Gilbert Ryle

{{Infobox philosopher

| region = Western philosophy

| image = Rex Whistler - Gilbert Ryle, Fellow.jpg

|honorific_prefix=Major

| name = Gilbert Ryle

| birth_date = 19 August 1900

| birth_place = Brighton, England

| death_date = 6 October 1976 (aged 76)

| death_place = Whitby, England

| alma_mater = The Queen's College, Oxford

| school_tradition = {{hlist | Analytic philosophy | logical behaviourism{{cite SEP |url-id=behaviorism |title=Behaviorism}}Neil Tennant, Introducing Philosophy: God, Mind, World, and Logic, Routledge, 2015, p. 299.}}

| doctoral_students= {{flatlist|

}}

| notable_students= {{flatlist|

}}

| main_interests = {{hlist | Philosophy of language | ordinary language philosophy | philosophy of mind | behaviourism | meaning | cognition}}

| influences = {{flatlist|

René Descartes
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Herbert James PatonStuart Brown, Diane Collinson, Robert Wilkinson (eds), Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers, Routledge, 2012: "Paton, Herbert James."
Edmund HusserlEdmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, Volume 1, Routledge & Keegan Paul, 2001: Introduction by Dermot Moran, p. lxiv: "Husserl... visited England in 1922 intent on establishing relations with English philosophers.... He delivered a number of lectures which were attended by Gilbert Ryle...."

}}

| influenced = {{flatlist|

J. L. Austin
A. J. Ayer
John Searle
R. M. Hare
Wilfrid Sellars
Daniel Dennett
Richard Webster
Ullin Place
Clifford Geertz
G. A. Cohen
P. F. Strawson
Michael DummettMichael Dummett, Origins of Analytical Philosophy, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014, p. xiii; Anat Biletzki, Anat Matarp (eds.), The Story of Analytic Philosophy: Plot and Heroes, Routledge, 2002, p. 57: "It was Gilbert Ryle who, [Dummett] says, opened his eyes to this fact in his lectures on Bolzano, Brentano, Meinong, and Husserl."
Þorsteinn Gylfason
J. J. C. Smart
Alan R. White

}}

| notable_ideas = {{hlist | Category mistake | Ryle's regress | ordinary language philosophy | ghost in the machine | thick description vs thin description | knowing-how vs. knowing-that | topic neutrality[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-constants/ Logical Constants (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)]}}

}}

Gilbert Ryle (19 August 1900 – 6 October 1976) was a British philosopher,{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gilbert-Ryle|title=Gilbert Ryle {{!}} British philosopher|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-09-03|language=en}} principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase "ghost in the machine." Some of Ryle's ideas in philosophy of mind have been called behaviourist. In his best-known book, The Concept of Mind (1949), he writes that the "general trend of this book will undoubtedly, and harmlessly, be stigmatised as 'behaviourist'."Ryle, Gilbert. [1949] 2002. The Concept of Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 327. Having studied the philosophers Bernard Bolzano, Franz Brentano, Alexius Meinong, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger, Ryle suggested that the book instead "could be described as a sustained essay in phenomenology, if you are at home with that label."Ryle, Gilbert. 1971. "Phenomenology versus 'The Concept of Mind'." In Collected Papers. London: Hutchinson. p. 188.

Biography

= Family =

Gilbert Ryle's father, Reginald John Ryle, was a Brighton doctor, a generalist who had interests in philosophy and astronomy, passing on to his children a large library. Gilbert's father was a son of John Charles Ryle, the first Anglican Bishop of Liverpool.Ryle ('Modern Studies in Philosophy' series), ed. Oscar P. Wood and George Pitcher, Doubleday & Co. Ltd, 1970, p. 1Faith in the Age of Science: Atheism, Religion, and the Big Yellow Crane, Mark Silversides, Sacristy Press, 2012, p. 157 The Ryles were Cheshire landed gentry; Gilbert's elder brother, John Alfred Ryle, of Barkhale, Sussex, became head of the family.

