Geography of Myanmar#Climate

;Area:

:*Total: {{convert|676,578|km2|abbr=on}}

:**country rank in the world: 39th

:*Land: {{convert|653,508|km2|abbr=on}}

:*Water: {{convert|23,070|km2|abbr=on}}

The southern maritime boundary follows coordinates marked by both Myanmar and Thailand towards the maritime tripoint with India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The maritime India-Myanmar border resumes end south of Coco Islands before heading towards Myanmar's narrow boundary with international Bay of Bengal waters. Myanmar has a total coastline of {{Convert|1384|mi|km|abbr=on}} and has several islands and archipelagos- most notably the Mergui Archipelago. The county has a total water area is {{Convert|8910|mi2|km2}} and an Exclusive Economic Zone covering {{convert|205706|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}.

Myanmar has a land border totaling {{Convert|4053|mi|km}} bordering five countries and encompassing a total land area of {{Convert|261228|mi2|km2}}.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210200835/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/|url-status=live}}

The Bangladesh-Myanmar border begins at the mouth of the Naf River at the Bay of Bengal and head north around the Mayu Range in a wide arc before head back north through the Chittagong Hill Tracts to the tripoint with India at the peak of Teen Matha for a total of {{Convert|168|mi|km}}.

The India-Myanmar border heads north through the Chin Hills towards the Tiau River. It follows this river upstream and then through various rivers near Manipur before going northeast through the Patkai range to the Chaukan Pass and the Mishmi Hills for a total of {{Convert|912|mi|km}}.{{cite web |title=International Boundary Study No. 80 Burma – India Boundary |url=https://fall.law.fsu.edu/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS080.pdf |publisher=US Department of State |date=15 May 1968 |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131143245/https://fall.law.fsu.edu/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS080.pdf |url-status=live }}

The tripoint with China and India is disputed due to the Sino-Indian border dispute but lies de facto north of the Diphu Pass. The China-Myanmar border heads northeast to Hkakabo Razi just one mile west of its summit. It then turns southeast following the Hengduan and Gaoligong Mountains through many irregular lines towards the Taping River and Shweli River. It then heads south-eastwards across the far Shan Hills, following hills and rivers, until it reaches the Mekong river. It follows the Mekong until the tripoint with Laos for a grand total of {{Convert|1333|mi|km}}.

The Laos-Myanmar border runs entirely along the Mekong river from the tripoint with China the tripoint with Thailand at the confluence of the Kok and Mekon Rivers for {{Convert|148|mi|km}}

The Myanmar-Thailand border follows the Kok River and Sai River briefly before continuing overland on a series of irregular lines southwards through the Daen Lao Range before heading southwest to the Salween River. The border follows the Salween and then the Moei River before going overland again through the Tenasserim Hills towards the Malay Peninsula. Near Prachuap Khiri Khan, the border comes within {{Convert|6.81|mi|km|abbr=on}} to the Gulf of Thailand. It then heads south towards the Kraburi River which it then follows towards a wide estuary before ending in the Andaman Sea, forming Myanmar's longest border at {{Convert|1501|mi|km}}.

{{See also|Climate of Myanmar}}

Tropical monsoon in the lowlands below {{convert|1000|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April).

Myanmar has three seasons: the cool and drier northeast monsoon running from late October to mid-February, the hot and dry intermonsoonal season from mid-February to mid-May and the rainy southwest monsoon from mid-May to late-October. Colloquially, they are called the winter, summer and rainy seasons respectively.{{Cite web|url=https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/MCCSAP-Feb-Version.pdf|title=Myanmar Climate Strategy and Action Plan (MCCSAP) 2016–2030|date=2 December 2018|website=asiapacificenergy.org|access-date=16 March 2022|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111042045/https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/MCCSAP-Feb-Version.pdf|url-status=live}} The alternating mountain ranges and valleys create alternate zones of heavy and subdued precipitation during the monsoon season, with the majority of the country's precipitation coming from the southwest monsoons.

Climate varies in the highlands depending on elevation; subtropical temperate climate at around {{convert|2500|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, temperate at {{convert|3000|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, cool, alpine at {{convert|3500|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and above the alpine zone, cold, harsh tundra and Arctic climate. The higher elevations are subject to heavy snowfall, especially in the north. Distance from the sea also affects temperature and inland highlands can experience daily temperature ranges spanning 22'F (12'C) despite the tropical latitude.

