectorate of Malta 1800–1813

{{flagicon|Malta|1943}} Crown Colony of Malta 1813–1964

{{flagicon|Malta}} State of Malta 1964–1974

{{flagicon|Malta}} Republic of Malta 1974–present

}}

Recent scholarly studies have however shown that the Xeberras phrase is of Punic origin and means 'the headland' and 'the middle peninsula' as it actually is.{{cite web |last1=Vella |first1=John |title=Thalassic imaginaries : witnesses to (an) unwritten history |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/80897 |url-access=limited |via=L-Università ta' Malta |website=European Review of History |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=2 May 2022 |ref=Journal article}}

File:DetalleSiegeMalta.jpg.]]

File:Malte, La Valette, co-cathédrale St Jean.jpg|left]]

File:Grandmaster's palace, Valletta.jpg|left]]

File:GrandHarbourValletta1801.jpg {{Circa|1801}}]]

The building of a city on the Sciberras Peninsula had been proposed by the Order of Saint John as early as 1524.{{cite web|last1=Attard|first1=Sonia|title=The Valletta Fortifications|url=http://www.aboutmalta.com/history/vallettafort.shtml|website=aboutmalta.com|access-date=12 July 2015}} Back then, the only building on the peninsula was a small watchtower{{cite journal|journal=Scientia|last=Leopardi|first=E. R.|date=1949|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2015(1949)2(Apr.-Jun.)/01.pdf|title=The First Printed Description of Malta : Lyons 1536|volume=15|issue=2|pages=56, 58}} dedicated to Erasmus of Formia (Saint Elmo), which had been built in 1488.{{cite web |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/30600/1/Triton%20Square%20and%20Bisjuttin%20Area-Embelishment%20projects.pdf |title=Triton Square and Bisjuttin Area-Embelishment projects |publisher=Ministry for Tourism |date=January 2018 }}

In 1552, the Aragonese watchtower was demolished and the larger Fort Saint Elmo was built in its place.{{cite web|title=History of Valletta|url=http://www.cityofvalletta.org/content.aspx?id=46634|website=City of Valletta|access-date=19 September 2014}}

In the Great Siege of 1565, Fort Saint Elmo fell to the Ottomans, but the Order eventually won the siege with the help of Sicilian reinforcements. The victorious Grand Master, Jean de Valette, immediately set out to build a new fortified city on the Sciberras Peninsula to fortify the Order's position in Malta and bind the Knights to the island. The city took his name and was called La Valletta.{{cite journal|last=Blouet|first=Brian W.|title=Town Planning in Malta, 1530–1798|journal=Town Planning Review|volume=35|issue=3|date=October 1964|page=183|publisher=Liverpool University Press|doi=10.3828/tpr.35.3.383v818680j843v8}}

The Grand Master asked the European kings and princes for help, receiving a lot of assistance due to the increased fame of the Order after their victory in the Great Siege. Pope Pius V sent his military architect, Francesco Laparelli, to design the new city, while Philip II of Spain sent substantial monetary aid. The foundation stone of the city was laid by Grand Master de Valette on 28 March 1566. He placed the first stone in what later became Our Lady of Victories Church.{{cite book|url=http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/books/b9789004222083_010|chapter=Building a Sense of Belonging. The Foundation of Valletta in Malta|first=Carmelina|last=Gugliuzzo|title=Foundation, Dedication and Consecration in Early Modern Europe|date=9 December 2011|pages=209–224|publisher=Booksandjournals.brillonline.com|doi=10.1163/9789004222083_010|isbn=9789004222083}}

In his book Dell'Istoria della Sacra Religione et Illustrissima Militia di San Giovanni Gierosolimitano ({{langx|en|The History of the Sacred Religion and Illustrious Militia of St John of Jerusalem}}), written between 1594 and 1602, Giacomo Bosio writes that when the cornerstone of Valletta was placed, a group of Maltese elders said: "Iegi zimen en fel wardia col sceber raba iesue uquie" (Which in modern Maltese reads, "Jiġi żmien li fil-Wardija [l-Għolja Sciberras] kull xiber raba' jiswa uqija", and in English, "There will come a time when every piece of land on Sciberras Hill will be worth its weight in gold").{{cite web|last1=Cassar|first1=Mario|title=L-Istorja tal-Ilsien Malti|url=http://www.akkademjatalmalti.com/page.asp?p=9023#1600|website=L-Akkademja tal-Malti|access-date=19 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923054701/http://www.akkademjatalmalti.com/page.asp?p=9023#1600|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=usurped|language=mt}}

De Valette died from a stroke on 21 August 1568 at age 74 and never saw the completion of his city. Originally interred in the church of Our Lady of the Victories, his remains now rest in St. John's Co-Cathedral among the tombs of other Grand Masters of the Knights of Malta.

