German Autumn

In 1977, the activities of the so-called second generation of the RAF reached their peak. However, the events before September are generally not considered to be part of the German Autumn.

{{main|Siegfried Buback}}

On 7 April 1977, the Federal Prosecutor General Siegfried Buback, his driver Wolfgang Göbel, and the head of the Federal Prosecutor's Office's motor pool, Georg Wurster, were shot dead in their car by the RAF's "Ulrike Meinhof Commando" (Kommando Ulrike Meinhof) from a motorcycle in Karlsruhe.

{{main|Jürgen Ponto}}

On 30 July 1977, Jürgen Ponto, the spokesman for the board of Dresdner Bank AG, was murdered in a failed kidnapping attempt. RAF member Susanne Albrecht, who knew Ponto personally, visited him accompanied by Brigitte Mohnhaupt and Christian Klar. Unaware of Albrecht's political radicalization, Ponto received her unsuspectingly at his private home on Oberhöchstadter Strasse in Oberursel. When Ponto resisted the kidnapping, Klar and Mohnhaupt shot him several times, fatally wounding him. The three then fled in the getaway car driven by Peter-Jürgen Boock, which was waiting in front of Pontos' villa.{{sfn|Time, 15 August 1977}}

On 25 August 1977, an attack on the Federal Prosecutor's Office building in Karlsruhe failed.

File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F041440-0014,_Hamburg,_CDU-Bundesparteitag,_Schleyer.jpg

{{main|Kidnapping and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer}}

{{main|Hanns-Martin Schleyer}}

On 5 September 1977, the President of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände, BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie, BDI), Hanns Martin Schleyer, was kidnapped in Cologne. His driver and three police officers were murdered.{{sfn|Herf|2008|p=13}} The kidnappers demanded the release of eleven imprisoned RAF terrorists.

{{main|Lufthansa Flight 181}}

As the German government did not give in to the blackmail—unlike with the kidnapping of Peter Lorenz two years earlier—terrorists from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), allied with the Red Army Faction (RAF), tried to increase the pressure by hijacking the Lufthansa plane "Landshut" on 13 October 1977. After an odyssey through the Middle East and the murder of the pilot, Captain Jürgen Schumann, the plane landed at Mogadishu International Airport, the capital of Somalia. Here, the Landshut was stormed by the West German counter-terrorism unit GSG 9 on 18 October at around 00:05 Central European Time (CET). Later that morning, a special report on Deutschlandfunk announced that "all hostages have been freed. We do not yet know whether there were any dead or injured among them..." All 87 hostages were rescued, including four of the five crew members. Three of the hijackers were killed and one hijacker was seriously wounded.{{sfn|Smith|Moncourt|2008|pp=22–24}}

{{main|Red Army Faction#"Stammheim Death Night"}}

{{main|Stammheim Prison}}

Shortly afterward, in the early morning hours of 18 October 1977, known as the "Night of death in Stammheim", RAF members Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, and Jan-Carl Raspe, who were imprisoned in Stuttgart-Stammheim supermax prison, reportedly took their own lives. Irmgard Möller, who was also imprisoned there, survived an alleged suicide attempt,{{sfn|Möller|1992}} sustaining multiple stab wounds to her chest.{{sfn|Eager|2008|p=66}} The kidnapped Hanns Martin Schleyer was subsequently murdered by his captors. His body was found on the evening of 19 October in the trunk of a green Audi 100 GL, parked on a side street in Mulhouse, Alsace, France, close to the German and Swiss border.

During the German Autumn, West German political parties engaged in heated arguments. The opposition, comprising the center-right Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) and the Christian Social Union (CSU), suspected that the ruling social-liberal coalition of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) under Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt (SPD) was ideologically close to the terrorists. In response, the coalition accused the opposition of hysterical overreactions and of attempting to transform the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) into a police state.{{sfn|Kielmansegg|2000|p=342}}

Despite these differences, at the beginning of the Schleyer kidnapping, Chancellor Schmidt convened the so-called Great Crisis Committee (Großer Krisenstab), which included members of all parliamentary groups in the West German Bundestag. Historian Wolfgang Kraushaar later described this period as an "undeclared state of emergency" (state of exception). One result of the cross-party consensus was the "Contact Ban Act" (Kontaktsperre) passed in the autumn of 1977, which allowed for a contact ban for prisoners, including discussions with lawyers.{{sfn|Geronimo|2012|p=69}} SPD politician and lawyer Hubert Weber welcomed this act, stating that "The Federal Republic is not in a state of emergency," and thus it was wrong for the courts to strain the legal definition of an emergency.{{sfn|Stubbe da Luz|2022|p=119}} Additionally, the Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafprozessordnung) was amended to limit defendants to appoint a maximum of three defense attorneys.