{{Weather box

|location = Yangon (Kaba–Aye) 1981–2010, extremes 1881–1990

|width = auto

| single line = Yes

| metric first = Yes

| collapsed = Yes

| Jan record high C = 38.9

| Feb record high C = 38.9

| Mar record high C = 40.0

| Apr record high C = 41.1

| May record high C = 42.0

| Jun record high C = 37.8

| Jul record high C = 37.8

| Aug record high C = 34.4

| Sep record high C = 38.9

| Oct record high C = 37.8

| Nov record high C = 38.9

| Dec record high C = 35.6

| year record high C = 42.0

| Jan high C = 33.2

| Feb high C = 35.2

| Mar high C = 36.7

| Apr high C = 37.5

| May high C = 34.2

| Jun high C = 30.8

| Jul high C = 30.3

| Aug high C = 30.0

| Sep high C = 30.9

| Oct high C = 32.2

| Nov high C = 33.1

| Dec high C = 32.5

| year high C = 33.1

| Jan mean C = 24.8

| Feb mean C = 26.5

| Mar mean C = 28.6

| Apr mean C = 31.0

| May mean C = 29.2

| Jun mean C = 27.4

| Jul mean C = 26.8

| Aug mean C = 26.9

| Sep mean C = 27.5

| Oct mean C = 27.6

| Nov mean C = 27.3

| Dec mean C = 25.0

| year mean C = 27.4

| Jan low C = 16.7

| Feb low C = 18.4

| Mar low C = 21.0

| Apr low C = 23.8

| May low C = 24.3

| Jun low C = 23.6

| Jul low C = 23.2

| Aug low C = 23.2

| Sep low C = 23.2

| Oct low C = 23.1

| Nov low C = 21.3

| Dec low C = 17.8

| year low C = 21.6

| Jan record low C = 12.2

| Feb record low C = 13.3

| Mar record low C = 16.1

| Apr record low C = 20.0

| May record low C = 20.0

| Jun record low C = 20.0

| Jul record low C = 21.1

| Aug record low C = 20.0

| Sep record low C = 20.0

| Oct record low C = 20.0

| Nov record low C = 15.0

| Dec record low C = 9.2

| year record low C = 9.2

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 0.4

| Feb rain mm = 3.1

| Mar rain mm = 12.4

| Apr rain mm = 37.8

| May rain mm = 328.1

| Jun rain mm = 565.6

| Jul rain mm = 605.8

| Aug rain mm = 570.7

| Sep rain mm = 393.7

| Oct rain mm = 200.3

| Nov rain mm = 58.6

| Dec rain mm = 6.8

| year rain mm = 2783.3

| Jan rain days = 0.2

| Feb rain days = 0.2

| Mar rain days = 0.4

| Apr rain days = 1.6

| May rain days = 12.6

| Jun rain days = 25.3

| Jul rain days = 26.2

| Aug rain days = 26.1

| Sep rain days = 19.5

| Oct rain days = 12.2

| Nov rain days = 4.8

| Dec rain days = 0.2

| year rain days = 129.3

| Jan humidity = 62

| Feb humidity = 66

| Mar humidity = 69

| Apr humidity = 66

| May humidity = 73

| Jun humidity = 85

| Jul humidity = 86

| Aug humidity = 87

| Sep humidity = 85

| Oct humidity = 78

| Nov humidity = 71

| Dec humidity = 65

| year humidity = 74

| Jan sun = 300

| Feb sun = 272

| Mar sun = 290

| Apr sun = 292

| May sun = 181

| Jun sun = 80

| Jul sun = 77

| Aug sun = 92

| Sep sun = 97

| Oct sun = 203

| Nov sun = 280

| Dec sun = 288

| year sun = 2452

| source 1 = Norwegian Meteorological Institute (average high and average low, and precipitation 1981–2010),{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181008145507/http://met-xpprod.customer.enonic.io/publikasjoner/met-report/met-report-2017/_/attachment/download/a3bf1468-4e93-486a-aa3f-4bea3871cffa:b8f39ba9ecfbde7d7c6da8ca769f4a1a96d61d39/MyanmarClimateReportFINAL24Oct2017.pdf | archive-date = 8 October 2018 |url=http://met-xpprod.customer.enonic.io/publikasjoner/met-report/met-report-2017/_/attachment/download/a3bf1468-4e93-486a-aa3f-4bea3871cffa:b8f39ba9ecfbde7d7c6da8ca769f4a1a96d61d39/MyanmarClimateReportFINAL24Oct2017.pdf |title=Myanmar Climate Report |publisher=Norwegian Meteorological Institute |pages=26–36 | access-date = 8 October 2018}} World Meteorological Organization (rainy days 1961–1990),{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161219094453/http://www.worldweather.org/180/c00232.htm| archive-date = 19 December 2016 |url=http://www.worldweather.org/180/c00232.htm |title=World Weather Information Service – Yangon |publisher=World Meteorological Organization | access-date = 8 May 2012}} Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes){{cite web |url=https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_480970_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Yangon (Rangun) / Myanmar (Birma) |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=26 April 2018 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310021101/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_480970_kt.pdf |url-status=live }}

| source 2 = Danish Meteorological Institute (sun and relative humidity 1931–1960),{{cite web |last1=Cappelen |first1=John |last2=Jensen |first2=Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date=27 April 2013 |url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |work=Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) |title=Myanmar – Rangoon |page=189 |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=da | access-date = 23 February 2013}} Myanmar Times (May record high and December record low){{cite web |last1=Cho |first1=Myo |url=http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no197/MyanmarTimes10-197/003.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184155/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no197/MyanmarTimes10-197/003.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=High of 40C, low of 13C in Yangon for 2003 |publisher=Government of Myanmar |access-date=23 October 2016}} Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1981–2010)

