Glossary of Japanese words of Portuguese origin
{{Short description|none}}
Many Japanese words of Portuguese origin entered the Japanese language when Portuguese Jesuit priests and traders introduced Christian ideas, Western science, medicine, technology and new products to the Japanese during the Muromachi period (15th and 16th centuries).
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach Japan and the first to establish direct trade between Japan and Europe, in 1543. During the 16th and 17th century, Portuguese Jesuits had undertaken a great work of Catechism, that ended only with religious persecution in the early Edo period (Tokugawa Shogunate).
List of direct loanwords
Many of the words which were introduced and entered the Japanese language from Portuguese and Dutch are written in kanji or hiragana, rather than katakana, which is the more common way to write loanwords in Japanese in modern times. Kanji versions of the words are ateji, characters that are "fitted" or "applied" to the words by the Japanese, based on either the pronunciation or the meaning of the word.
The † indicates the word is archaic and no longer in use.
| class="wikitable" |
| Japanese Rōmaji
! Japanese script ! Japanese meaning ! Pre-modern Portuguese ! Modern Portuguese ! English translation of Portuguese ! Notes |
|---|
| †Not found in {{Cite web|title=Full text search - Japan Bible Society Interconfessional Version|script-title=ja:聖書本文検索 - 聖書協会共同訳|url=https://www.bible.or.jp/read/titlename.html|access-date=2021-01-18|website=Japan Bible Society|language=ja|archive-date=2021-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217233727/https://www.bible.or.jp/read/titlename.html|url-status=dead}} anjo
| アンジョ | angel | anjo | anjo | angel | Replaced in modern usage by 天使 ({{Transliteration|ja|tenshi}}, literally "heavens" + "envoy"). |
| † bateren
| 伴天連 / 破天連 | a missionary priest (mainly from Jesuit) | padre | padre | priest | Used in early Christianity. For the sense of "Christian missionary", the modern term is 宣教師 (senkyōshi). |
| battera
| ばってら / :ja:バッテラ | kind of sushi | bateira | bateira, barco | boat | named after its shape |
| beranda
| ベランダ | balcony | varanda | varanda | balcony | |
| bīdama
| :ja:ビー玉 | marbles (spheric-shaped) | ---- | berlindes, bola-de-gude, bolinha-de-gude | marbles | abbrev. of bīdoro (Japanese: 'glass', also from Portuguese: see below) + tama (Japanese: 'ball'). |
| bīdoro
| ビードロ |{{Plainlist|
| vidro | vidro | glass | |
| {{anchor|bōbura}}
| bōbura | ボーブラ | (dialect) kabocha pumpkin{{Cite encyclopedia|title=ボーブラ|date=2006|encyclopedia=Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Concise edition (精選版 日本国語大辞典) |via=Kotobank|publisher=Shogakukan|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9-382825|access-date=2024-04-11}} | abóbora | pumpkin | originally was in use nationwide, but replaced by kabocha in Edo (Tokyo).{{Cite book |last=Tachibana |first=Shoichi |date=1936-05-20 |publisher=育英書院 |location=Tokyo, Japan |pages=223–225 |language=ja |trans-title=Dialectology |script-title=ja:方言学概論 |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1113326/1/113 |oclc=22958699 |id={{JPNO|59001801}}}} |
| birōdo
| ビロード / 天鵞絨 | velvet | veludo | veludo | velvet | {{Transliteration|ja|berubetto}} (from English velvet) is also used today. |
| bōro
| :ja:ボーロ / ぼうろ | a kind of small biscuit or cookie | bolo | bolo | cake | |
| botan
| ボタン / 釦 / 鈕 | button | botão | botão | button | |
| charumera
| small double-reed wind instrument | charamela | charamela (caramelo, "caramel", is cognate) | shawm (cf. the cognate chalumeau) | formerly played in Japan by ramen vendors |
| chokki
| チョッキ | waistcoat (UK); vest (U.S.); Jacket | jaque | colete, jaqueta | waistcoat (UK); vest (U.S.); Jacket | Besuto (from English vest) is common today. |
| † Deusu
| デウス | Christian God | Deus | Deus | God | Replaced in modern usage by the terms 天帝 ({{Transliteration|ja|tentei}}, literally "heavens" + "emperor, king") or 天主 ({{Transliteration|ja|tenshu}}, literally "heavens" + "lord, master"). |