Gilbert Ryle's mother, Catherine, was daughter of Samuel King Scott (younger brother of the architect Sir George Gilbert Scott) by his wife Georgina, daughter of William Hulme Bodley, M.D., and sister of architect George Frederick Bodley, himself a student of Sir George. Cousins of the Ryle family thus include the haematologist Ronald Bodley Scott, architect George Gilbert Scott Jr., founder of Watts & Co., and his son, Giles Gilbert Scott, designer of the Battersea Power Station.Burke's Landed Gentry, 18th edition, vol. 1, 1965, ed. Peter Townend, p. 615, 'Ryle formerly of Barkhale' pedigree

= Early life and education =

Gilbert Ryle was born in Brighton, England, on 19 August 1900, and grew up in an environment of learning.

He was educated at Brighton College and in 1919 went up to The Queen's College at Oxford to study classics, but was soon drawn to philosophy. He graduated with a "triple first"; he received first-class honours in classical Honour Moderations (1921), literae humaniores (1923), and philosophy, politics, and economics (1924).

= Career =

In 1924, Ryle was appointed lecturer in philosophy at Christ Church, Oxford. A year later, he became a fellow and tutor at Christ Church, where he remained until 1940.{{cite encyclopedia| last = Tanney | first = Julia | title = Gilbert Ryle | encyclopedia = Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab | location = Stanford, CA | date = Winter 2003 | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ryle/ | access-date = 5 March 2008 }}

In the Second World War, Ryle was commissioned in the Welsh Guards. A capable linguist, he was recruited into intelligence work and by the end of the war had been promoted to the rank of Major. After the war he returned to Oxford and was elected Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy and Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. He published The Concept of Mind in 1949. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1945 to 1946, and editor of the philosophical journal Mind from 1947 to 1971. Ryle died on 6 October 1976 at Whitby, North Yorkshire.

Ryle's brothers John Alfred (1889–1950) and George Bodley (1902–1978), both educated at Brighton College, also had eminent careers. John became Regius Professor of Physic at the University of Cambridge and physician to King George V. George, after serving as Director of Forestry first for Wales and then England, was Deputy-Director of the Forestry Commission and appointed a CBE.{{Cite journal|date=1978-01-01|journal=Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research|language=en|volume=51|issue=2|pages=187–188|doi=10.1093/forestry/51.2.187|issn=0015-752X|title=George Bodley Ryle C.b.e}}

Ryle was the subject of a portrait by Rex Whistler, which he said made him look like "a drowned German General". He was a lifelong bachelor, and in retirement he lived with his twin sister Mary.{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ryle/|title = The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|chapter = Gilbert Ryle|year = 2021|publisher = Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}

Work

=''The Concept of Mind''=

In The Concept of Mind, Ryle argues that dualism involves category mistakes and philosophical nonsense, two philosophical topics that continued to inform Ryle's work. He rhetorically asked students in his 1967–68 Oxford audience what was wrong with saying that there are three things in a field: two cows and a pair of cows. They were also invited to ponder whether the bunghole of a beer barrel is part of the barrel or not.{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-philosophy.com/ryle-concept-mind-summary|title=Ryle: The concept of mind (Summary)|website=www.the-philosophy.com|date=3 June 2012|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-03}}

==Knowing-how and knowing-that==

A distinction deployed in The Concept of Mind, between 'knowing-how' and 'knowing-that', has attracted independent interest. This distinction is also the origin of procedural (knowing-how) and declarative (knowing-that) models of long-term memory.Jason Stanley and Timothy Williamson, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2678403 "Knowing How"], Journal of Philosophy, 98(8): 411–444, 2001. This distinction is widely accepted in philosophy.