Francesco Laparelli was the city's principal designer and his plan departed from medieval Maltese architecture, which exhibited irregular winding streets and alleys. He designed the new city on a rectangular grid plan, and without any collacchio (an area restricted for important buildings). The streets were designed to be wide and straight, beginning centrally from the City Gate and ending at Fort Saint Elmo (which was rebuilt) overlooking the Mediterranean; certain bastions were built {{convert|47|m|ft|}} high. His assistant was the Maltese architect Girolamo Cassar, who later oversaw the construction of the city himself after Laparelli's death in 1570.

The Ufficio delle Case regulated the building of the city as a planning authority.{{cite journal|last=Graff|first=Philippe|title=La Valette: une ville nouvelle du XVIe siècle et son évolution jusqu'à nos jours|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0997-1327_1994_num_71_1_1641|language=fr|publisher=Publications de l'Université de Provence|journal=Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée: Le carrefour maltais|date=1994|volume=71|issue=1|page=157|doi=10.3406/remmm.1994.1641|issn=2105-2271}}

The city of Valletta was mostly completed by the early 1570s, and it became the capital on 18 March 1571 when Grand Master Pierre de Monte moved from his seat at Fort St Angelo in Birgu to the Grandmaster's Palace in Valletta.

File:Joseph Mallord William Turner - Malta.jpg's depiction of the Grand Harbour, National Museum of Fine Arts]]

Seven Auberges were built for the Order's Langues, and these were complete by the 1580s.{{cite book|last1=Rudolf|first1=Uwe Jens|last2=Berg|first2=Warren G.|date=2010|title=Historical Dictionary of Malta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwuUOVkaMB0C&pg=PA33|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=33|isbn=9780810873902}}{{cite journal|journal=Scientia|last=Cassar|first=Paul|date=1946|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2012(1946)2(Apr.-Jun.)/02.pdf|title=The Hospital of the Order of St. John in Malta|volume=12|issue=2|pages=57–59}} An eighth Auberge, Auberge de Bavière, was later added in the 18th century.{{cite journal |last1=Ellul |first1=Michael |title=Carlo Gimach (1651–1730) – Architect and Poet |journal=Proceedings of History Week |date=1986 |pages=20–22 |url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW%201986/02s.pdf |publisher=Historical Society of Malta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302135025/http://www.melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.03(1960-63)/MH.3(1963)4/orig02.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2016 }}

In Antoine de Paule's reign, it was decided to build more fortifications to protect Valletta, and these were named the Floriana Lines after the architect who designed them, Pietro Paolo Floriani of Macerata.{{cite news|title=Floriana's Pavilion from the Knights to the British|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20140504/life-features/Floriana-s-Pavilion-from-the-Knights-to-the-British.517786|access-date=18 April 2015|work=Times of Malta|date=4 May 2014}} During António Manoel de Vilhena's reign, a town began to form between the walls of Valletta and the Floriana Lines, and this evolved from a suburb of Valletta to Floriana, a town in its own right.{{cite book|last1=Armstrong|first1=Gary|last2=Mitchell|first2=Jon P.|title=Global and Local Football: Politics and Europeanization on the Fringes of the EU|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zliK30npLlsC&q=false&pg=PA44|publisher=Routledge|date=2008|page=44|isbn=9781134269198}}

In 1634, a gunpowder factory explosion killed 22 people in Valletta.{{cite journal|last1=Spiteri|first1=Stephen C.|author-link1=Stephen C. Spiteri|title=Hospitaller Gunpowder Magazines|journal=Arx – International Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification|date=2012|volume=Occasional Papers|issue=2|url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Journals/arx-occasional-papers-hospitaller-gunpowder-magazines.html|page=6}} In 1749, Muslim slaves plotted to kill Grandmaster Pinto and take over Valletta, but the revolt was suppressed before it even started due to their plans leaking out to the Order.{{cite book|last1=Eltis|first1=David|last2=Bradley|first2=Keith|last3=Cartledge|first3=Paul|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3: AD 1420-AD 1804|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521840682|page=144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qp_3aL76isC&pg=PA144}} Later on in his reign, Pinto embellished the city with Baroque architecture, and many important buildings such as Auberge de Castille were remodeled or completely rebuilt in the new architectural style.{{cite journal|last=Mifsud Bonnici|first=Carmelo|journal=Malta Letteraria|title=Fr. Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Malta%20Letteraria/ML.n.s.,%2011(1936)/11.pdf|page=230|volume=11|issue=8|date=August 1936}}

In 1775, during the reign of Ximenes, an unsuccessful revolt known as the Rising of the Priests occurred in which Fort Saint Elmo and Saint James Cavalier were captured by rebels, but the revolt was eventually suppressed.{{cite web|last1=Borg Muscat|first1=David|title=Reassessing the September 1775 Rebellion: a Case of Lay Participation or a 'Rising of the Priests'?|url=http://mhs.eu.pn/mh3/20022.html|website=Malta Historical Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421164525/http://mhs.eu.pn/mh3/20022.html|archive-date=21 April 2014|date=2005}}