{{cite web| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190113230104/https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=48097| archive-date = 13 January 2019 |url=https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=48097 |title=Normals Data: YANGON – MYANMAR Latitude: 16.77°N Longitude: 96.17°E Height: 14 (m) |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency| access-date = 13 January 2019}}

| date = March 2011}}

{{Weather box

|width = auto

|location = Naypyidaw

|collapsed= yes

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan high C = 30

|Feb high C = 34

|Mar high C = 36

|Apr high C = 38

|May high C = 35

|Jun high C = 32

|Jul high C = 31

|Aug high C = 30

|Sep high C = 32

|Oct high C = 32

|Nov high C = 31

|Dec high C = 29

|year high C = 32.5

|Jan low C = 14

|Feb low C = 16

|Mar low C = 20

|Apr low C = 24

|May low C = 25

|Jun low C = 24

|Jul low C = 24

|Aug low C = 24

|Sep low C = 24

|Oct low C = 23

|Nov low C = 20

|Dec low C = 16

|year low C = 21.2

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 5

|Feb precipitation mm = 2

|Mar precipitation mm = 9

|Apr precipitation mm = 33

|May precipitation mm = 154

|Jun precipitation mm = 160

|Jul precipitation mm = 198

|Aug precipitation mm = 229

|Sep precipitation mm = 186

|Oct precipitation mm = 131

|Nov precipitation mm = 37

|Dec precipitation mm = 7

|Jan precipitation days = 1

|Feb precipitation days = 0

|Mar precipitation days = 1

|Apr precipitation days = 3

|May precipitation days = 14

|Jun precipitation days = 21

|Jul precipitation days = 23

|Aug precipitation days = 24

|Sep precipitation days = 19

|Oct precipitation days = 12

|Nov precipitation days = 4

|Dec precipitation days = 1

|unit rain days = 0.2 mm

|source 1 = Weather2Travel.com. Retrieved 26 March 2013

}}

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| location = Mandalay (1981–2010, extremes 1889–present)

