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Geography of Ukraine

{{Short description|none}}

{{Country geography

| name = Ukraine

| image name = Wheat fields in Ukraine-5961.jpg

| image size = 300px

| image caption = Wheat field in Ukraine

| image alt =

| map = Ukraine relief location map.jpg

| map size = 300px

| map_alt =

| continent = Europe

| region = Eastern Europe

| coordinates = {{Coord|50|27|N|30|30|E|type:country}}

| area ranking = 45th

| km area = 603,500

| percent land = 96

| km coastline = 2,782

| borders = {{convert|4,558|km|mi|abbr=on}}

| highest point = Hoverla
{{convert|2,061|m|feet}}

| lowest point = Kuyalnik Estuary
{{convert|-5|m|feet}}

| longest river = Dnieper
{{convert|981|km|mi}} (within Ukraine)

| largest lake = Lake Yalpuh
{{convert|149|km2|2|abbr=on}}

| exclusive economic zone = {{convert|147,318|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}

}}

File:Говерла з Кукула.jpg and Hoverla at {{cvt|2061|m}}, the highest mountain in Ukraine]]

Ukraine is the second-largest European country, after Russia. Its various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from highlands to lowlands, as well as climatic range and a wide variety in hydrography. Most of the country lies within the East European Plain.

Lying between latitudes 44° and 53° N, and longitudes 22° and 41° E, Ukraine covers an area of {{convert|603628|km2}}, with a coastline of {{convert|2782|km}}.{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |access-date=24 December 2007 |date=13 December 2007 |website=CIA World Factbook}}

The landscape of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile steppes{{Cite news |date=2022-03-01 |title=Ukraine country profile |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18018002 |access-date=2022-03-03}} and plateaus, crossed by rivers such as the Dnieper, Siverskyi Donets, Dniester and the Southern Bug as they flow south into the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. To the southwest, the delta of the Danube forms the border with Romania. The country's only mountains are the Carpathian Mountains in the west, of which the highest is Hoverla at {{convert|2061|m}}, and the Crimean Mountains, in the extreme south along the coast.{{Cite web |title=Geographical location of Ukraine |url=http://www.ukrexport.gov.ua/eng/about_ukraine/geo/?country=ukr |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=www.ukrexport.gov.ua}}

Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such as the Volyn-Podillia Upland (in the west) and the Dnieper Upland (on the right bank of the Dnieper). To the east there are the south-western spurs of the Central Russian Upland, over which runs the border with the Russia. Near the Sea of Azov can be found the Donets Ridge and the Azov Upland. The snow melt from the mountains feeds the rivers and their waterfalls.

Significant natural resources in Ukraine include lithium,{{Cite news |last=Tabuchi |first=Hiroko |author-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |date=2022-03-02 |title=Before Invasion, Ukraine's Lithium Wealth Was Drawing Global Attention |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/climate/ukraine-lithium.html |access-date=2022-03-03 |issn=0362-4331}} natural gas,{{Cite web |title=Mining – UkraineInvest |url=https://ukraineinvest.gov.ua/industries/mining/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |language=en-US}} kaolin, timber,{{Cite web |last=Nature |first=Preferred by |title=Ukraine Timber Risk Profile |url=https://preferredbynature.org/sourcinghub/timber/ukraine-timber-risk-profile |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=NEPCon - Preferred by Nature |language=en}} and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable water, air and water pollution, deforestation, and radioactive contamination in the north-east from the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.

Geographic location

{{see also|Eurasian Steppe}}

{{Location map+ |Ukraine |width=400 |float=right|caption= Map of Ukraine |places=

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=50.45000|long=30.52333 |label= Kyiv |position=bottom |marksize=12 |label_size=100 }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=51.50365|long=31.30000 |label= Chernihiv |position=right |marksize=6 }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=48.30000|long=25.93333 |label= Chernivtsi |marksize=6 }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=48.45000|long=34.98333 |label= Dnipro |position=left }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=48.00278|long=37.80528 |label= Donetsk }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=49.91667|long=36.31667 |label= Kharkiv |marksize=10 }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=49.85000|long=24.01667 |label= Lviv }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=46.46667|long=30.73333 |label= Odesa |marksize=10 }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=44.60000|long=33.53000 |label= Sevastopol |position=left |marksize=6 }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=48.61667|long=22.30000 |label= Uzhhorod }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=48.16056|long=24.50028 |label= Mt. Hoverla |position=bottom |mark=Black Fire.svg }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=44.94806|long=34.10417 |label= Simferopol |marksize=6 }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=48.91667|long=24.71667 |label= Ivano‑Frankivsk |position=top }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=50.91667|long=34.75000 |label= Sumy |position=left }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=49.03333|long=37.56667 |label= Sviatohirsk }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=49.1414|long=28.2802 |label= Vinnytsia |marksize=6 }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=50.7500|long=25.335833 |label= Lutsk }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=47.83333|long=35.16666 |label= Zaporizhzhia |marksize=10 |position=bottom }}

{{Location map~ |Ukraine |lat=47.90861|long=33.14333 |label= Kryvyi Rih |marksize=10 |position=left }}

}}

Ukraine is located in Eastern Europe: lying on the northern shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. The country borders Belarus in the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary in the west, Moldova and Romania in the south-west, and Russia in the east.