| † dochirina
| ドチリナ | doctrine | doutrina | doutrina | doctrine | Replaced in modern usage by the terms 教理 ({{Transliteration|ja|kyōri}}, literally "teaching" + "reasoning") or 教義 ({{Transliteration|ja|kyōgi}}, literally "teaching" + "right conduct; righteousness; justice; morality"). |
| furasuko
| :ja:フラスコ | laboratory flask | frasco | frasco | flask | |
| hiryōzu, hiryūzu, hiryūsu
| :ja:飛竜頭 | {{Plainlist|
| filhós{{Cite encyclopedia|title=飛龍頭 ひりゅうず|date=2006|encyclopedia=Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Concise edition (精選版 日本国語大辞典) |via=Kotobank|publisher=Shogakukan|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A3%9B%E9%BE%8D%E9%A0%AD-2078815#w-2101278|access-date=2024-04-11}} | filhós | | |
| igirisu
| イギリス / 英吉利 | the United Kingdom | inglez | inglês | English (adj); Englishman | |
| † inheruno
| インヘルノ | Christian hell | inferno | inferno | hell | Replaced in modern usage by the term 地獄 (jigoku, originally the term for Buddhist hells, still used in that sense as well). |
| † iruman
| イルマン / 入満 / 伊留満 / 由婁漫 | missionary next in line to become a priest | irmão | irmão | brother | Used in early Christianity. Replaced in modern usage by the term 助修士 ({{Transliteration|ja|joshūshi}}, literally "assist" + "training" + "male person"). |
| jōro
| :ja:じょうろ / 如雨露 | watering can | jarro | jarro | jug, watering can | "possibly from Portuguese" (Kōjien dictionary) |
| juban/jiban
| じゅばん / :ja:襦袢 | undervest for kimono | gibão | – | undervest | The French form jupon led to zubon (trousers). |
| {{anchor|kabocha}}
| kabocha | :ja:カボチャ / 南瓜 |{{Plainlist|
| Camboja (abóbora) | (abóbora) cabotiá | Cambodia (-n pumpkin) | Was thought to be from Cambodia, imported by the Portuguese. |
| kanakin/kanekin
| 金巾 / かなきん / かねきん | shirting, percale | canequim | | unbleached muslin/calico | jargon from the textile business |
| † kandeya
| カンデヤ | oil lamp | candeia, candela | vela, candeia | candle | Extinct. Kantera from Dutch {{Lang|nl|kandelaar}} was also used. Replaced in modern usage by the terms 灯火 ({{Transliteration|ja|tōka}}, literally "lamp" + "fire, flame") or ランプ ({{Transliteration|ja|ranpu}}, from Dutch lamp). |
| † kapitan
| 甲比丹 / 甲必丹 | captain (of ships from Europe in The Age of Discovery) | capitão | capitão | captain | Extinct. Replaced in modern usage by the terms 船長 ({{Transliteration|ja|senchō}}, literally "ship" + "leader") or the English borrowing キャプテン ({{Transliteration|ja|kyaputen}}). |
| kappa
| :ja:合羽 | raincoat | capa | capa (de chuva) | raincoat, coat | {{Transliteration|ja|reinkōto}} (from English raincoat) is prevalent nowadays. |
| karuta
| :ja:かるた / 歌留多 | karuta cards, a traditional type of playing cards which is largely different from the modern worldwide ones | cartas (de jogar) | cartas (de jogar) | (playing) cards | |
| karusan
| カルサン | a specific kind of hakama trousers{{Cite encyclopedia|title=軽衫 (カルサン)|date=2006|encyclopedia=Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Concise edition (精選版 日本国語大辞典) via Kotobank|publisher=Shogakukan|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BB%BD%E8%A1%AB-47634|access-date=2024-05-25}} | shorts (as used in modern Portuguese), breeches (as used in the Portuguese of the 1600s) | |
| kasutera, kasutēra, kasuteira
| :ja:カステラ | Kind of sponge cake{{Cite web|title=kasutera-o-pao-de-lo-japones|url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/kasutera-o-pao-de-lo-japones=f578357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115145218/http://expresso.sapo.pt/kasutera-o-pao-de-lo-japones=f578357|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 15, 2013|access-date=2021-01-18|website=Expresso}} | (Pão de) Castela | (Pão de) Castela | (Bread/cake of) Castile | Theories cite Portuguese {{Lang|pt|castelo}} (castle) or the region of Castile (Castela in Portuguese). The cake itself may originally derive from bizcocho, a Spanish kind of biscotti. |