File:Malta GC. Valletta-1967 (8240967236).jpg

In 1798, the French invaded the island and expelled the Order.{{cite journal|journal=Ekistics|last=Zammit|first=Andre|date=1986|title=Valletta and the system of human settlements in the Maltese Islands|volume=53|issue=316/317|publisher=Athens Center of Ekistics|pages=89–95|jstor=43620704}} After the Maltese rebelled, French troops continued to occupy Valletta and the surrounding harbour area, until they capitulated to the British in September 1800. In the early 19th century, the British Civil Commissioner, Henry Pigot, agreed to demolish the majority of the city's fortifications.{{cite news|last1=Bonello|first1=Giovanni|title=Let's hide the majestic bastions|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20121118/life-features/Let-s-hide-the-majestic-bastions.445894|access-date=14 October 2014|work=Times of Malta|date=18 November 2012}} The demolition was again proposed in the 1870s and 1880s, but it was never carried out and the fortifications have survived largely intact.

Eventually building projects in Valletta resumed under British rule. These projects included widening gates, demolishing and rebuilding structures, widening newer houses over the years, and installing civic projects. The Malta Railway, which linked Valletta to Mdina, was officially opened in 1883.{{cite book |last=Cole |first=Beverly |title=Trains |publisher=H.F.Ullmann |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-8480-0516-1 |location=Potsdam, Germany |page=64 }} It was closed down in 1931 after buses became a popular means of transport.

In 1939, Valletta was abandoned as the headquarters of the Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet due to its proximity to Italy and the city became a flash point during the subsequent two-year long Siege of Malta.{{cite book|author=Peter Jacobs|title=Fortress Islands Malta: Defence & Re-Supply During the Siege|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DV6qCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10|date=31 January 2016|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-8255-3|pages=10–}} German and Italian air raids throughout the Second World War caused much destruction in Valletta and the rest of the harbor area. The Royal Opera House, constructed at the city entrance in the 19th century, was one of the buildings lost to the raids.

File:-The Harbor at Valletta, Malta- MET DP115643 (cropped).jpg|Valletta harbour {{circa|1850}}, photo by Calvert Jones

File:Goats_at_Port_Real_Wellcome_L0045092_(cropped).jpg|King's Gate {{circa}} 1884–1905

File:Teatru_Rjal,_Malta_1911.jpg|Royal Opera House in 1911

File:Bomb Damage in Valletta, Malta, 1 May 1942. A8701.jpg|Bomb damage in Valletta during the Second World War

In 1980, the 24th Chess Olympiad took place in Valletta.{{cite web|title=24th Chess Olympiad|url=http://www.olimpbase.org/1980/1980in.html|publisher=OlimpBase|access-date=2 March 2014}}

The entire city of Valletta has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1980, along with Megalithic Temples of Malta and the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni. On 11 November 2015, Valletta hosted the Valletta Summit on Migration in which European and African leaders discussed the European migrant crisis.{{cite web|title=Valletta Conference on Migration (Malta, 11–12 November 2015) – Orientation debate|url=http://www.statewatch.org/news/2015/jul/eu-council-november-015-migration-valletta-conference-orientation-debate-10387-15.pdf|website=statewatch.org|publisher=Council of the European Union|access-date=12 November 2015|date=30 June 2015}} After that, on 27 November 2015, the city also hosted part of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2015.{{cite news|title=Queen to greet line-up of despots at meeting of Commonwealth leaders in Malta|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/12018566/Queen-to-greet-line-up-of-despots-at-meeting-of-Commonwealth-leaders-in-Malta.html|access-date=29 November 2015|work=Daily Telegraph|date=26 November 2015}}

Valletta was the European Capital of Culture in 2018.{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.mt/en/About%20Malta/valletta/Pages/European-Capital-of-Culture-in-2018.aspx|title=Valletta awarded the title of European Capital of Culture in 2018|publisher=gov.mt|access-date=25 June 2015 }}

File:City Gate, Valletta 002.jpg|Renzo Piano's Valletta City Gate (2014)

File:Parliament Building.jpg|Detail of the Parliament House (2015)

File:Sacra Infermeria in 2016.jpg|Mediterranean Conference Centre, former Sacra Infermeria (2016)

File:Triton Fountain.jpg|Renovated Tritons' Fountain (2018)

File:Drapeaux UE et Malte - La Valette.jpg|Auberge d'Italie, renovated in 2016 to host the new MUŻA (Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Arti)

File:The interior after its restoration in 2018.jpg|Renovated covered market Is-Suq tal-Belt, 2018

File:Castille at night.jpg at night]]

File:Parliament House (Malta).jpeg's Parliament House]]