The total geographic area of Ukraine is {{convert|603700

|km2|sp=us}}. Ukraine has an Exclusive Economic Zone of {{convert|147,318|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} in the Black Sea.{{cite web |title=Ukraine |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=1 March 2022}}

The land border of Ukraine totals {{convert|6993|km|sp=us}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.pvu.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=47129&cat_id=46429 |title=Державна прикордонна служба України |website=www.pvu.gov.ua |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206030446/http://www.pvu.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=47129&cat_id=46429 |archive-date=6 December 2007 |url-status=dead}} The border lengths with each country are: Belarus {{convert |891|km|sp=us}}{{Failed verification|date=February 2023}}, Hungary {{convert |103|km|sp=us}}{{Failed verification|date=February 2023}}, Moldova {{convert |939|km|sp=us}}{{Failed verification|date=February 2023}}, Poland {{convert |428|km|sp=us}}{{Failed verification|date=February 2023}}, Romania {{convert |169|km|sp=us}} on the south and {{convert |362|km|sp=us}} on the west{{Failed verification|date=February 2023}}, Russia {{convert |1974|km|sp=us}}, and Slovakia {{convert |90|km|sp=us}}{{Failed verification|date=February 2023}}. Ukraine is also bordered by {{convert|3783|km|sp=us}} of coastline{{Failed verification|date=February 2023}}. The border with Russia, part of which runs through the Sea of Azov, is the country's longest border.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/agreement-between-the-russian-federation-and-the-ukraine-on-cooperation-in-the-use-of-the-sea-of-azov-and-the-strait-of-kerch-tre-149547/|title=Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Ukraine on cooperation in the use of the sea of Azov and the strait of Kerch|website=www.ecolex.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-27}}

The village of Vel'ké Slemence is split between Slovakia and Ukraine.{{Cite news |last=Lyman |first=Rick |date=2015-08-10 |title=A Ukrainian Border Town Once Fenced by Soviets Blossoms Into a Shopper's Paradise |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/world/europe/ukraine-slovakia-mali-selmentsi-velke-slemence.html |access-date=2022-03-03 |issn=0362-4331}}

Relief

File:Topographic map of Ukraine.svg

File:Pontic Caspian climate.pngs lying north of the Black Sea. The bright green belt girdling the Black Sea's southern coast, extending westwards, denotes a region of subtropics.]]

Most of its territory lies within the Great European Plain, while parts of western regions and southern regions lay within the Alpine system. In general Ukraine comprises two different biomes: mixed forest towards the middle of the continent, and steppe towards the Black Sea littoral. Major provinces include, Polesian Lowland, Dnieper Lowland, Volhynia-Podolie Plateau, Black Sea-Azov Lowland, Donets-Azov Plateau, Central Russian Upland, Carpathians, and Pannonian Basin.

The western regions feature an alpine-like section of Carpathian Mountains, the Eastern Carpathians that stretches across Poland, Ukraine and Romania. The highest peak is Mount Hoverla, which at {{convert|2061|m|sp=us}} above sea level is the highest point in the country. Mountains are limited to the west, the southern tip of Ukraine on the Sea of Azov. The western region has the Carpathian Mountains, and some eroded mountains from the Donets Ridge are in the east near the Sea of Azov.

Most of Ukraine's area is taken up by the steppe-like region just north of the Black Sea. Most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (or steppes) and plateaus. In terms of land use, 58% of Ukraine is considered arable land; 2% is used for permanent crops, 13% for permanent pastures, 18% is forests and woodland, and 9% is other.

=Physiographic division of Ukraine=

Most of Ukraine consists of regular plains with the average height above sea level being {{convert |175| m}}. It is surrounded by mountains to its west and extreme south. Wide spaces of the country's plains are located in the south-western part of the East European Plain. The plains have numerous highlands and lowlands caused by the uneven crystallized base of the East European craton. The highlands are characterized by Precambrian basement rocks from the Ukrainian Shield.

Plains are considered elevations of no more than {{convert|0-600|m|ft|abbr=on}} among which there are recognized lowlands (plains) and uplands (plateaus, ridges, hill ridges).

==[[Great European Plain]] (subregion [[East European Plain]])==

==Alpine system==

Soil

File:Кінбурнська коса восени.jpg, Ochakiv Raion, Mykolaiv Oblast]]

From northwest to southeast the soils of Ukraine may be divided into three major aggregations:{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}

File:Поля під Касовою горою.jpg]]

  • a zone of sandy podzolized soils
  • a central belt consisting of the extremely fertile Ukrainian black earth (chernozems)
  • a zone of chestnut and salinized soils

As much as two-thirds of the country's surface land consists of black earth, a resource that has made Ukraine one of the most fertile regions in the world and well known as a "breadbasket".Magocsi, Paul R. A history of Ukraine: The land and its peoples. University of Toronto Press, 2010. These soils may be divided into three broad groups:

  • in the north, a belt of deep chernozems, about {{convert|5|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=off}} thick and rich in humus
  • south and east of the former, a zone of prairie, or ordinary, chernozems, which are equally rich in humus but only about {{convert|3|ft|cm|-1|order=flip|abbr=off}} thick
  • the southernmost belt, which is even thinner and has still less humus

Interspersed in various uplands and along the northern and western perimeters of the deep chernozems are mixtures of gray forest soils and podzolized black-earth soils, which together occupy much of Ukraine's remaining area. All these soils are very fertile when sufficient water is available. However, their intensive cultivation, especially on steep slopes, has led to widespread soil erosion and gullying.

The smallest proportion of the soil cover consists of the chestnut soils of the southern and eastern regions. They become increasingly salinized to the south as they approach the Black Sea.

