George-Étienne Cartier

{{Infobox officeholder

| honorific-prefix = The Honourable

| name = Sir George-Étienne Cartier

| honorific-suffix = Bt, {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|size=100%|PC}}

| image = Sir George Etienne Cartier.jpg

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1814|09|06|mf=y}}

| birth_place = Saint-Antoine-sur-Richelieu, Lower Canada

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1873|05|20|1814|09|06}}

| death_place = London, England

| resting_place = Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery, Montreal

| order1 = Co-premier from Canada East

| governor-general1 = Edmund Walker Head
The Viscount Monck

| monarch1 = Victoria

| term_start1 = August 6, 1858

| term_end1 = May 24, 1862

| predecessor1 = Étienne-Paschal Taché

| successor1 = Étienne-Paschal Taché

|1blankname1 = Joint Premier

|1namedata1 = John A. Macdonald

| office2 = Minister of Militia and Defence

| primeminister2 = John A. Macdonald

| predecessor2 = John A. Macdonald

| successor2 = Hugh McDonald

| term_start2 = July 1, 1867

| term_end2 = May 20, 1873

| party = Conservative Party of Canada, (pre-confederation) Parti Bleu
Patriote

| profession = Lawyer

| spouse = Hortense Fabre

| signature = George-Etienne Cartier Signature.svg

| nickname =

| allegiance = Parti patriote
Republic of Lower Canada

| branch = {{lang|fr|i=no|Société des Fils de la Liberté}}

| serviceyears = 1837–1838

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| battles = Lower Canada Rebellion

Battle of St-Denis

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Sir George-Étienne Cartier, 1st Baronet, {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|PC}} (pronounced {{IPA|fr|ʒɔʁʒ etjɛn kaʁtje|}}; September 6, 1814{{spaced ndash}}May 20, 1873) was a Canadian statesman and Father of Confederation.{{Cite encyclopedia |first=Alastair |last=Sweeny |title=Cartier: Kingpin of Confederation |orig-year=January 3, 2014 |date=December 12, 2014 |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cartier-kingpin-of-confederation |access-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-date=January 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122063737/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cartier-kingpin-of-confederation |url-status=dead }}

The English spelling of the name—George, instead of Georges, the usual French spelling—is explained by his having been named in honour of King George III.

In the years leading up to Confederation, Cartier was a dominant figure in the politics of Canada East as leader of the Parti bleu. In 1838, he returned to Montreal after a year in exile for his role in the Lower Canada Rebellion. He officially entered politics in 1848. During his long career, he instituted the creation of the Civil Code of Lower Canada, replacing the increasingly out-dated Custom of Paris, which had been used in Lower Canada since it had been a French colony. He also promoted the introduction of primary education in the province. Cartier had several reasons for supporting Confederation, notably his fear of American expansion. He died in London, England, on May 20, 1873. Cartier is considered to be one of the most important of the Fathers of Confederation, along with Macdonald and George Brown. He has been dubbed “The Kingpin of Confederation” because of his prominence.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Early career

Statue of Sir George-Étienne Cartier on [[Parliament Hill, Ottawa|thumb]]

George-Étienne Cartier was born on September 6, 1814, in Saint-Antoine-sur-Richelieu, Lower Canada (now Quebec). Cartier attended the {{lang|fr|i=no|Petit Séminaire de Montréal}} from 1824 to 1832. He was called to the bar in 1834 where he began to practise his profession. He was also involved in the railway business, and Grand Trunk Railway was one of his legal clients.

Early in his career, Cartier was inspired by Louis-Joseph Papineau. Through this connection, Cartier became a member of the {{lang|fr|i=no|Société des Fils de la Liberté}} ("Society of the Sons of Liberty") and took part in the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837 at the Battle of Saint-Denis. For his part in the uprising, Cartier was exiled and he took temporary refuge in Vermont. However, he was allowed to return to Montreal in 1838 to resume his law practice.