The Valletta Local Council was established by the Local Councils Act of 1993, along with the other local councils of Malta.{{cite web|title=About Local Government|url=http://www.lca.org.mt/pages/iseSinglePages.asp?m=20|website=Local Councils' Association|access-date=12 July 2015|archive-date=7 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207214517/http://www.lca.org.mt/pages/iseSinglePages.asp?m=20|url-status=dead}} The first election was held on 20 November 1993. Other elections were held in 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2013,{{cite web|title=Elezzjonijiet tal-Kunsilli Lokali fis-Snin li Għaddew (1993–2013)|url=http://lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Elezzjonijiet%201993-2013.pdf|website=lc.gov.mt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712111825/http://lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Elezzjonijiet%201993-2013.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2015|language=mt}} 2017.{{cite web|title=Elezzjonijiet tal-Kunsilli Lokali 2015–2023|url=http://lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Elezzjonijiet%202015-2023.pdf|website=lc.gov.mt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712112012/http://lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Elezzjonijiet%202015-2023.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2015|language=mt}}

The present local council was elected in 2019.{{cite web|title=Council Members|url=http://lc.gov.mt/Page.aspx?catid=12&pid=205|website=lc.gov.mt|access-date=12 July 2015|archive-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112222145/http://lc.gov.mt/Page.aspx?catid=12&pid=205|url-status=dead}}

The local council is housed in a building in South Street.

The following people have served as Mayors of Valletta:{{cite web|title=Mayors from 1993|url=https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/mayors-from-1993/|website=vassallohistory.wordpress.com|date=16 August 2014|access-date=12 July 2015}}

• Hector Bruno (1993–1999) (PN)
• Paul Borg Olivier (1999–2008) (PN)
• Alexei Dingli (2008–2019) (PN) {{cite web|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20190220/timestalk/watch-commercial-interests-trumping-those-of-residents-former-valletta.702457|title=Watch: 'Valletta 2018 was a missed opportunity,' says former mayor|website=Times of Malta|date=20 February 2019 |language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-20}}
• Christian Micallef (2019) (PN) {{cite web|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2019-01-15/local-news/Christian-Micallef-sworn-in-as-new-Mayor-of-Valletta-6736202090|title=Christian Micallef sworn in as new Mayor of Valletta – The Malta Independent|website=www.independent.com.mt|access-date=2019-05-20}}
• Alfred Zammit (2019–) (PL) {{cite web|url=https://www.tvm.com.mt/mt/news/il-pl-jirbah-il-kunsill-lokali-tal-belt-valletta/|title=Alfred Zammit is-sindku tal-Belt Valletta – TVM|website=www.tvm.com.mt|date=29 May 2019 |access-date=2019-05-31}}

Valletta is the capital city of Malta,{{cite web|title=The Maltese Islands|url=https://www.gov.mt/en/About%20Malta/Maltese%20Islands/Pages/The-Maltese-Islands.aspx|website=Government of Malta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717055049/https://gov.mt/en/About%20Malta/Maltese%20Islands/Pages/The-Maltese-Islands.aspx|archive-date=17 July 2015}} and is the country's administrative and commercial hub.{{cite web|title=The Capital City Valletta|url=https://www.gov.mt/en/Pages/Valletta-Write-up.aspx|website=Government of Malta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627103211/https://www.gov.mt/en/Pages/Valletta-Write-up.aspx|archive-date=27 June 2015}} The Parliament of Malta has been housed at the Parliament House near the city's entrance since 2015: it was previously housed at the Grandmaster's Palace in the city centre.{{cite book|last=Maitland|first=Robert|date=2014|title=Tourism in National Capitals and Global Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQDPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317850076|pages=135–142}} The latter palace still houses the Office of the President of Malta,{{cite web|title=Il-Palazz tal-Belt|url=http://president.gov.mt/il-palazzi-tal-president/il-palazz-tal-belt/|website=Office of the President of Malta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926164218/http://president.gov.mt/il-palazzi-tal-president/il-palazz-tal-belt/|archive-date=26 September 2015|language=mt}} while the Auberge de Castille houses the Office of the Prime Minister of Malta. The courthouse and many government departments are also located in Valletta.{{cite web|title=Auberge de Castille et Leon|url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01127.pdf|website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands|date=28 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111831/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01127.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}

File:Prelucrare 3D pentru La Valletta Harbour.jpg

The Valletta peninsula has two natural harbours, Marsamxett and the Grand Harbour.{{cite book|last=Gatt|first=Oliver|date=2008|title=Valletta City of the Knights|url=http://www.bdlbooks.com/knights/279-valletta-city-of-the-knights.html|publisher=Bdlbooks.com|page=1|isbn=978-99957-20-05-6}} The Grand Harbour is Malta's major port, with unloading quays at nearby Marsa. A cruise-liner terminal is located along the old seawall of the Valletta Waterfront that Portuguese Grandmaster Manuel Pinto da Fonseca built.{{cite book|last=Guillaumier|first=Alfie|date=2005|title=Bliet u Rħula Maltin|volume=2|publisher=Klabb Kotba Maltin|page=947|isbn=99932-39-41-0}}

{{Main|Climate of Malta}}

Valletta features a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with very mild, wet winters and warm to hot, slightly long, dry summers, with an average annual temperature above {{convert|23|°C|0|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|16|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Valletta experiences a lack of precipitation during the summer months and most of the precipitation happens during the winter months. Winter temperatures are moderated by the surrounding sea, as a result, the city has very mild winters and a long seasonal lag. The official climate recording station in Malta is at Luqa Airport, which is a few miles inland from Valletta. Average high temperatures range from around {{convert|16|°C|0|abbr=on}} in January to about {{convert|32|°C|0|abbr=on}} in August, while average low temperatures range from around {{convert|10|°C|0|abbr=on}} in January to {{convert|23|°C|0|abbr=on}} in August.