Hydrography

File:Ранок на Кальміусі.jpg river, Donetsk]]

{{see also|List of waterfalls of Ukraine|List of longest rivers of Ukraine|List of largest lakes of Ukraine}}

The territory of Ukraine is bordered by the waters of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. More than 95% of the rivers are part of those two seas' drainage basins. A few rivers are part of the Baltic Sea basin. There are seven major rivers in Ukraine: Desna, Dnipro, Dnister, Danube, Prypiat, Siverian Donets, and Southern Buh.{{Cite web |title=Seas, Rivers and Lakes of Ukraine |url=https://outdoorukraine.com/ru/a/101/}}

Climate

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_UKR_1991–2020.svg

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_UKR_2071–2099_SSP585.svg. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Schuur |first1=Edward A.G. |last2=Abbott |first2=Benjamin W. |last3=Commane |first3=Roisin |last4=Ernakovich |first4=Jessica |last5=Euskirchen |first5=Eugenie |last6=Hugelius |first6=Gustaf |last7=Grosse |first7=Guido |last8=Jones |first8=Miriam |last9=Koven |first9=Charlie |last10=Leshyk |first10=Victor |last11=Lawrence |first11=David |last12=Loranty |first12=Michael M. |last13=Mauritz |first13=Marguerite |last14=Olefeldt |first14=David |last15=Natali |first15=Susan |last16=Rodenhizer |first16=Heidi |last17=Salmon |first17=Verity |last18=Schädel |first18=Christina |last19=Strauss |first19=Jens |last20=Treat |first20=Claire |last21=Turetsky |first21=Merritt |year=2022 |title=Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=47 |pages=343–371 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 |quote="Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement..." |doi-access=free }}{{Cite web |last=Phiddian |first=Ellen |date=5 April 2022 |title=Explainer: IPCC Scenarios |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |website=Cosmos |access-date=30 September 2023 |quote="The IPCC doesn’t make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. The Australian Academy of Science, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. Climate Action Tracker predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C. |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |url-status=live }}]]

class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"

|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the seven largest cities in Ukraine{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=UA&name=Ukraine|title=Ukraine climate information|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=February 2, 2016}}

Location

!July (°C)

!July (°F)

!January (°C)

!January (°F)

Kyiv27/1780/62-1/-631/22
Kharkiv27/1781/62-2/-728/20
Dnipro29/1784/63-1/-630/21
Odesa28/1982/662/-336/27
Donetsk27/1681/61-1/-629/20
Zaporizhzhia28/1683/61-0/-531/21
Lviv24/1375/56-1/-832/21

File:Climate change in Kyiv over the last 120 years Temperature density function.png, showing different temperature ranges between different 30-year time periods.]]

Ukraine is firmly in the mid-latitudes, and generally has a continental climate, except for its southern coasts, which feature cold semi-arid and humid subtropical climates.{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Ukraine/ukraine.htm|title=Ukraine|work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=8 August 2016|archive-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014817/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Ukraine/ukraine.htm|url-status=dead}} Average annual temperatures range from {{convert|5.5|–|7|°C|°F|1}} in the north, to {{convert|11|–|13|°C|°F|1}} in the south.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ukraine – Climate |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |access-date=20 October 2015}} Precipitation is disproportionately distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and southeast. Western Ukraine, particularly in the Carpathian Mountains, receives around {{convert|1200|mm|in|1}} of precipitation annually, while Crimea and the coastal areas of the Black Sea receive around {{convert|400|mm|in|1}}.

Water availability from the major river basins is expected to decrease, especially in summer. This poses risks to the agricultural sector.{{Cite journal |last1=Didovets |first1=Iulii |last2=Krysanova |first2=Valentina |last3=Hattermann |first3=Fred Fokko |last4=del Rocío Rivas López |first4=María |last5=Snizhko |first5=Sergiy |last6=Müller Schmied |first6=Hannes |date=2020-12-01 |title=Climate change impact on water availability of main river basins in Ukraine |url=https://publications.pik-potsdam.de/pubman/item/item_24844_1/component/file_25084/24844oa.pdf |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |language=en |volume=32 |pages=100761 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2020.100761 |s2cid=230613418 |issn=2214-5818|doi-access=free }} The negative impacts of climate change on agriculture are mostly felt in the south of the country, which has a steppe climate. In the north, some crops may be able to benefit from a longer growing season.{{Cite journal |last1=Skrypnyk |first1=Andriy |last2=Zhemoyda |first2=Oleksandr |last3=Klymenko |first3=Nataliia |last4=Galaieva |first4=Liudmyla |last5=Koval |first5=Tatiana |date=2021-03-01 |title=Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on the Sustainability of Agricultural Production in Ukraine |url=http://www.jeeng.net/Econometric-Analysis-of-the-Impact-of-Climate-Change-on-the-Sustainability-of-Agricultural,132945,0,2.html |journal=Journal of Ecological Engineering |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=275–288 |doi=10.12911/22998993/132945 |s2cid=233801987 |issn=2299-8993|doi-access=free }} The World Bank has stated that Ukraine is highly vulnerable to climate change.{{cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/ukraine |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}