{{reflist}}

• {{Cite book |last=Eager |first=Paige Whaley |url={{GBurl|SULaAAAAMAAJ}} |title=From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists: Women and Political Violence |publisher=Ashgate |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7546-7225-8 |location=Aldershot, England ; Burlington, VT |doi=10.4324/9781315583358 |oclc=167499065}}
• {{Cite book |last=Geronimo |url=https://archive.org/details/Fire_and_Flames_9781604867299/ |title=Fire and Flames: A History of the German Autonomist Movement |publisher=PM Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-60486-097-9 |location=Oakland |translator-last=Kuhn |translator-first=Gabriel |translator-link=Gabriel Kuhn |url-access=registration}}
• Originally published as {{Cite book |last=Geronimo |title=Feuer und Flamme. Zur Geschichte der Autonomen |publisher=Edition ID-Archiv |year=1990 |isbn=978-3-89408-004-4 |location=Berlin & Amsterdam |language=de |display-authors=0}}
• {{cite journal |last=Goldsmith |first=Melissa Ursula Dawn |date=16 December 2002 |title=Montage, Music and Memory: Remembering Deutschland im Herbst (Germany in Autumn, 1978) |url=https://www.kinoeye.org/02/20/goldsmith20.php |journal=Kinoeye |volume=2 |issue=20 |no-pp=yes |issn=1475-2441 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030826212458/https://www.kinoeye.org/02/20/goldsmith20.php |archive-date=2003-08-26}}
• {{cite journal |last=Herf |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Herf |date=Fall 2008 |title=An Age of Murder: Ideology and Terror in Germany |url=http://www.telospress.com/from-telos-144-fall-2008jeffrey-herf-an-age-of-murder-ideology-and-terror-in-germany/ |journal=Telos |issue=144 |pages=8–37 |issn=0090-6514 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005215823/http://www.telospress.com/from-telos-144-fall-2008jeffrey-herf-an-age-of-murder-ideology-and-terror-in-germany/ |archive-date=2021-10-05}}
• {{Cite book |last=Kielmansegg |first=Peter von |url={{GBurl|0-PEAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Nach der Katastrophe. Eine Geschichte des geteilten Deutschlands |publisher=Siedler |year=2000 |isbn=978-3-88680-329-3 |series=Die Deutschen und ihre Nation : neuere deutsche Geschichte |location=Berlin |language=de}}
• {{cite interview |last=Möller |first=Irmgard |subject-link=Irmgard Möller |interviewer1=Manfred Ertel |interviewer2=Bruno Schrep |title=Irmgard Möller 'Ich will nicht anders leben' |trans-title=Irmgard Möller 'I don't want to live any other way' |lang=de |work=Der Spiegel |publisher=SPIEGEL-Verlag Rudolf Augstein |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/irmgard-moeller-ich-will-nicht-anders-leben-a-eb8ad41f-0002-0001-0000-000013680783 |location=Hamburg |date=1992-05-17|access-date=2024-09-17}}
• {{cite magazine |author= |date=15 August 1977 |title=Red Roses from Roter Morgen |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915254,00.html |url-status=live |magazine=Time |volume=110 |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005204201/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915254,00.html |archive-date=2021-10-05 |ref={{SfnRef|Time, 15 August 1977}}}}
• {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=J. |last2=Moncourt |first2=André |year=2008 |title=Daring to Struggle, Failing to Win: The Red Army Faction's 1977 Campaign of Desperation |url=https://archive.org/details/Daring_to_struggle_9781604860283/ |url-access=registration |location=Oakland, CA |publisher=PM Press |isbn=9781604860283}}
• {{cite journal |last=Usselmann |first=Rainer |date=Spring 2002 |title=18. Oktober 1977: Gerhard Richter's Work of Mourning and Its New Audience |url=http://www.photographsdonotbend.co.uk/18.%20Oktober%201977-%20Gerhard%20Richter's%20Work%20of%20Mourning%20and%20Its%20New%20Audience%20Author(s)-%20Rainer%20Usselmann.pdf |journal=Art Journal |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=4–25 |doi=10.1080/00043249.2002.10792104 |jstor=778164 |s2cid=191489383 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005222312/http://www.photographsdonotbend.co.uk/18.%20Oktober%201977-%20Gerhard%20Richter%27s%20Work%20of%20Mourning%20and%20Its%20New%20Audience%20Author%28s%29-%20Rainer%20Usselmann.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-05}}
• {{Cite book |last=Stubbe da Luz |first=Helmut |url={{GBurl|OXljEAAAQBAJ}} |title='Extreme Situationen, schnelle Entscheidungen': Helmut Schmidt gegen Sturmflut und RAF-Terror |publisher=Edition Falkenberg |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-95494-265-7 |location=Bremen |language=de |trans-title='Extreme situations, quick decisions': Helmut Schmidt against storm surge and RAF terror}}

==External links==

• [http://lesmaterialistes.com/fichiers/pdf/revues/Communism-006-German%20autumn.pdf 1977: the German Autumn] Chronology of the main events, statements by the RAF

{{Terrorism in Germany}}

{{Cold War}}

Category:1977 crimes in Germany

Category:1977 in West Germany

Category:Cold War conflicts

Category:Conflicts in 1977

Category:Hostage taking in Germany

Category:Red Army Faction

Category:Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1977

Category:Terrorist incidents in Germany in 1977

Category:Battles involving Germany