{{Weather box

|location = Malta (Luqa Airport in the suburbs of Valletta, 1991–2020)

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan high C = 15.7

|Feb high C = 15.7

|Mar high C = 17.4

|Apr high C = 20.0

|May high C = 24.2

|Jun high C = 28.7

|Jul high C = 31.7

|Aug high C = 32.0

|Sep high C = 28.6

|Oct high C = 25.0

|Nov high C = 20.8

|Dec high C = 17.2

|year high C = 23.1

|Jan mean C = 12.9

|Feb mean C = 12.6

|Mar mean C = 14.1

|Apr mean C = 16.4

|May mean C = 20.1

|Jun mean C = 24.2

|Jul mean C = 26.9

|Aug mean C = 27.5

|Sep mean C = 24.9

|Oct mean C = 21.8

|Nov mean C = 17.9

|Dec mean C = 14.5

|year mean C = 19.5

|Jan low C = 10.1

|Feb low C = 9.5

|Mar low C = 10.9

|Apr low C = 12.8

|May low C = 15.8

|Jun low C = 19.6

|Jul low C = 22.1

|Aug low C = 23.0

|Sep low C = 21.2

|Oct low C = 18.4

|Nov low C = 14.9

|Dec low C = 11.8

|year low C = 15.9

|Jan precipitation mm = 79.3

|Feb precipitation mm = 73.2

|Mar precipitation mm = 45.3

|Apr precipitation mm = 20.7

|May precipitation mm = 11.0

|Jun precipitation mm = 6.2

|Jul precipitation mm = 0.2

|Aug precipitation mm = 17.0

|Sep precipitation mm = 60.7

|Oct precipitation mm = 81.8

|Nov precipitation mm = 91.0

|Dec precipitation mm = 93.7

|year precipitation mm = 580.7

|Jan precipitation days = 10.0

|Feb precipitation days = 8.2

|Mar precipitation days = 6.1

|Apr precipitation days = 3.8

|May precipitation days = 1.5

|Jun precipitation days = 0.8

|Jul precipitation days = 0.0

|Aug precipitation days = 1.0

|Sep precipitation days = 4.3

|Oct precipitation days = 6.6

|Nov precipitation days = 8.7

|Dec precipitation days = 10.0

|year precipitation days = 61

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan sun = 169.3

|Feb sun = 178.1

|Mar sun = 227.2

|Apr sun = 253.8

|May sun = 309.7

|Jun sun = 336.9

|Jul sun = 376.7

|Aug sun = 352.2

|Sep sun = 270.0

|Oct sun = 223.8

|Nov sun = 195.0

|Dec sun = 161.2

|year sun = 3054

|source 1 = Meteo Climate,{{Cite web |title=Luqa Weather Averages 1991–2020 |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-1-p138.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141010095844/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-1-p138.php |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=2 June 2015 |publisher=Meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org}} MaltaWeather.com (sun data){{Cite web |title=Malta's Climate |url=http://www.maltaweather.com/information/maltas-climate/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806124550/http://www.maltaweather.com/information/maltas-climate/ |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=21 October 2013 |publisher=Maltaweather.com |df=dmy}}|date=October 2013}}

File:Valletta Lower Barrakka gardens Malta 2014 2.jpg and its monument of remembrance]]

The architecture of Valletta's streets and piazzas ranges from mid-16th century Baroque to Modernism. The city is the island's principal cultural center and has a unique collection of churches, palaces and museums and act as one of the city's main visitor attractions. When Benjamin Disraeli, future British Prime Minister, visited the city in 1830, he described it as "a city of palaces built by gentlemen for gentlemen," and remarked that "Valletta equals in its noble architecture, if it does not excel, any capital in Europe," and in other letters called it "comparable to Venice and Cádiz" and "full of palaces worthy of Palladio."{{cite web|url=http://www.maltaexpo.com/page.asp?p=16005&l=1|title=Valletta – the Capital City|access-date=30 November 2008|publisher=Maltaexpo.com|archive-date=3 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703235029/http://www.maltaexpo.com/page.asp?p=16005&l=1|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://collectables.maltaexpo.com/page.asp?n=product&p=209746&c=734|title=LP21 – Valletta 'Citta Umilissima' Lapel Pin|access-date=30 November 2008|work=Collectables – Our Products|publisher=Maltaexpo.com|archive-date=3 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703235130/http://collectables.maltaexpo.com/page.asp?n=product&p=209746&c=734|url-status=dead}}