On his return to Lower Canada in 1838, which was now Canada East of the Province of Canada, Cartier resumed his law practice. He was a member of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society and became active in politics as campaign manager of Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine. In 1848, Cartier gave up his law practice and ran for office as a Reformer and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada.

During his time in the Union parliament, Cartier introduced a bill in 1852 for the creation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada. In 1854 Cartier was appointed to cabinet. From 1857 to 1862 he served alongside John A. Macdonald as co-premier of the united province. Cartier was a loyal friend of Macdonald, with whom he created the Great Coalition with George Brown in 1864. The purpose of the Great Coalition was to end the political instability in the province, which had six governments in as many years.

The Great Coalition was one of the first steps in the movement towards Confederation. He attended all three of the conferences convened for this purpose: Charlottetown, Quebec, and London. Cartier was largely responsible for gaining French-Canadian support for the union.

Cartier also played a leading role in pushing through legislative reform that effectively abolished the semi-feudal seigneurial system of land ownership in Lower Canada, turning its legislative council into an elected body of representatives, and pushed successfully for the adoption of the Civil Code within the province.

Political life in Dominion of Canada

Upon the creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867, Macdonald became prime minister, and Cartier was his Minister of Militia and Defence. As the law of the time allowed a dual mandate in both the federal and provincial governments, Cartier ran in the 1867 Quebec provincial election in Montréal-Est electoral district. Cartier was elected as a Conservative supporter of the Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau government. As a result, Cartier was both a member of the Parliament of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

Federally, Cartier represented Montreal East following the conclusion of Canada's first election on 20 September 1867. At the next federal election in August 1872, he was defeated by Louis-Amable Jetté while seeking a second term in Montreal East in the face of the Pacific Scandal. The following month Cartier was acclaimed the victor in the Manitoba riding of Provencher after Louis Riel and Henry James Clarke resigned as candidates there.

Notably, Cartier had intended to support an amnesty for Riel for his role in setting up a Provisional government in the Northwest, but that the Conservative government reneged on its promise to secure amnesty for the Métis leader,{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} who was Cartier's maternal fifth cousin, twice removed. Both were descended from Canadian pioneer Zacharie Cloutier and Xainte Dupont ({{circa|1596}} – 1680) who had, in 1634, immigrated to New France in the first wave of the Percheron Immigration from the former province of Perche, to an area that, today, is part of Quebec, Canada. He settled in Beauport and founded one of the foremost families of Quebec.{{cite web |url=http://www.apointinhistory.net/percheron-immigration.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719071141/http://www.apointinhistory.net/percheron-immigration.php |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 19, 2012 |title=Percheron Immigration |date=December 2009 |publisher=Marjorie Lizotte |access-date=2 October 2017}}

During his tenure in Ottawa, Cartier was responsible for the negotiations with Britain and the Hudson's Bay Company for the purchase of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory by Canada. Cartier was also an active participant in the negotiations that led to the creation of the province of Manitoba and the entry of British Columbia into Confederation. In keeping with his ties to the railways, Cartier in 1872 introduced a bill for the creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway. From 1867 to 1873, he was the Minister of Militia and Defence.

Illness

Image:Funeral procession of George-Étienne Cartier.jpg]]

In 1871, Cartier experienced the first symptom of Bright's Disease, a kidney disease. After the 1872 election, Cartier travelled to London hoping to find a cure. His health did not improve and he died in London on May 20, 1873, at the age of 58. He was unable to pay a visit to his Manitoba riding where he was acclaimed a Member of Parliament. His body was brought back to Canada, and interred in the {{lang|fr|i=no|Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges}} in Montreal, following a public funeral procession.