{{Weather box

| location = Kyiv (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present)

| metric first = Yes

| single line = Yes

| width = auto

| collapsed = Yes

| Jan record high C = 13.2

| Feb record high C = 17.3

| Mar record high C = 22.4

| Apr record high C = 30.2

| May record high C = 33.6

| Jun record high C = 35.5

| Jul record high C = 39.4

| Aug record high C = 39.3

| Sep record high C = 35.7

| Oct record high C = 27.9

| Nov record high C = 23.2

| Dec record high C = 15.2

| year record high C = 39.4

| Jan high C = -0.8

| Feb high C = 0.7

| Mar high C = 6.5

| Apr high C = 15.0

| May high C = 21.1

| Jun high C = 24.6

| Jul high C = 26.5

| Aug high C = 25.9

| Sep high C = 20.0

| Oct high C = 12.9

| Nov high C = 5.3

| Dec high C = 0.5

| year high C = 13.2

| Jan mean C = −3.2

| Feb mean C = −2.3

| Mar mean C = 2.5

| Apr mean C = 10.0

| May mean C = 15.8

| Jun mean C = 19.5

| Jul mean C = 21.3

| Aug mean C = 20.5

| Sep mean C = 14.9

| Oct mean C = 8.6

| Nov mean C = 2.6

| Dec mean C = -1.8

| year mean C = 9.0

| Jan low C = -5.5

| Feb low C = -5.0

| Mar low C = -0.8

| Apr low C = 5.7

| May low C = 10.9

| Jun low C = 14.8

| Jul low C = 16.7

| Aug low C = 15.7

| Sep low C = 10.6

| Oct low C = 5.1

| Nov low C = 0.4

| Dec low C = -3.9

| year low C = 5.4

| Jan record low C = -31.1

| Feb record low C = -32.2

| Mar record low C = -24.9

| Apr record low C = -10.4

| May record low C = -2.4

| Jun record low C = 2.5

| Jul record low C = 5.8

| Aug record low C = 3.3

| Sep record low C = -2.9

| Oct record low C = -17.8

| Nov record low C = -21.9

| Dec record low C = -30.0

| year record low C = -32.2

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 38

| Feb precipitation mm = 40

| Mar precipitation mm = 40

| Apr precipitation mm = 42

| May precipitation mm = 65

| Jun precipitation mm = 73

| Jul precipitation mm = 68

| Aug precipitation mm = 56

| Sep precipitation mm = 57

| Oct precipitation mm = 46

| Nov precipitation mm = 46

| Dec precipitation mm = 47

| year precipitation mm = 618

| Jan snow depth cm = 9

| Feb snow depth cm = 11

| Mar snow depth cm = 7

| Apr snow depth cm = 0

| May snow depth cm = 0

| Jun snow depth cm = 0

| Jul snow depth cm = 0

| Aug snow depth cm = 0

| Sep snow depth cm = 0

| Oct snow depth cm = 0

| Nov snow depth cm = 2

| Dec snow depth cm = 5

| year snow depth cm =

| Jan rain days = 8

| Feb rain days = 7

| Mar rain days = 9

| Apr rain days = 13

| May rain days = 14

| Jun rain days = 15

| Jul rain days = 14

| Aug rain days = 11

| Sep rain days = 14

| Oct rain days = 12

| Nov rain days = 12

| Dec rain days = 9

| year rain days = 138

| Jan snow days = 17

| Feb snow days = 17

| Mar snow days = 10

| Apr snow days = 2

| May snow days = 0.2

| Jun snow days = 0

| Jul snow days = 0

| Aug snow days = 0

| Sep snow days = 0.03

| Oct snow days = 2

| Nov snow days = 9

| Dec snow days = 16

| year snow days = 73

| Jan humidity = 82.7

| Feb humidity = 80.1

| Mar humidity = 74.0

| Apr humidity = 64.3

| May humidity = 62.0

| Jun humidity = 67.5

| Jul humidity = 68.3

| Aug humidity = 66.9

| Sep humidity = 73.5

| Oct humidity = 77.4

| Nov humidity = 84.6

| Dec humidity = 85.6

| year humidity = 73.9

| Jan sun = 42

| Feb sun = 64

| Mar sun = 112

| Apr sun = 162

| May sun = 257

| Jun sun = 273

| Jul sun = 287

| Aug sun = 252

| Sep sun = 189

| Oct sun = 123

| Nov sun = 51

| Dec sun = 31

| year sun =

| Jan uv = 1

| Feb uv = 1

| Mar uv = 2

| Apr uv = 4

| May uv = 6

| Jun uv = 7

| Jul uv = 6

| Aug uv = 6

| Sep uv = 4

| Oct uv = 2

| Nov uv = 1

| Dec uv = 1

| source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net,{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191213141910/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33345.htm

| archive-date = 13 December 2019

| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33345.htm

| title = Weather and Climate – The Climate of Kyiv

| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)

| access-date = 8 November 2021

| language = ru}} Central Observatory for Geophysics (extremes),{{cite web |url=http://cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua/index.php?lang=en&fn=k_klimat&f=kyiv |title=ЦГО Кліматичні дані по м.Києву |website=cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua |publisher=Central Observatory for Geophysics |language=uk |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418123950/http://cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua/index.php?lang=en&fn=k_klimat&f=kyiv |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords/ |title=ЦГО Кліматичні рекорди |website=cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua |publisher=Central Observatory for Geophysics |language=uk |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331222524/http://cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords%2F |url-status=live }} World Meteorological Organization (humidity 1981–2010){{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls

| archive-date = 17 July 2021

| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls

| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010

| publisher = World Meteorological Organization

| access-date = 17 July 2021}}

| source 2 = Danish Meteorological Institute (sun, 1931–1960){{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date=27 April 2013| url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = Ukraine – Kyiv | page = 332 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 1 April 2016}} and Weather Atlas{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/ukraine/kiev-climate|title=Kiev, Ukraine - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-date=3 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703190237/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/ukraine/kiev-climate|url-status=live}}

| date = August 2010

}}

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| location = Kharkiv (1991−2020, extremes 1936–present)

| metric first = yes

| single line = yes

| collapsed = yes

| Jan record high C = 11.1

| Feb record high C = 14.6

| Mar record high C = 21.8

| Apr record high C = 30.5

| May record high C = 34.5

| Jun record high C = 39.8

| Jul record high C = 38.4

| Aug record high C = 39.8

| Sep record high C = 34.7

| Oct record high C = 29.3

| Nov record high C = 20.3

| Dec record high C = 13.4

| year record high C = 39.8

| Jan high C = -2.1

| Feb high C = -0.8

| Mar high C = 5.2

| Apr high C = 14.7

| May high C = 21.4

| Jun high C = 25.2

| Jul high C = 27.4

| Aug high C = 26.8

| Sep high C = 20.5

| Oct high C = 12.6

| Nov high C = 4.3

| Dec high C = -0.7

| year high C = 12.9

| Jan mean C = -4.5

| Feb mean C = -3.8

| Mar mean C = 1.4

| Apr mean C = 9.7

| May mean C = 16.1

| Jun mean C = 20.0

| Jul mean C = 22.0

| Aug mean C = 21.1

| Sep mean C = 15.1

| Oct mean C = 8.2

| Nov mean C = 1.6

| Dec mean C = -2.9

| year mean C = 8.7

| Jan low C = -6.8

| Feb low C = -6.6

| Mar low C = -1.9

| Apr low C = 4.8

| May low C = 10.7

| Jun low C = 14.7

| Jul low C = 16.6

| Aug low C = 15.4

| Sep low C = 10.2

| Oct low C = 4.4

| Nov low C = -0.8

| Dec low C = -5.1

| year low C = 4.6

| Jan record low C = -35.6

| Feb record low C = -29.8

| Mar record low C = -32.2

| Apr record low C = -11.4

| May record low C = -1.9

| Jun record low C = 2.2

| Jul record low C = 5.7

| Aug record low C = 2.2

| Sep record low C = -2.9

| Oct record low C = -9.1

| Nov record low C = -20.9

| Dec record low C = -30.8

| year record low C = -35.6

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 37

| Feb precipitation mm = 33

| Mar precipitation mm = 36

| Apr precipitation mm = 32

| May precipitation mm = 54

| Jun precipitation mm = 58

| Jul precipitation mm = 63

| Aug precipitation mm = 39

| Sep precipitation mm = 44

| Oct precipitation mm = 44

| Nov precipitation mm = 39

| Dec precipitation mm = 40

| year precipitation mm = 519

| Jan snow depth cm = 8

| Feb snow depth cm = 11

| Mar snow depth cm = 8

| Apr snow depth cm = 1

| May snow depth cm = 0

| Jun snow depth cm = 0

| Jul snow depth cm = 0

| Aug snow depth cm = 0

| Sep snow depth cm = 0

| Oct snow depth cm = 0

| Nov snow depth cm = 1

| Dec snow depth cm = 4

| year snow depth cm = 11

| Jan rain days = 10

| Feb rain days = 8

| Mar rain days = 10

| Apr rain days = 13

| May rain days = 14

| Jun rain days = 15

| Jul rain days = 13

| Aug rain days = 10

| Sep rain days = 12

| Oct rain days = 13

| Nov rain days = 13

| Dec rain days = 12

| year rain days = 143

| Jan snow days = 19

| Feb snow days = 18

| Mar snow days = 12

| Apr snow days = 2

| May snow days = 0.1

| Jun snow days = 0

| Jul snow days = 0

| Aug snow days = 0

| Sep snow days = 0.03

| Oct snow days = 2

| Nov snow days = 9

| Dec snow days = 18

| year snow days = 80

| Jan humidity = 85.6

| Feb humidity = 83.0

| Mar humidity = 77.3

| Apr humidity = 65.7

| May humidity = 60.9

| Jun humidity = 65.2

| Jul humidity = 65.3

| Aug humidity = 62.9

| Sep humidity = 70.2

| Oct humidity = 77.6

| Nov humidity = 85.7

| Dec humidity = 86.5

| year humidity = 73.8

| Jan sun = 41.5

| Feb sun = 63.3

| Mar sun = 123.5

| Apr sun = 166.7

| May sun = 252.9

| Jun sun = 266.6

| Jul sun = 278.0

| Aug sun = 262.4

| Sep sun = 176.6

| Oct sun = 112.8

| Nov sun = 51.0

| Dec sun = 31.4

| year sun = 1826.7

| source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191213142352/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34300.htm

| archive-date = 13 December 2019

| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34300.htm

| title = Weather and Climate - The Climate of Kharkiv

| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)

| access-date = 8 November 2021

| language = ru}}

| source 2 = World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010){{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls

| archive-date = 17 July 2021

| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls

| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010

| publisher = World Meteorological Organization

| access-date = 18 July 2021}}

| date = August 2010

}}

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| location = Dnipro (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present)