Buildings of historic importance include St John's Co-Cathedral, formerly the Conventual Church of the Knights of Malta. It has the only signed work and largest painting by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio.{{Cite book|last=Patrick|first=James|title=Renaissance and Reformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6ZJlLHLPY8C&pg=PA194|year=2007|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7651-1|page=194}} The Auberge de Castille et Leon, formerly the official seat of the Knights of Malta of the Langue of Castille, Léon and Portugal, is now the office of the Prime Minister of Malta. The Grandmaster's Palace, built between 1571 and 1574 and formerly the seat of the Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, used to house the Maltese Parliament, now situated in a purpose-built structure at the entrance to the city, and now houses the offices of the President of Malta.{{cite web|title=Grandmaster Palace|url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01134.pdf|website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands|date=28 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507183023/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01134.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2016}}

Admiralty House is a Baroque palace dating to the late 1570s. It was the official residence of the Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet during the British era from the 1820s onwards. From 1974 until 2016, it was the site of the National Museum of Fine Arts.

The Manoel Theatre ({{langx|mt|Teatru Manoel}}) was constructed in just ten months in 1731, by order of Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena, and is one of the oldest working theatres in Europe. The Mediterranean Conference Centre was formerly the Sacra Infermeria. Built in 1574, it was one of Europe's most renowned hospitals during the Renaissance. The fortifications of the port, built by the Knights as a magnificent series of bastions, demi-bastions, cavaliers and curtains, approximately {{convert|100|m|ft|}} high, all contribute to the unique architectural quality of the city.

File:Valletta, Malta - 2018 (39570984425).jpg

File:St Lazarus Curtain.jpg

Valletta contains a number of unofficial neighbourhoods, including:{{cite journal|last1=Zahra|first1=Lorenzo|title=Laqmijiet ta' Postijiet fil-Belt Valletta|journal=Melita Historica|date=1999|volume=2|issue=23|page=55|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/L-Imnara/L-Imnara.%2006(1999)2=23/09s.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417215246/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/L-Imnara/L-Imnara.%2006(1999)2=23/09s.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2016}}

• Strada Rjali – the main thoroughfare, Triq ir-Repubblika
• l-Arċipierku – an area close to the Sacra Infermeria. Its name possibly derives from archipelago since it contains a number of lanes which break up the area into many "islands" of houses, or from archi-borgo since the area is located just outside Fort Saint Elmo.{{cite web|title=Valletta Action Plan – Integrated Cultural Heritage Management Plan|url=http://www.cityofvalletta.org/common/file_provider.aspx?id=634612821044531250|website=Valletta Local Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417103833/http://www.cityofvalletta.org/common/file_provider.aspx?id=634612821044531250|archive-date=17 April 2016|pages=16–18}}
• il-Baviera – an area around the English Curtain, bounded by Old Bakery, Archbishop, Marsamxett and St. Sebastian Streets. It is named after Auberge de Bavière.
• il-Biċċerija – an area close to il-Baviera, named after the slaughterhouse which was formerly located there.
• il-Kamrata – an area close to the Sacra Infermeria. It is named after the Camerata, a spiritual retreat which was demolished in the 19th century and replaced by social housing.
• Deux Balles ({{langx|mt|Duwi Balli}}) – an area close to il-Baviera. The name probably originates from the French occupation.
• il-Fossa – an area close to the Jews' Sally Port and Fort Saint Elmo. It is regarded as the worst maintained area of Valletta.{{cite web|last1=Gauci|first1=Anisia|title=Regeneration of Jews Sally Port (Il-Fossa), Valletta|url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/4834|website=University of Malta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417110842/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/4834|archive-date=17 April 2016|date=2011}}
• Manderaggio ({{langx|mt|il-Mandraġġ}}) – an area behind Manderaggio Curtain, bounded by St. Mark, St. Lucia, St. Patrick and Marsamxett Streets. This was meant to be a small harbour (mandracchio) but it was never completed, and a slum area developed instead. The slums were demolished in the 1950s and were rebuilt as housing estates.

Eurostat estimates the labour force in 2015 for the greater Valletta area at around 91,000 people. This corresponds to a share of just under 50 percent of Malta. As in Malta as a whole, tourism is an important economic sector. The most important tourist zone is the area surrounding the Grand Harbour. For the cruise industry, after several years of planning, work began in 2002 to build the Valletta Waterfront Project, a cruise terminal, in the Grand Harbour.{{cite web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/restoring-and-reviving-vallettas-waterfront.83943|title=Restoring and reviving Valletta's waterfront|website=timesofmalta.com|date=17 July 2005 |access-date=17 July 2005}} There is also a publishing house in Valletta, Allied Newspapers Ltd., a media company. This company publishes the two market-leading newspapers, Times of Malta and The Sunday Times of Malta.