Family

George-Étienne Cartier married Hortense Fabre, daughter of Édouard-Raymond Fabre, former mayor of Montreal, on June 16, 1846. The couple had three children, all girls, one of whom died in infancy, and one in 1886. After she was widowed, Lady Cartier enjoyed a pension of $1,200 in recognition of her husband's services. When Caroline, the eldest daughter, died in March 1886, at her request her remains were brought to Montreal and interred alongside those of her father. Lady Cartier and their surviving daughter Hortense lived in Cannes, France, until Lady Cartier died on February 27, 1898. She was buried in Quebec alongside her husband and daughter, in Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery. In 1892 Lady Cartier presented a marble bust of her husband to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.File:G.-E._Cartier_Pierre_tombale.JPG{{cite book |editor-last=Morgan |editor-first=Henry James |editor-link=Henry James Morgan |title=Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada |location=Toronto |publisher=Williams Briggs |date=1903 |url=https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft/page/46 |page=46}} Cartier's niece Victoria Cartier was a noted Canadian music educator, organist and pianist.

Legacy

The entry of Canada East (Quebec) into the Confederation is Cartier's most significant contribution to his country. Following the rebellions in 1837/1838 and the Durham Report, Upper and Lower Canada were merged into a single colony. Great Britain had begun to loosen its ties to the North American colonies. The United States was becoming more and more powerful, and represented a threat to Canada. In 1864, George Brown, leader of the Clear Grits in Canada West (Ontario), proposed an alliance with the Conservatives of Macdonald and Cartier. In 1867, following a series of discussions and conferences (at Charlottetown and Quebec), the alliance known as the Grand Coalition succeeded in forging the agreement which gave birth to Confederation. From this time onwards, the new federal government convened in Ottawa. In 1834 he contributed to founding the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste patriotic society, where he sang his famous poem {{lang|fr|Ô Canada! mon pays, mes amours}} (not to be confused with the national anthem of Canada).{{cite web |title=George-Étienne Cartier was the composer of Ô! Canada, mon pays! mes amours ! |website=Sir George-Étienne Cartier National Historic Site |publisher=Parks Canada |date=March 8, 2018 |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/qc/etiennecartier/culture/histoire-history/personnages-people/natcul2}}

Honours and memorials

To celebrate the part he played in the country's development, Cartier was created a baronet, of Montreal, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom by Queen Victoria in 1868.{{London Gazette |issue=23411 |date=11 August 1868 |page=4453}}{{cite web |title=George-Étienne Cartier Was Made a Baronet by Queen Victoria in 1868, Which Explains Why His Name is Preceded by "Sir" |website=Sir George-Étienne Cartier National Historic Site of Canada |publisher=Parks Canada |date=March 8, 2018 |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/qc/etiennecartier/culture/histoire-history/personnages-people/natcul6}}{{London Gazette |issue=23627 |page=3092 |date=24 June 1870}} Since he had no legal heirs, the Cartier baronetcy became extinct on his death. In addition, he had the prenominal "the Honourable" and the postnominal "PC" for life by virtue of being made a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on 1 July 1867.{{cite web |title=Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada Historical alphabetical list |publisher=Privy Council Office |date=October 11, 2018 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/privy-council/services/queens.html#C}}

Image:Montreal - Parc Mont-Royal, Statue d'Athéna - 20050320.jpg, Mount Royal, Montreal]]

Ontario's Macdonald-Cartier Freeway (Highway 401) is named after Cartier and fellow Father of Confederation John A. Macdonald, as are Ottawa's Macdonald-Cartier International Airport and the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge, linking Ottawa, Ontario, with Gatineau, Quebec. The former Macdonald-Cartier High School of Saint-Hubert, Quebec, was named after John A. Macdonald and Cartier, which has merged and became Heritage Regional High School.

Cartier's residence in Montreal, at 458 Notre-Dame Street East, is now the Sir George-Étienne Cartier National Historic Site, dedicated to his life and achievements. It also serves to recall the architectural heritage and lifestyles of the upper middle class of 19th-century Montreal.

In 1931, Canada Post issued a ten-cent postage stamp with Cartier's portrait surrounded by the national symbol, the maple leaf.

Numerous streets in Quebec and elsewhere in Canada have been named for Cartier, as has the Montreal Metro's Cartier station in Laval, Quebec.