| metric first = yes

| single line = yes

| collapsed = yes

|Jan record high C = 37.2

|Feb record high C = 39.2

|Mar record high C = 42.8

|Apr record high C = 48.0

|May record high C = 45.0

|Jun record high C = 42.0

|Jul record high C = 41.6

|Aug record high C = 39.8

|Sep record high C = 43.4

|Oct record high C = 39.2

|Nov record high C = 38.5

|Dec record high C = 34.0

|year record high C = 48.0

| Jan high C = 29.6

| Feb high C = 32.7

| Mar high C = 36.6

| Apr high C = 38.9

| May high C = 36.9

| Jun high C = 35.2

| Jul high C = 35.1

| Aug high C = 34.3

| Sep high C = 34.0

| Oct high C = 33.4

| Nov high C = 31.1

| Dec high C = 29.1

|year high C = 33.9

| Jan mean C = 21.9

| Feb mean C = 24.4

| Mar mean C = 28.8

| Apr mean C = 31.9

| May mean C = 31.3

| Jun mean C = 30.8

| Jul mean C = 30.8

| Aug mean C = 30.2

| Sep mean C = 29.7

| Oct mean C = 28.8

| Nov mean C = 25.7

| Dec mean C = 22.2

|year mean C = 28.0

| Jan low C = 13.7

| Feb low C = 16.0

| Mar low C = 20.4

| Apr low C = 24.7

| May low C = 25.9

| Jun low C = 26.1

| Jul low C = 26.2

| Aug low C = 25.8

| Sep low C = 25.4

| Oct low C = 24.0

| Nov low C = 19.9

| Dec low C = 15.4

|year low C = 22.0

|Jan record low C = 8.0

|Feb record low C = 10.0

|Mar record low C = 12.8

|Apr record low C = 13.0

|May record low C = 17.4

|Jun record low C = 20.0

|Jul record low C = 20.0

|Aug record low C = 19.5

|Sep record low C = 20.5

|Oct record low C = 18.5

|Nov record low C = 11.1

|Dec record low C = 7.6

|year record low C = 7.6

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 0.9

| Feb rain mm = 3.8

| Mar rain mm = 5.8

| Apr rain mm = 40.4

| May rain mm = 130.0

| Jun rain mm = 99.5

| Jul rain mm = 74.7

| Aug rain mm = 132.9

| Sep rain mm = 157.1

| Oct rain mm = 130.7

| Nov rain mm = 36.4

| Dec rain mm = 4.9

| year rain mm = 817.1

| Jan rain days = 0.4

| Feb rain days = 0.4

| Mar rain days = 0.4

| Apr rain days = 3.3

| May rain days = 8.3

| Jun rain days = 7.2

| Jul rain days = 5.9

| Aug rain days = 8.7

| Sep rain days = 8.1

| Oct rain days = 6.8

| Nov rain days = 2.8

| Dec rain days = 0.7

| year rain days = 53.0

| Jan humidity = 68

| Feb humidity = 58

| Mar humidity = 49

| Apr humidity = 50

| May humidity = 66

| Jun humidity = 73

| Jul humidity = 71

| Aug humidity = 76

| Sep humidity = 76

| Oct humidity = 77

| Nov humidity = 74

| Dec humidity = 72

| year humidity = 68

| Jan sun = 309

| Feb sun = 280

| Mar sun = 301

| Apr sun = 291

| May sun = 267

| Jun sun = 208

| Jul sun = 182

| Aug sun = 168

| Sep sun = 215

| Oct sun = 223

| Nov sun = 269

| Dec sun = 278

| year sun = 2991

| source 1 = Norwegian Meteorological Institute (average high and average low, and rainfall 1981–2010),{{cite web |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181008145507/http://met-xpprod.customer.enonic.io/publikasjoner/met-report/met-report-2017/_/attachment/download/a3bf1468-4e93-486a-aa3f-4bea3871cffa:b8f39ba9ecfbde7d7c6da8ca769f4a1a96d61d39/MyanmarClimateReportFINAL24Oct2017.pdf |archive-date = 8 October 2018 |url=http://met-xpprod.customer.enonic.io/publikasjoner/met-report/met-report-2017/_/attachment/download/a3bf1468-4e93-486a-aa3f-4bea3871cffa:b8f39ba9ecfbde7d7c6da8ca769f4a1a96d61d39/MyanmarClimateReportFINAL24Oct2017.pdf |title=Myanmar Climate Report |publisher=Norwegian Meteorological Institute |pages=26–36 |access-date = 8 October 2018}} World Meteoroglogical Organization (rainy days 1961–1990),{{cite web |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120506125832/http://worldweather.wmo.int/180/c00588.htm| archive-date = 6 May 2012 |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/180/c00588.htm |title=World Weather Information Service – Mandalay |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date = 23 February 2013}} Deutscher Wetterdienst (mean temperatures 1991–2010){{cite web |url=https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_480420_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Mandale (Mandalay) / Myanmar (Birma) |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224193000/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_480420_kt.pdf |url-status=live }}

| source 2 = Danish Meteorological Institute (sun and relative humidity, 1931–1960),{{cite web |last1=Cappelen |first1=John |last2=Jensen |first2=Jens |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2013 |url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |work=Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) |title=Myanmar – Mandalay |page=188 |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=da |access-date = 23 February 2013}} Meteo Climat (record highs and lows),{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1512 |title=Station Mandalay |publisher=Meteo Climat |language=fr |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328202103/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1512 |url-status=live }}

| date = January 2016}}

{{Weather box

|width = auto

|location = Myitkyina (1981-2010, extremes 1951-present)