The Valletta Campus of the University of Malta is situated in the Old University Building. It serves as an extension of the Msida Campus, especially offering international masters programmes.{{cite web|url=http://www.youthinfo.gov.mt/default.asp?m=cat&id=38|title=Valletta Campus – Youth Information|website=Youthinfo.gov.mt|access-date=3 June 2018}}

A church school, "St. Albert the Great", is also situated in Valletta. The Headmaster is Alternattiva Demokratika politician Mario Mallia.{{cite web|url=http://www.stalbert.edu.mt/find-st-albert-the-great/|title=Find Us|website=Stalbert.edu.mt|access-date=3 June 2018|archive-date=2 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602115104/http://www.stalbert.edu.mt/find-st-albert-the-great/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.alternattiva.org.mt/people-2/|title=People – Alternattiva Demokratika|website=Alternativtiva.org.mt|access-date=3 June 2018}}

File:Renzo Piano Pjazza Teatru Rjal.jpeg's Pjazza Teatru Rjal on the ruins of the Royal Opera House]]

File:Saint_James_Cavalier.jpeg at night]]

File:Merchants Street Valletta (80653).jpg

Valletta was designated European Capital of Culture for 2018.{{cite web|url=https://valletta2018.org/|title=Valletta 2018|website=Valletta 2018}} The year was inaugurated with an event called Erba' Pjazez (Four Squares), with shows focused in 4 plazas in the city – Triton Square, St. George's Square, St. John's Square, and Castille Square – along with other shows in other points.{{cite web|url=https://valletta2018.org/events/erba-pjazez/|title=Erba' Pjazez|website=Vallrtta2018.org|access-date=3 June 2018}} This was followed by the unveiling of a public art installation, Kif Jgħid il-Malti (Maltese Sayings), which featured a number of Maltese language proverb figured in gypsum, in order to engage linguistic heritage.{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-02-02/local-news/A-bum-a-bird-and-a-pig-Valletta-2018-unveils-Kif-Jghid-Il-Malti-public-art-installations-6736184371|title=A bum, a bird and a pig: Valletta 2018 unveils 'Kif Jgħid Il-Malti' public art installations – The Malta Independent|website=Independent.com.mt|access-date=3 June 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/mobile/articles/view/20180202/arts-entertainment/valletta-2018-unveils-public-art-installations.669557|title=Arts & Entertainment|website=Timesofmalta.com|date=2 February 2018 |access-date=3 June 2018}}

Saint James Cavalier, originally a raised gun platform, was converted into a Centre of Creativity in the year 2000 as part of Malta's Millennium Project. It now houses a small theatre, a cinema, music rooms and art galleries. Various exhibitions are regularly held there. It has welcomed over a million visitors since opening.{{cite web|title=St.James Cavalier Theatre Overview in Valletta, Malta|url=http://www.islandofgozo.org/place?id=42&item=stjames-cavalier-theatre|website=Island of Gozo|publisher=Gozo Tourism Association|access-date=30 September 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006132546/http://www.islandofgozo.org/place?id=42&item=stjames-cavalier-theatre|url-status=dead}}

The Valletta International Baroque Festival is held every year in January. Jazz music in Malta was introduced in the Strait Street area, frequented by Allied sailors during both World Wars.{{Cite news |date=2017-09-01 |title=What are the best events taking place throughout the year in Malta? |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/why-choose-malta/best-events/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |issn=0307-1235}} Malta's Jazz Festival took place here. Strait Street is also known as The Gut. This area is undergoing a programme of regeneration. The city's dual band clubs are the "King's Own Band Club" ({{langx|mt|L-Għaqda Mużikali King's Own}}) and "La Valette National Philharmonic Society" ({{langx|mt|Is-Soċjetà Filarmonika Nazzjonali La Valette}}).{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

Valletta is the scene of the Maltese Carnival, held in February each year, leading up to Lent.{{cite journal|last1=Cassar Pullicino|first1=Joseph|title=The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory|journal=Scientia|date=October–December 1949|volume=15|issue=4|page=167|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2015(1949)4(Oct.-Dec.)/01.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417173522/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2015(1949)4(Oct.-Dec.)/01.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2016}} There were no carnival trucks in 2020 or 2021 due to the Covid-19 pandemic, but trucks returned in 2022.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In 1823 the Valletta carnival was the scene of a human crush tragedy in which at least 110 boys perished.{{cite book|editor-link1=Hezekiah Niles|editor1-last=Niles|editor1-first=Hezekiah|title=Niles' Weekly Registrar|date=March–September 1823|publisher=William Ogden Niles|location=Baltimore|pages=189–190|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPQaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA189|chapter=Melancholy Affair}}

• The feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel is celebrated on 16 July
• Saint Paul's feast is celebrated on 10 February
• Saint Dominic's feast is celebrated in Valletta on 4 August or before
• The feast of Saint Augustine is celebrated on the third Sunday after Easter
• The city's residents also conduct an annual procession in honour of St. Rita

• The poetical illustrations {{ws|"Valetta, Capital of Malta"}} (painted by T. C. Dibden, engraved by J. Tingle){{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA92|section=picture|year=1836|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA94|section=poetical illustration|page=31|year=1836|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}} and {{ws|"Strada St. Ursola,—Malta"}} (painted by Samuel Prout, engraved by J, Carter){{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA148|section=poetical illustration|page=44|year=1836|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA150|section=picture|year=1836|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}} by Letitia Elizabeth Landon were both published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837. A further poem {{ws|Jesuits in Procession—Valetta, Malta}} illustrates a painting of the procession in the Strada St Giovanni painted by Samuel Prout and engraved by E. Challis is in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838.{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA6|section=picture and poetical illustration|page=6|year=1837|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Malta}}