| metric first = yes

| single line = Yes

| collapsed = Yes

| Jan record high C = 12.3

| Feb record high C = 17.5

| Mar record high C = 24.1

| Apr record high C = 31.8

| May record high C = 36.1

| Jun record high C = 37.8

| Jul record high C = 39.8

| Aug record high C = 40.9

| Sep record high C = 36.5

| Oct record high C = 32.6

| Nov record high C = 20.6

| Dec record high C = 13.7

| year record high C = 40.9

| Jan high C = -0.9

| Feb high C = 0.6

| Mar high C = 7.1

| Apr high C = 16.0

| May high C = 22.7

| Jun high C = 26.6

| Jul high C = 29.1

| Aug high C = 28.7

| Sep high C = 22.4

| Oct high C = 14.4

| Nov high C = 5.8

| Dec high C = 0.6

| year high C = 14.4

| Jan mean C = -3.6

| Feb mean C = -2.8

| Mar mean C = 2.5

| Apr mean C = 10.3

| May mean C = 16.5

| Jun mean C = 20.5

| Jul mean C = 22.7

| Aug mean C = 22.1

| Sep mean C = 16.2

| Oct mean C = 9.2

| Nov mean C = 2.6

| Dec mean C = -1.9

| year mean C = 9.5

| Jan low C = -6.1

| Feb low C = -5.8

| Mar low C = -1.2

| Apr low C = 5.1

| May low C = 10.9

| Jun low C = 15.1

| Jul low C = 17.1

| Aug low C = 16.3

| Sep low C = 11.0

| Oct low C = 5.2

| Nov low C = -0.1

| Dec low C = -4.2

| year low C = 5.3

| Jan record low C = -30.0

| Feb record low C = -27.8

| Mar record low C = -19.2

| Apr record low C = -8.0

| May record low C = -2.4

| Jun record low C = 3.9

| Jul record low C = 5.9

| Aug record low C = 3.9

| Sep record low C = -3.0

| Oct record low C = -8.0

| Nov record low C = -17.9

| Dec record low C = -27.8

| year record low C = -30.0

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 50

| Feb precipitation mm = 43

| Mar precipitation mm = 51

| Apr precipitation mm = 39

| May precipitation mm = 51

| Jun precipitation mm = 64

| Jul precipitation mm = 55

| Aug precipitation mm = 45

| Sep precipitation mm = 42

| Oct precipitation mm = 39

| Nov precipitation mm = 44

| Dec precipitation mm = 46

| year precipitation mm = 569

| Jan snow depth cm = 7

| Feb snow depth cm = 10

| Mar snow depth cm = 5

| Apr snow depth cm = 0

| May snow depth cm = 0

| Jun snow depth cm = 0

| Jul snow depth cm = 0

| Aug snow depth cm = 0

| Sep snow depth cm = 0

| Oct snow depth cm = 0

| Nov snow depth cm = 1

| Dec snow depth cm = 4

| year snow depth cm = 10

| Jan humidity = 87.7

| Feb humidity = 84.6

| Mar humidity = 79.2

| Apr humidity = 66.8

| May humidity = 62.2

| Jun humidity = 66.2

| Jul humidity = 64.7

| Aug humidity = 62.4

| Sep humidity = 69.5

| Oct humidity = 77.2

| Nov humidity = 86.5

| Dec humidity = 88.3

| year humidity = 74.6

| Jan rain days = 9

| Feb rain days = 8

| Mar rain days = 11

| Apr rain days = 13

| May rain days = 13

| Jun rain days = 13

| Jul rain days = 12

| Aug rain days = 9

| Sep rain days = 10

| Oct rain days = 11

| Nov rain days = 12

| Dec rain days = 11

| year rain days = 132

| Jan snow days = 16

| Feb snow days = 15

| Mar snow days = 9

| Apr snow days = 1

| May snow days = 0

| Jun snow days = 0

| Jul snow days = 0

| Aug snow days = 0

| Sep snow days = 0

| Oct snow days = 1

| Nov snow days = 7

| Dec snow days = 15

| year snow days = 64

| Jan sun = 45.2

| Feb sun = 70.7

| Mar sun = 126.3

| Apr sun = 179.0

| May sun = 264.9

| Jun sun = 269.5

| Jul sun = 299.0

| Aug sun = 277.5

| Sep sun = 197.3

| Oct sun = 132.1

| Nov sun = 58.2

| Dec sun = 34.4

| year sun = 1954.1

| source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213143459/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34504.htm |archive-date=13 December 2019 |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34504.htm |title=Климат Днепра (Climate of Dnipro) |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |access-date=8 November 2021 |language=ru |date=2016}}

| source 2 = World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010){{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls |archive-date=17 July 2021 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=18 July 2021}}

}}

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| location = Odesa (1991–2020, extremes 1894–present)