|metric first = Yes

|single line = Yes

|collapsed = Yes

|Jan record high C = 35.0

|Feb record high C = 35.0

|Mar record high C = 38.0

|Apr record high C = 41.1

|May record high C = 42.0

|Jun record high C = 40.2

|Jul record high C = 38.3

|Aug record high C = 38.5

|Sep record high C = 37.5

|Oct record high C = 36.2

|Nov record high C = 38.5

|Dec record high C = 35.5

|year record high C = 42.0

|Jan high C = 25.3

|Feb high C = 27.5

|Mar high C = 30.4

|Apr high C = 32.6

|May high C = 33.3

|Jun high C = 31.6

|Jul high C = 30.5

|Aug high C = 32.0

|Sep high C = 31.7

|Oct high C = 30.9

|Nov high C = 28.4

|Dec high C = 25.8

|year high C = 30.0

| Jan mean C = 18.0

| Feb mean C = 20.3

| Mar mean C = 23.9

| Apr mean C = 26.6

| May mean C = 27.6

| Jun mean C = 27.9

| Jul mean C = 27.7

| Aug mean C = 28.3

| Sep mean C = 28.1

| Oct mean C = 26.2

| Nov mean C = 22.5

| Dec mean C = 18.8

| year mean C = 24.9

|Jan low C = 10.4

|Feb low C = 12.9

|Mar low C = 16.3

|Apr low C = 19.7

|May low C = 22.3

|Jun low C = 24.3

|Jul low C = 24.5

|Aug low C = 24.6

|Sep low C = 23.9

|Oct low C = 21.5

|Nov low C = 16.2

|Dec low C = 11.9

|year low C = 19.0

|Jan record low C = 3.0

|Feb record low C = 7.5

|Mar record low C = 10.0

|Apr record low C = 10.0

|May record low C = 16.1

|Jun record low C = 18.1

|Jul record low C = 18.0

|Aug record low C = 20.0

|Sep record low C = 19.8

|Oct record low C = 15.0

|Nov record low C = 8.0

|Dec record low C = 3.0

|year record low C = 3.0

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 9.9

|Feb rain mm = 21.0

|Mar rain mm = 24.0

|Apr rain mm = 54.0

|May rain mm = 218.5

|Jun rain mm = 549.2

|Jul rain mm = 543.0

|Aug rain mm = 398.3

|Sep rain mm = 294.7

|Oct rain mm = 170.6

|Nov rain mm = 25.1

|Dec rain mm = 11.7

|year rain mm = 2320.0

|unit rain days = 0.3 mm

| Jan rain days = 2

| Feb rain days = 7

| Mar rain days = 5

| Apr rain days = 8

| May rain days = 15

| Jun rain days = 25

| Jul rain days = 27

| Aug rain days = 28

| Sep rain days = 19

| Oct rain days = 11

| Nov rain days = 3

| Dec rain days = 2

| year rain days = 152

| Jan humidity = 77

| Feb humidity = 68

| Mar humidity = 64

| Apr humidity = 64

| May humidity = 72

| Jun humidity = 83

| Jul humidity = 89

| Aug humidity = 87

| Sep humidity = 85

| Oct humidity = 83

| Nov humidity = 79

| Dec humidity = 78

| year humidity = 77

| source 1 = Norwegian Meteorological Institute,{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181008145507/http://met-xpprod.customer.enonic.io/publikasjoner/met-report/met-report-2017/_/attachment/download/a3bf1468-4e93-486a-aa3f-4bea3871cffa:b8f39ba9ecfbde7d7c6da8ca769f4a1a96d61d39/MyanmarClimateReportFINAL24Oct2017.pdf | archive-date = 8 October 2018 | url = http://met-xpprod.customer.enonic.io/publikasjoner/met-report/met-report-2017/_/attachment/download/a3bf1468-4e93-486a-aa3f-4bea3871cffa:b8f39ba9ecfbde7d7c6da8ca769f4a1a96d61d39/MyanmarClimateReportFINAL24Oct2017.pdf | title = Myanmar Climate Report | publisher = Norwegian Meteorological Institute | pages =26–36 | access-date = 8 October 2018}} Deutscher Wetterdienst (mean temperatures 1991–2010, rainy days 1896–1940, humidity 1963–1988){{cite web

| url = https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_480080_kt.pdf

| title = Klimatafel von Myitkyina / Myanmar (Birma)

| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world

| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst

| language = de

| access-date = 6 November 2018

| archive-date = 2 January 2020

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200102212223/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_480080_kt.pdf

| url-status = live

}}

|source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows){{cite web

| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1511-Myitkyina.php

| title = Station Myitkyina

| publisher = Meteo Climat

| language = fr

| access-date = 10 October 2018

| archive-date = 2 January 2020

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200102212215/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1511-Myitkyina.php

| url-status = live

}}

}}

{{see also|List of mountains in Myanmar}}

Myanmar's mountains create five distinct physiographic regions.

Northern Mountains

File:Mount Popa 13.jpg, a dormant volcano in the Central Lowlands]]

File:Mountains near Pindaya, Myanmar.jpg on the Shan Plateau]]

File:Zwegabin Monastery view to Hpa An 3.jpg from Mount Zwegabin in Southeastern Hills]]

The Northern Mountains are characterised by complex ranges centred around the eastern ends of the Himalayas and the northeastern limit of the Indian-Australian Plate. The ranges at the southern end of the Hengduan System form the border between Myanmar and China. Hkakabo Razi, the country's highest point at {{convert|5881|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, is located at the northern end of the country. This mountain is part of a series of parallel ranges that run from the foothills of the Himalaya through the border areas with Assam, Nagaland and Mizoram.