Valletta is twinned with:{{cite web |title=Palermo and Valletta together for 2018. Cultural twinning at Palazzo Asmundo|url=http://www.palermoworld.it/eng/palermo-and-valletta-together-for-2018-cultural-twinning-at-palazzo-asmundo/|website=palermoworld.it|date=30 December 2017|publisher=Palermo World|access-date=18 September 2019}}

• {{flagicon|ITA}} Palermo, Italy
• {{flagicon|ITA}} Pisa, Italy
• {{flagicon|ITA}} Cortona, Italy, since August 26, 2022
• {{flagicon|GRC}} Rhodes, Greece
• {{flagicon|LBN}} Byblos, Lebanon
• {{flagicon|SVN}} Piran, Slovenia

File:Malta - Valletta - Vjal Nelson - Bus terminal Valletta.jpg

Malta International Airport is {{convert|8|km}} from the city in the town of Luqa. Malta's public transport system, which uses buses, operates mostly on routes to or from Valletta, with their central terminus just outside the city gate. Traffic within the city itself is restricted, with some principal roads being completely pedestrian areas. In 2006, a park and ride system was implemented in order to increase the availability of parking spaces in the city. People can leave their vehicles in a nearby Floriana car park and transfer to a van for the rest of the trip.

In 2007, a congestion pricing scheme was implemented to reduce long-term parking and traffic while promoting business in the city.{{cite web|title=CVA System – The Purpose Of|url=http://www.cva.gov.mt/|website=Controlled Vehicular Access Technology|access-date=18 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306095431/http://www.cva.gov.mt/|archive-date=6 March 2012|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.maltamedia.com/artman2/publish/govt_politics/article_1745.shtml|title=Valletta traffic congestion considerably reduced|date=6 May 2007|publisher=MaltaMedia News|access-date=5 April 2008}} An ANPR-based automated system takes photos of vehicles as they enter and exit the charging zone and vehicle owners are billed according to the duration of their stay.

Valletta is served by a fleet of electric taxis which transport riders from 10 points in Valletta to any destination in the city.{{cite news|last1=Galea Debono|first1=Fiona|title=Valletta gets its own clean taxi service|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20070615/local/valletta-gets-its-own-clean-taxi-service.14499|access-date=24 June 2015|work=Times of Malta|date=15 June 2007}}

As of 2021, an underground Malta Metro is being planned, with a projected total cost of €6.2 billion,{{cite web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/watch-live-government-announces-metro-study-results.905092|title=Government unveils 25-station, €6.2 billion underground Metro proposal|website=Times of Malta|date=October 2021|access-date=2 October 2022}} centred on the Valletta urban area.

Virtu Ferries offer passenger and goods services to Pozzallo and Catania, Sicily.{{cite web|url=https://www.seat61.com/Malta.htm#London_to_Valletta|title=London to Valletta|publisher=The Man in Seat Sixty-One|accessdate=16 February 2025}}

{{main|Category:People from Valletta}}

• Valletta F.C. Association Football team and Futsal team
• Valletta Lions RFC Rugby Football Union team
• Valletta's Marsamxett Harbour a "Regatta" (Rowing) Team, which takes part in the annual traditional Regatta on Victory Day (8 September).
• Valletta United W.P.C., a Water Polo Club hailing from Marsamxett side
• Valletta V.C., a Volleyball club.
• Marsamxett Boċċi, a Boċċi Club from Marsamxett, Valletta.
• Valletta St. Paul's Boċċi, a Boċċi Club from L-Arċipierku side, Valletta.

• {{cite journal|journal=Melita Theologica|last=Bianco|first=Lino|date=2009|title=Valletta: A city in history|url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/15640/Valletta%20-%20A%20city%20in%20history_A5.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|volume=60|issue=2|publisher=University of Malta: Department of Architecture and Urban Design – Faculty for the Built Environment|pages=1–20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319195031/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/15640/Valletta%20-%20A%20city%20in%20history_A5.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2018|issn=1012-9588|oclc=1587122}}

{{reflist}}

{{NoteFoot}}

{{Commons category}}

{{wikivoyage|Valletta}}

• [http://www.cityofvalletta.org Valletta Local Council]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110207154320/http://maltaattraction.com/ Valletta Living History]
• [https://www.welcome-center-malta.com/valletta-maltas-capital-city-and-unesco-world-heritage-site/ Valletta, Malta's capital city and UNESCO World Heritage Site]
• [https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,valletta%20map&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=topic,include,Valletta%20(Malta),1&lang=en_US&offset=0&came_from=sort Old maps] of Valletta from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel

{{Valletta}}

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{{European Capital of Culture}}

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Category:Populated places established in 1566

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