{{Cquote|quote=Philosophers have not done justice to the distinction which is quite familiar to all of us between knowing that something is the case and knowing how to do things. In their theories of knowledge they concentrate on the discovery of truths or facts, and they either ignore the discovery of ways and methods of doing things or else they try to reduce it to the discovery of facts. They assume that intelligence equates with the contemplation of propositions and is exhausted in this contemplation.|author=Gilbert Ryle|source=Aristotelian Society [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4544405?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Presidential Address, 1945.]}}

An example of the distinction can be knowing how to tie a reef knot and knowing that Queen Victoria died in 1901.

=Philosophy as cartography=

{{cquote|The philosophical arguments which constitute this book are intended not to increase what we know about minds but to rectify the logical geography of the knowledge we already possess.Concept of Mind p 1}}

Ryle thought it no longer possible to believe that a philosopher's task is to study mental as opposed to physical objects. In its place, Ryle saw a tendency of philosophers to search for objects whose nature was neither physical nor mental. Ryle believed, instead, that "philosophical problems are problems of a certain sort; they are not problems of an ordinary sort about special entities."

Ryle analogizes philosophy to cartography. Competent speakers of a language, Ryle believes, are to a philosopher what ordinary villagers are to a mapmaker: the ordinary villager has a competent grasp of his village, and is familiar with its inhabitants and geography. But when asked to interpret a map of that knowledge, the villager will have difficulty until he is able to translate his practical knowledge into universal cartographic terms. The villager thinks of the village in personal and practical terms, while the mapmaker thinks of the village in neutral, public, cartographic terms.Ryle, Gilbert. 1971. "Abstractions." In Collected Papers 2. London: Hutchinson.{{Rp|440–2}}

By "mapping" the words and phrases of a particular statement, philosophers are able to generate what Ryle calls implication threads: each word or phrase of a statement contributes to the statement in that, if the words or phrases were changed, the statement would have a different implication. The philosopher must show the directions and limits of different implication threads that a "concept contributes to the statements in which it occurs." To show this, he must be "tugging" at neighbouring threads, which, in turn, must also be "tugging." Philosophy, then, searches for the meaning of these implication threads in the statements in which they are used.{{Rp|444–5}}

= Thick description =

In 1968 Ryle first introduced the notion of thick description in "The Thinking of Thoughts: What is 'Le Penseur' Doing?"Ryle, Gilbert. [1968] 1996. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080410232658/http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/CSACSIA/Vol11/Papers/ryle_1.html The Thinking of Thoughts: What is 'Le Penseur' Doing?]" Studies in Anthropology 11:11. {{ISSN|1363-1098}}. Archived from the [http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/CSACSIA/Vol11/Papers/ryle_1.html original] on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2008.Ryle, Gilbert. [1968] 1971. "The Thinking of Thoughts: What is 'Le Penseur' Doing?" Pp. 480–96 in Collected Papers 2. London: Hutchinson. and "Thinking and Reflecting".{{Cite journal |last=Ryle |first=Gilbert |date=1968 |title=Thinking and Reflecting |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0080443600011511/type/journal_article |journal=Royal Institute of Philosophy Lectures |language=en |volume=1 |pages=210–226 |doi=10.1017/S0080443600011511 |issn=0080-4436}}{{Citation |last=Kirchin |first=Simon |title=Thick Concepts and Thick Descriptions |date=2013-04-25 |work=Thick Concepts |pages=60–77 |editor-last=Kirchin |editor-first=Simon |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/5816/chapter/149029835 |access-date=2024-10-13 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672349.003.0004 |isbn=978-0-19-967234-9 |quote=The first coinage in print of ‘thick concept’ was due to Bernard Williams, [...] However, Gilbert Ryle was the first to use the phrase ‘thick description’ to describe ideas in this general ballpark. A thick description is a more specific sort of description that one needs in order to categorize an action, personality trait, or other such thing. Ryle used this phrase in two papers from the late 1960s, although the idea runs through much of his work.}} According to Ryle, there are two types of descriptions:

thin description: surface-level observations of behaviour, e.g. 'His right hand rose to his forehead, palm out, when he was in the vicinity of and facing a certain other human.'
thick description: adds context to such behaviour. Explaining this context necessitates an understanding of the motivations people have for their behaviours, as well as how observers in the community understand such behaviour: 'He saluted the General.'