Central Lowlands

Myanmar is characterized by its Central Lowlands running north–south between several different mountain ranges. This was deeply excavated by many rivers and today forms the basin for major rivers like the Irrawaddy, Chindwin and Sittaung Rivers. The Bago Yoma (Pegu Range) is a prominent but relatively low mountain chain between the Irrawaddy and the Sittaung River in lower-central Myanmar. Many smaller mountain ranges run through the lowlands like the small mountain ranges of Zeebyu Taungdan, Min-wun Taungdan, Hman-kin Taungdan and Gangaw Taungdan.{{Cite web |url=http://www.csostat.gov.mm/myanmar.asp |title=Myanmar in brief |access-date=27 February 2012 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604165535/https://www.csostat.gov.mm/myanmar.asp |url-status=dead }} Mount Popa, an extinct volcano and Nat worship holy site, rises prominently from the surrounding lowlands in these lowlands.

Western Ranges

The Western Ranges are characterized by the Arakan Mountains running from Manipur into western Myanmar southwards through Rakhine State almost to Cape Negrais in the shores of the Bay of Bengal in Ayeyarwady Region. The mountains reappear as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands further within the Andaman Sea. These mountains are old crystalline rocks separating the Arakan Coast from the rest of the country. The Arakan Range includes the Naga Hills, the Chin Hills, and the Patkai range which includes the Lushai Hills.[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31961/Arakan-Mountain-Range "Rakhine Mountains"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711122059/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31961/Arakan-Mountain-Range |date=11 July 2009 }} Encyclopædia Britannica The Arakan Coast of the Bay of Bengal lays west of these mountains with prominent island archipelagos and coral reefs.

Shan Plateau

In eastern Myanmar, the Shan Plateau rises abruptly from the central lowlands in single steps of some 2,000 feet (600m). The highest point of the Shan Hills is 2,563 m high Loi Pangnao, one of the ultra prominent peaks of Southeast Asia.{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinci.com/travel/pax/q/1847763/Loi+Pangnao/MM/Myanmar/0/ |title=Loi Pangnao (mountain) – Region: Shan State, Myanmar |access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423165234/http://www.chinci.com/travel/pax/q/1847763/Loi+Pangnao/MM/Myanmar/0/ |archive-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/burma.html |title=Peaklist – Burma and Eastern India |access-date=24 May 2016 |archive-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117064710/http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/burma.html |url-status=live }} The Shan Hills form, together with the Karen Hills, Dawna Range and Tenasserim Hills, a natural border with Thailand as well as the Kayah–Karen montane rain forests ecoregion[http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/greatermekong/discovering_the_greater_mekong/ecoregions/kayah_karen_tenasserim/ Kayah Karen Tenasserim Ecoregion] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326171548/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/greatermekong/discovering_the_greater_mekong/ecoregions/kayah_karen_tenasserim/ |date=26 March 2011 }} which is included in the Global 200 list of ecoregions identified by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) as priorities for conservation.{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0163|name=Tenasserim-South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests}} The plateau was formed during the Mesozoic Era and are a much older feature than the other ranges of Myanmar, creating a series of elevated ranges and valleys. The most notable being the Salween River basin, covering 109,266 sq mi (283,00 km²).{{cite web|url=https://wle-mekong.cgiar.org/changes/where-we-work/salween-river-basin/|title=Salween River Basin|publisher=WLE Greater Mekong|website=WLE Great Mekong|access-date=16 March 2022|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316202007/https://wle-mekong.cgiar.org/changes/where-we-work/salween-river-basin/|url-status=live}}

Southeastern Hills

Myanmar's Southeastern Hills and see the Tenasserim Plains have western shores backed by the Tenasserim Range respectively. The Tenessarim Plains consists largely of the western slopes of the Bilauktaung, the highest part of the Tenasserim Range, which extends southwards forming the central range of the Malay Peninsula.{{Cite web |url=http://www.geographia.com/myanmar/ |title=An Introduction to Burma (Myanmar) |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-date=7 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807212438/http://www.geographia.com/myanmar/ |url-status=live }} The Dawna Range also stretches along the northern parts of the Tenasserim tail of Myanmar. Many hills in this area, like Mount Zwegabin and Kyaiktiyo, are important cultural and religious sites. The coastal islands rise prominently from the sea and form multiple island archipelago with coral reefs, especially in the Mergui Archipelago.

File:Nyaung-U, Bagan, Myanmar, The shores of Irrawaddy River.jpg

The Irrawaddy, the main river of Burma, flows from north to south through the Central Burma Basin and ends in a wide delta. The Mekong river runs from the Tibetan Plateau through China's Yunnan and northeastern Burma into Laos. The basin has significant mining resources and forest ecosystems. Its fertile delta also create 60% of annual rice harvests. The river is historically significant with the Bagan temples on their banks and the Kachin people's homeland near the river's source- the confluence of the N'mai and Mali rivers.{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Irrawaddy |volume=14 |page=839| first=James George |last=Scott}}

File:Salawin river at Mae Sam Laep (detail).jpg

In the east the Salween and the Sittaung River run along the western side of the Shan Hills and the northern end of the Dawna Range. The Salween begins in China, where it is called the Nu River {{zh|c=怒江|p=Nù Jiāng}}, and runs south through 17 degrees of latitude through the Shan Plateau. The Salween runs is called the angry river in Mandarin due to its fast running waters snaking through mountainous terrain for almost the entirety of its 1,491-mile (2,400 km) long length.