| metric first = Yes

| collapsed = Yes

| single line = Yes

| Jan record high C = 15.7

| Feb record high C = 19.2

| Mar record high C = 24.1

| Apr record high C = 29.4

| May record high C = 33.2

| Jun record high C = 37.2

| Jul record high C = 39.3

| Aug record high C = 38.0

| Sep record high C = 35.4

| Oct record high C = 30.5

| Nov record high C = 26.0

| Dec record high C = 16.9

| year record high C = 39.3

| Jan high C = 2.3

| Feb high C = 3.4

| Mar high C = 7.7

| Apr high C = 13.6

| May high C = 20.3

| Jun high C = 25.1

| Jul high C = 27.9

| Aug high C = 27.7

| Sep high C = 21.8

| Oct high C = 15.3

| Nov high C = 9.1

| Dec high C = 4.2

| year high C = 14.9

| Jan mean C = -0.4

| Feb mean C = 0.4

| Mar mean C = 4.3

| Apr mean C = 10.0

| May mean C = 16.2

| Jun mean C = 20.8

| Jul mean C = 23.4

| Aug mean C = 23.1

| Sep mean C = 17.8

| Oct mean C = 12.0

| Nov mean C = 6.3

| Dec mean C = 1.5

| year mean C = 11.3

| Jan low C = -2.7

| Feb low C = -2.1

| Mar low C = 1.6

| Apr low C = 6.9

| May low C = 12.6

| Jun low C = 16.9

| Jul low C = 19.1

| Aug low C = 18.5

| Sep low C = 14.0

| Oct low C = 8.9

| Nov low C = 3.9

| Dec low C = -0.8

| year low C = 8.1

| Jan record low C = -26.2

| Feb record low C = -28.0

| Mar record low C = -16.0

| Apr record low C = -5.9

| May record low C = 0.3

| Jun record low C = 5.2

| Jul record low C = 7.5

| Aug record low C = 7.9

| Sep record low C = -0.8

| Oct record low C = -13.3

| Nov record low C = -14.6

| Dec record low C = -19.6

| year record low C = -28.0

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 43

| Feb precipitation mm = 35

| Mar precipitation mm = 35

| Apr precipitation mm = 28

| May precipitation mm = 39

| Jun precipitation mm = 47

| Jul precipitation mm = 45

| Aug precipitation mm = 40

| Sep precipitation mm = 44

| Oct precipitation mm = 37

| Nov precipitation mm = 39

| Dec precipitation mm = 38

| year precipitation mm = 470

| Jan snow depth cm = 2

| Feb snow depth cm = 2

| Mar snow depth cm = 1

| Apr snow depth cm = 0

| May snow depth cm = 0

| Jun snow depth cm = 0

| Jul snow depth cm = 0

| Aug snow depth cm = 0

| Sep snow depth cm = 0

| Oct snow depth cm = 0

| Nov snow depth cm = 0

| Dec snow depth cm = 1

| year snow depth cm = 2

| Jan rain days = 9

| Feb rain days = 7

| Mar rain days = 10

| Apr rain days = 11

| May rain days = 12

| Jun rain days = 13

| Jul rain days = 10

| Aug rain days = 8

| Sep rain days = 9

| Oct rain days = 10

| Nov rain days = 13

| Dec rain days = 10

| year rain days = 122

| Jan snow days = 11

| Feb snow days = 10

| Mar snow days = 6

| Apr snow days = 0.4

| May snow days = 0

| Jun snow days = 0

| Jul snow days = 0

| Aug snow days = 0

| Sep snow days = 0

| Oct snow days = 0.2

| Nov snow days = 4

| Dec snow days = 9

| year snow days = 41

| Jan humidity = 82.5

| Feb humidity = 80.7

| Mar humidity = 78.4

| Apr humidity = 74.5

| May humidity = 71.0

| Jun humidity = 70.6

| Jul humidity = 66.0

| Aug humidity = 65.4

| Sep humidity = 71.8

| Oct humidity = 77.1

| Nov humidity = 81.9

| Dec humidity = 83.6

| year humidity = 75.3

| Jan sun = 63.2

| Feb sun = 91.6

| Mar sun = 142.2

| Apr sun = 199.5

| May sun = 292.5

| Jun sun = 307.5

| Jul sun = 332.9

| Aug sun = 313.1

| Sep sun = 234.6

| Oct sun = 164.7

| Nov sun = 73.0

| Dec sun = 57.4

| year sun = 2272.2

| source 1 = Pogoda.ru{{cite web

| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33837.htm

| script-title=ru:Погода и Климат – Климат Одессы

|trans-title=Weather and Climate – The Climate of Odesa

| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)

| language = ru

| access-date = 8 November 2021}}

| source 2 = World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010){{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls

| archive-date = 17 July 2021

| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls

| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010

| publisher = World Meteorological Organization

| access-date = 17 July 2021}}

| date = April 2011

}}

{{Weather box

| location = Yalta (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present)