Legacy

Ryle's notion of thick description has been an important influence on cultural anthropologists such as Clifford Geertz.{{Cite book

| last = Geertz

| first = Clifford

| author-link = Clifford Geertz

| date = 1973

| chapter = Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture

| chapter-url = http://hypergeertz.jku.at/geertztexts/thick_description.htm

| title = The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays

| location = New-York

| publisher = Basic Books

| pages = 3–30

| access-date = 25 June 2008

}}

{{cite journal

|title=Gilbert Ryle

|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ryle/#Thi

|journal=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

|year=2021

}}

The Concept of Mind was recognised on its appearance as an important contribution to philosophical psychology, and an important work in the ordinary language philosophy movement. But in the 1960s and 1970s, the rising influence of the cognitivist theories of Noam Chomsky, Herbert A. Simon, Jerry Fodor, and others in the neo-Cartesian school became predominant. The two major postwar schools in the philosophy of mind, Fodor's representationalism and Wilfrid Sellars's functionalism, posited precisely the 'internal' cognitive states that Ryle had argued against. Philosopher Daniel Dennett, a student of Ryle's, has said that recent trends in psychology such as embodied cognition, discursive psychology, situated cognition, and others in the post-cognitivist tradition, have provoked a renewed interest in Ryle's work. Dennett provided a sympathetic foreword to the 2000 edition of The Concept of Mind.{{cite journal

|url = http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/2002/Dennett.html

|last = Dennett

|first = Daniel C.

|journal = Electronic Journal of Analytic Philosophy

|issue = 7

|year = 2002

|title = Re-Introducing The Concept of Mind

|author-link = Daniel Dennett

|access-date = 20 December 2007}}

Author Richard Webster endorsed Ryle's arguments against mentalist philosophies, suggesting in Why Freud Was Wrong (1995) that they implied that "theories of human nature which repudiate the evidence of behaviour and refer solely or primarily to invisible mental events will never in themselves be able to unlock the most significant mysteries of human nature."{{cite book |author=Webster, Richard |title=Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis |publisher=The Orwell Press |location=Oxford |year=2005 |pages=vii, 483 |isbn=0951592254 }}

Works

1949. The Concept of Mind
1954. Dilemmas: The Tarner Lectures 1953, a collection of shorter pieces
1962. A Rational Animal: Auguste Comte Memorial Lecture Delivered on 26 April 1962 at the London School of Economics and Political Science
1966. Plato's Progress
1971. Collected Essays 1929 - 1968, in two volumes, 57 essays
1977. Contemporary Aspects of Philosophy, editor
1979. On Thinking{{Cite web|url=http://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/facilities/library/gilbert-ryle-collection|title=Gilbert Ryle Collection {{!}} Linacre College|website=www.linacre.ox.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-09-03|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116122605/http://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/facilities/library/gilbert-ryle-collection|url-status=dead}}

References

External links

[http://www.hist-analytic.com/Ryle.htm "Ordinary Language"], Gilbert Ryle, The Philosophical Review LXII (1953)
[https://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf "Symposium: Use, Usage and Meaning"]. Gilbert Ryle; J. N. Findlay, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 35 (1961): 223–242.
[http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/2002/contents.html The Electronic Journal of Analytic Philosophy – Issue 7, 2002] (Issue dedicated to Ryle)
[http://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/facilities/library/gilbert-ryle-collection The Gilbert Ryle Collection at Linacre College, Oxford.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116122605/http://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/facilities/library/gilbert-ryle-collection |date=16 January 2021 }} Linacre College houses Gilbert Ryle's library along with a collection of his papers
[https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/20/archives/gilbert-ryle-british-philosopher-of-mind-dead-in-yorkshire-at-76.html "Gilbert Ryle, British 'Philosopher Of Mind,' Dead in Yorkshire at 76"] The New York Times, 20 October 1976 (obituary)