In the narrow southeastern part of Burma, the Ye, Heinze, Dawei (Tavoy), Great Tenasserim (Tanintharyi) and the Lenya rivers are relatively short and flow into the Andaman Sea. Further south the Kraburi River forms the southern border between Thailand and Burma.Avijit Gupta, The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia, Oxford University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-19-924802-5}}

File:Grandfather Island.jpg

Myanmar has the 50th largest exclusive economic zone of {{convert|205706|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}. It includes more than 16 islands and the Mergui Archipelago.

Contiguous zone:

{{convert|24|nmi|mi km|1|abbr=on|lk=in}}

Continental shelf:

{{convert|200|nmi|mi km|1|abbr=on}} or to the edge of the continental margin

Exclusive economic zone:

{{convert|205706|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}, {{convert|200|nmi|mi km|1|abbr=on}}

{{div col|colwidth=10cm}}

• Apaw-ye Kyun
• Calventuras Islands
• Cheduba Island
• Coco Islands
• Kaingthaung Island
• Kalegauk Island
• Kokunye Kyun
• Kyungyi Island
• Moscos Islands
• Myingun Island
• Nantha Kyun
• Preparis
• Ramree Island
• Unguan
• Wa Kyun
• Zalat Taung
• Mergui Archipelago
• Auriol Island
• Bentinck Kyun
• Christie Island, the southernmost island of the archipelago
• Kadan Kyun, the largest island of the archipelago
• Lanbi Kyun
• Letsok-aw Kyun
• Mali Kyun, the northernmost island of the archipelago
• Saganthit Kyun
• Than Kyun
• Thayawthadangyi
• Zadetkyi

{{div col end}}

File:A large company Jade Mine in Hpakant 2018 January .jpg]]

Since ancient times, Myanmar has been famous for its abundance of natural resources. The Sanskrit name Suvarnabhumi (သုဝဏ္ဏဘူမိ) has been used in relation to the area in modern-day Lower Burma and Thailand for millennia. Today, major resources include petroleum, natural gas, teak, other timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, marble, limestone, jade, rubies, sapphire natural gas, and hydropower. Since 2010, Myanmar has had an explosion of foreign direct investment in the extractive sector. New large-scale infrastructure projects like the Kyaukphyu Pipeline and Myitsone Dam have caused controversy within the country, particularly in regard to China's role in the projects.{{cite web |last=Fawthrop |first=Tom |date=11 March 2019 |title=Myanmar's Myitsone Dam Dilemma |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/myanmars-myitsone-dam-dilemma/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=The Diplomat |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711071003/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/myanmars-myitsone-dam-dilemma/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://amti.csis.org/kyaukpyu-china-indian-ocean/ |title=Kyaukphyu: Connecting China to the Indian Ocean |last=Poling |first=Gregory |date=4 April 2018 |website=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710085009/https://amti.csis.org/kyaukpyu-china-indian-ocean/ |url-status=live }}

File:Mingun stupa 1839 earthquake damage.jpg caused by the 1839 Ava earthquake.]]

Natural hazards include destructive earthquakes and cyclones. Flooding and landslides are common during the rainy season from June to September. Periodic droughts also occur.

{{See also|List of earthquakes in Myanmar}}

Myanmar lies at the confluence of the Indian Plate, Eurasian Plate and the Burma microplate. Both the Indian-Eurasian subduction zone and the Indian-Burma plate boundaries are frequent hypocenters for earthquakes.{{cite journal |last1=Hurukawa |first1=Nubuo |last2=Pa Pa Tun |last3=Shibazaki |first2=Bunichiro |date=25 May 2012 |title=Detailed geometry of the subducting Indian Plate beneath the Burma Plate and subcrustal seismicity in the Burma Plate derived from joint hypocenter relocation |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.5047/eps.2011.10.011.pdf |journal=Earth Planets Space |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=333–343 |doi=10.5047/eps.2011.10.011 |bibcode=2012EP&S...64..333H |s2cid=54041617 |access-date=13 July 2022}} The continental right-lateral transform Sagaing Fault runs north-south through the middle of the country.{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=Expert reaction to Myanmar earthquake |url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-myanmar-earthquake/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328130459/https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-myanmar-earthquake/ |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Science Media Center}} It is responsible for many damaging earthquakes through the country's history like the 1839 Ava earthquake.{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)|publisher=National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|year=1972|type=Data Set|access-date=13 July 2022|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215220609/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|url-status=dead}} Many earthquakes with a 6-8 magnitude caused damage in the country. For example the 1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake, 1941 Andaman Islands earthquake, and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