| metric first = yes

| single line = yes

| Jan record high C = 17.8

| Feb record high C = 20.2

| Mar record high C = 27.8

| Apr record high C = 28.5

| May record high C = 33.0

| Jun record high C = 35.0

| Jul record high C = 39.1

| Aug record high C = 39.1

| Sep record high C = 33.2

| Oct record high C = 31.5

| Nov record high C = 25.2

| Dec record high C = 22.0

| year record high C = 39.1

| Jan high C = 7.4

| Feb high C = 7.7

| Mar high C = 10.4

| Apr high C = 14.8

| May high C = 20.5

| Jun high C = 25.7

| Jul high C = 29.1

| Aug high C = 29.4

| Sep high C = 24.2

| Oct high C = 18.3

| Nov high C = 12.8

| Dec high C = 8.9

| year high C = 17.4

| Jan mean C = 4.6

| Feb mean C = 4.6

| Mar mean C = 6.8

| Apr mean C = 11.1

| May mean C = 16.4

| Jun mean C = 21.6

| Jul mean C = 24.8

| Aug mean C = 25.0

| Sep mean C = 20.1

| Oct mean C = 14.6

| Nov mean C = 9.7

| Dec mean C = 6.3

| year mean C = 13.8

| Jan low C = 2.5

| Feb low C = 2.2

| Mar low C = 4.1

| Apr low C = 8.1

| May low C = 13.1

| Jun low C = 18.1

| Jul low C = 21.1

| Aug low C = 21.5

| Sep low C = 16.8

| Oct low C = 11.7

| Nov low C = 7.2

| Dec low C = 4.1

| year low C = 10.9

| Jan record low C = -12.2

| Feb record low C = -12.3

| Mar record low C = -7.3

| Apr record low C = -3.8

| May record low C = 2.8

| Jun record low C = 7.8

| Jul record low C = 12.4

| Aug record low C = 10.0

| Sep record low C = 3.9

| Oct record low C = -1.1

| Nov record low C = -8.9

| Dec record low C = -7.4

| year record low C = -12.3

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 76

| Feb precipitation mm = 56

| Mar precipitation mm = 48

| Apr precipitation mm = 29

| May precipitation mm = 36

| Jun precipitation mm = 35

| Jul precipitation mm = 32

| Aug precipitation mm = 43

| Sep precipitation mm = 43

| Oct precipitation mm = 52

| Nov precipitation mm = 57

| Dec precipitation mm = 84

| year precipitation mm = 591

| Jan snow depth cm = 1

| Feb snow depth cm = 1

| Mar snow depth cm = 1

| Apr snow depth cm = 0

| May snow depth cm = 0

| Jun snow depth cm = 0

| Jul snow depth cm = 0

| Aug snow depth cm = 0

| Sep snow depth cm = 0

| Oct snow depth cm = 0

| Nov snow depth cm = 0

| Dec snow depth cm = 0

| year snow depth cm = 1

| Jan humidity = 75.7

| Feb humidity = 73.6

| Mar humidity = 72.7

| Apr humidity = 72.0

| May humidity = 69.7

| Jun humidity = 67.7

| Jul humidity = 61.9

| Aug humidity = 61.5

| Sep humidity = 65.4

| Oct humidity = 71.5

| Nov humidity = 74.4

| Dec humidity = 75.1

| year humidity = 70.1

| Jan rain days = 14

| Feb rain days = 12

| Mar rain days = 13

| Apr rain days = 12

| May rain days = 11

| Jun rain days = 10

| Jul rain days = 8

| Aug rain days = 7

| Sep rain days = 10

| Oct rain days = 10

| Nov rain days = 12

| Dec rain days = 15

| year rain days = 134

| Jan snow days = 6

| Feb snow days = 6

| Mar snow days = 4

| Apr snow days = 0.2

| May snow days = 0

| Jun snow days = 0

| Jul snow days = 0

| Aug snow days = 0

| Sep snow days = 0

| Oct snow days = 0

| Nov snow days = 1

| Dec snow days = 3

| year snow days = 20

| Jan sun = 68.6

| Feb sun = 85.1

| Mar sun = 133.3

| Apr sun = 174.9

| May sun = 239.2

| Jun sun = 273.2

| Jul sun = 308.1

| Aug sun = 280.6

| Sep sun = 216.2

| Oct sun = 145.1

| Nov sun = 89.3

| Dec sun = 63.2

| year sun = 2076.8

| source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191214155637/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33990.htm

| archive-date = 14 December 2019

| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33990.htm

| title = Климат Ялты

| publisher = Погода и климат (Weather and Climate)

| language = ru

| access-date = 8 November 2021}}

| source 2 = World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010){{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls

| archive-date = 17 July 2021

| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls

| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010

| publisher = World Meteorological Organization

| access-date = 18 July 2021}}

| date = March 2011

| source =

| collapsed = yes

}}

Natural resources

Significant natural resources in Ukraine include: iron ore, manganese, natural gas,{{Cite web |date=2020-10-10 |title=The Forgotten Potential of Ukraine's Energy Reserves |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/ukraine-energy-reserves/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Harvard International Review}} titanium, kaolin, uranium, and arable land.{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=How Ukraine war will impact its farming – agronomist's view |url=https://www.fwi.co.uk/business/markets-and-trends/how-ukraine-war-will-impact-its-farming-agronomists-view |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Farmers Weekly |language=en-US}}

Environmental issues

Ukraine has many environmental issues.{{Cite web |date=2022-02-25 |title=Ukraine invasion: rapid overview of environmental issues |url=https://ceobs.org/ukraine-invasion-rapid-overview-of-environmental-issues/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=CEOBS |language=en-GB}}{{Cite journal |date=January 2016 |title=Ukraine Country Environmental Analysis |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24971 |journal=World Bank |language=en-US}} Some regions lack adequate supplies of potable water.{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://www.unicef.org/ukraine/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303120132/https://www.unicef.org/ukraine/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |url-status=dead }} Air and water pollution affects the country, as well as deforestation, and radiation contamination in the northeast stemming from the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.{{cite web |url=https://naturvernforbundet.no/international/environmental-issues-in-ukraine/category948.html |title=Environmental issues in Ukraine |publisher=Naturvernforbundet |date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306201646/https://naturvernforbundet.no/international/environmental-issues-in-ukraine/category948.html |url-status=dead }}

See also

{{Portal|Ukraine}}

References

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Notes

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External links

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  • Zastavnyi, F. D. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160312193432/http://geoknigi.com/book_view.php?id=790 Physical geography of Ukraine]: lowlands and uplands of Ukraine. "Heohrafiya".

{{Geographic regions of Ukraine}}

{{Ukraine topics}}

{{Geography of Europe}}

{{Europe topic|Climate of}}

{{Danube}}