Six schools have been named in his honour:

George-Étienne Cartier French Catholic primary school in Ottawa, Ontario.[http://georges-etienne-cartier.ecolecatholique.ca/fr/English_Information_s105.html École élémentaire catholique George-Étienne-Cartier. School website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020205548/http://georges-etienne-cartier.ecolecatholique.ca/fr/English_Information_s105.html |date=2007-10-20 }}
George-Étienne Cartier primary school in Gatineau, Québec.
George-Étienne-Cartier French preschool in Longueuil, Quebec[http://www.csmv.qc.ca/8repertoire/vieuxlongueuil/023.html École préscolaire/primaire George-Étienne-Cartier. School website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203110739/http://www.csmv.qc.ca/8repertoire/vieuxlongueuil/023.html |date=2007-02-03 }}
Sir George-Étienne Cartier primary school in London, Ontario.
George-Étienne Cartier French Catholic primary school in Toronto, Ontario{{Cite web |url=http://gec.csdccs.edu.on.ca/ |title=École Georges-Étienne-Cartier. School website |access-date=September 28, 2007 |archive-date=April 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422033106/https://gec.csdccs.edu.on.ca/ |url-status=dead }}
École secondaire Macdonald-Cartier high school in Sudbury, Ontario.École secondaire Macdonald-Cartier

He was portrayed by David La Haye in the 2011 CBC Television film John A.: Birth of a Country.

In 2017, the Bank of Canada unveiled a commemorative Canadian ten-dollar note in honour of Canada 150, featuring Cartier's portrait alongside Sir John A. Macdonald, Agnes Macphail and James Gladstone.[http://www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/banknote150/ Bank of Canada: Celebrating Canada's 150th.]

Mount Cartier near Revelstoke, British Columbia, is named in his honour.{{cite bcgnis|id=11270|title=Mount Cartier|accessdate=2022-11-28}}

Arms

{{Infobox COA wide

|image = File:Heraldry_of_George-Étienne_CARTIER.jpg

|image size =

|notes =

|year_adopted =

|coronet =

|escutcheon = Per fess Gules and Or, a Fess of the last, in chief an Ermine proper, and in base five Pallets of the first.

|crest = An Anchor in bend-sinister Sable, Cable proper, pendent therefrom by a Gold Chain, an Escutcheon Gules, charged with a Fleur-de-lis Or.

|supporters =

|compartment =

|motto = FRANC ET SANS DOL (Free and without fraud)

|orders =

|other_elements =

|banner =

|badge =

|symbolism =

|previous_versions =

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Electoral history

References

Biographies

{{cite book |first=Alastair |last=Sweeny |author-link=Alastair Sweeny |title=George-Étienne Cartier: A Biography |publisher=McClelland and Stewart |date=1976 |isbn=0-7710-8363-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOgUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1}}
{{Quebec MNA biography|cartier-george-etienne-2445|George-Étienne Cartier}}
{{cite DCB |title=Cartier, Sir George-Étienne |first=J.-C. |last=Bonenfant |volume=10 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/cartier_george_etienne_10E.html}}
{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sir George-Étienne Cartier |first=Alastair |last=Sweeny |orig-year=January 16, 2008 |date=August 28, 2015 |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Canada |edition=online |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-george-etienne-cartier}}
{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cartier, Sir Georges Étienne |volume=5 |page=433 |first=William Lawson |last=Grant}}
{{cite DNB |wstitle=Cartier, George Etienne |first=George Clement |last= Boase |author-link=George Clement Boase |volume=9 |pages=219-220}}

External links

[http://www.canadachannel.ca/cartier Alastair Sweeny, George-Étienne Cartier: A Biography Web version]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{cite web |url=http://biographi.ca/en/theme_cartier.html |title=Theme: Sir George-Étienne Cartier |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography}}
{{Canadian Parliament links|ID=5818}}

{{s-ttl

|title=Member of Parliament for Montreal East

|years=1867–1872

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|after=Louis-Amable Jetté

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{{succession box

|before=Pierre Delorme

|title=Member of Parliament for Provencher

|years=1872–1873

|after=Louis Riel