Myanmar is also hit by a powerful cyclone roughly every two years. The highest frequency of severe cyclones occur during November and May. The past century of cyclogenesis data in the North Indian Ocean has seen a significant increase in cyclone formation during these two months.{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=O.P. |last2=Khan |first2=Masood Ali |last3=Rahman |first3=Mohammed Sazedur |date=25 February 2001 |title=Has the frequency of intense tropical cyclones increased in the north Indian Ocean? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24104250 |journal=Current Science |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=575–580 |jstor=24104250 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713171520/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24104250 |url-status=live }} The most damaging cyclone that hit Myanmar was the Cyclone Nargis in April–May 2008; with ongoing climate change, oceans will become warmer, which may lead to cyclones becoming more intense and devastating for Myanmar.Stokke, Kristian; Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2018) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323018961 Myanmar: A Political Economy Analysis.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728150758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323018961_Myanmar_A_Political_Economy_Analysis |date=28 July 2020 }} Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). Report commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

File:Burma031.jpg during the British colonial era.]]

Environmental issues include deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment that contributes to disease. Climate change is also projected to have major impacts on Myanmar, such as increasing the prevalence and intensity of drought and extreme weather.{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127191008/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |url-status=live }}

An IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Assessment was conducted for Myanmar in 2020 that assessed 64 terrestrial ecosystem types across 10 biomes. Of these 64 ecosystem types, 1 was confirmed as collapsed, 8 were considered Critically Endangered, 9 were considered Endangered, 12 were considered Vulnerable, 3 were considered Near Threatened, 14 were considered of Least Concern, and 17 were deemed Data Deficient.{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Keith |first2=D.A. |last3=Tizard |first3=R. |last4=Duncan |first4=A. |last5=Htut |first5=W.T. |last6=Hlaing |first6=N. |last7=Oo |first7=A.H. |last8=Ya |first8=K.Z. |last9=Grantham |first9=H. |title=Threatened Ecosystems of Myanmar. An IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Assessment. Version 1.0 |date=2020 |publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society |isbn=978-0-9903852-5-7 |url=https://iucnrle.org/static/media/uploads/references/published-assessments/myanmar_red_list_of_ecosystems_final_report_v1_0_3_low.pdf |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918005526/https://www.iucnrle.org/static/media/uploads/references/published-assessments/myanmar_red_list_of_ecosystems_final_report_v1_0_3_low.pdf |url-status=live }} The 64 terrestrial ecosystem types included five brackish tidal systems, one dry subterranean system, one lake, five palustrine wetlands, four polar/alpine systems, twelve savannas and grasslands, two shoreline systems, two supralittoral coastal systems, seven temperate-boreal forests and woodlands, and twenty five tropical and subtropical forests.{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=Nicholas J. |last2=Keith |first2=David A. |last3=Duncan |first3=Adam |last4=Tizard |first4=Robert |last5=Ferrer-Paris |first5=Jose R. |last6=Worthington |first6=Thomas A. |last7=Armstrong |first7=Kate |last8=Hlaing |first8=Nyan |last9=Htut |first9=Win Thuya |last10=Oo |first10=Kyaw Zay |last11=Grantham |first11=Hedley |title=Myanmar's terrestrial ecosystems: Status, threats and conservation opportunities |journal=Biological Conservation |date=2020 |volume=252 |page=108834 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108834 |bibcode=2020BCons.25208834M |s2cid=228850408 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/08/20/2020.08.18.256750.full.pdf}}

A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 3,316 km² of tidal flats in Myanmar, making it the 8th ranked country in terms of tidal flat area.{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |journal=Nature |date=2019 |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124213205/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}

party to:

Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

{{portal|Myanmar}}

• List of rivers of Myanmar
• Geology of Myanmar
• List of volcanoes in Myanmar
• List of ecoregions in Myanmar
• Zomia (geography)

{{reflist}}

• {{CIA World Factbook}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20170305113754/http://marine.myanmarbiodiversity.org/ Myanmar Marine Biodiversity Atlas Online]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110825154200/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Burma.pdf Ramsar – Burma]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207053642/http://www.rothwell.force9.co.uk/burmaweb/geography.htm Burma – Geography]
• [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA487552.pdf The Geology of Burma (Myanmar)]

{{Burma (Myanmar) topics}}

{{Geography of Asia}}

{{Asia topic|Climate of}}