| † kirishitan
| :ja:キリシタン / 切支丹 / 吉利支丹 (Also written in the more negative forms 鬼理死丹 and 切死丹 after Christianity was banned by the Tokugawa Shogunate) | Christian people in 16th and 17th centuries (who were severely persecuted by the Shogunate) | christão | cristão | Christian | Replaced in modern usage by the terms キリスト教徒 ({{Transliteration|ja|Kirisuto kyōto}}, literally "Christ" + "teaching" + "student") or the English borrowing クリスチャン ({{Transliteration|ja|Kurisuchan}}). |
| kirisuto
| キリスト / 基督 | Christ | Christo | Cristo | Christ | |
| koendoro
| コエンドロ | coriander | coentro | coentro | coriander | |
| konpeitō
| 金米糖 / :ja:金平糖 / 金餅糖 | Kind of star-shaped candy | confeito | confeito | confection, candies | (related to confetti) |
| koppu
| コップ | cup | copo | copo | cup | |
| † kurusu
| クルス | Christian cross | cruz | cruz | cross | Used in early Christianity. Replaced in modern usage by the term 十字架 ({{Transliteration|ja|jūjika}}, literally "number ten" + "character" + "stand up, prop up"). |
| manto
| :ja:マント | cloak | manto | manto | cloak | |
| marumero
| :ja:マルメロ | quince | marmelo | marmelo | quince | |
| meriyasu
| :ja:メリヤス / 莫大小 | a kind of knit textile | medias | meias | hosiery, knitting | |
| mīra
| ミイラ / 木乃伊 | mummy | mirra | mirra | myrrh | Originally, mummies embalmed using myrrh. |
| †nataru
| ナタル | Natal | Natal | Annual festival celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ. Replaced in modern usage by the English borrowing クリスマス ({{Transliteration|ja|Kurisumasu}}). |
| oranda
| オランダ / 和蘭(陀) / 阿蘭陀 | The Netherlands, Holland | Hollanda | Holanda, Países Baixos | The Netherlands, Holland | |
| orugan
| :ja:オルガン | orgão | órgão | organ | |
| pan
| :ja:パン | bread | pão | pão | bread | Often wrongly connected to the Spanish {{Lang|es|pan}} or the French {{Lang|fr|pain}}, both with the same meaning and the same Latinate origin. The word was introduced into Japan by Portuguese missionaries.See [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116040319/http://dictionary.www.infoseek.co.jp/?spa=&sc=1&se=on&lp=0&gr=ml&qt=%A4%D1%A4%F3&sm=1&sv=2T Infoseek Japanese-English dictionary for pan/パン]. |
| † paraiso
| パライソ | paradise. Specifically in reference to the Christian ideal of heavenly paradise. | paraíso | paraíso | paradise | Replaced in modern usage by the terms 天国 ({{Transliteration|ja|tengoku}}, literally "heavens" + "country") or the English borrowing パラダイス ({{Transliteration|ja|paradaisu}}). |
| pin kara kiri made
| ピンからキリまで | running the whole gamut, jumble of wheat and tares | (pinta, cruz) | (pinta, cruz) | (dot, cross) | literally 'from pin to kiri' |
| rasha
| :ja:ラシャ / 羅紗 | a kind of wool woven textile | raxa | – (feltro) | felt | |
| rozario
| ロザリオ | rosary | rosario | rosário | rosary | |
| † sabato
| サバト | Saturday | sábado | sábado | Saturday | Replaced in modern usage by the term 土曜日 ({{Transliteration|ja|Doyōbi}}, literally "earth" + "day of the week"). |
| saboten
| :ja:サボテン / 仙人掌 | cactus | sabão | sabão | soap | Indirect derivation, involving a pronunciation shift from earlier 石鹸手 read as sabonte,{{Cite encyclopedia|title=仙人掌 サボテン |date=2020|encyclopedia=Digital Daijisen (デジタル大辞泉) via Kotobank|publisher=Shogakukan|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%8E%8C-511887#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89|access-date=2024-04-19}} literally "soap" + "hand; method, means". {{IPA|/sabonte/}} → {{IPA|/saboten/}} The derivation is said to come from the soap-like feature of its juice, although there are controversies. |
| Santa Maria
| サンタマリア | Saint Mary | Santa Maria | Santa Maria | Saint Mary | Saint Mary |
| sarasa
| :ja:更紗 | chintz | saraça | | chintz | |
| shabon
| シャボン | soap | sabão | sabão | soap | More likely from older Spanish xabon. Usually seen in compounds such as shabon-dama ('soap bubbles') in modern Japanese. |
| shurasuko
| Brazilian style churrasco barbecue | | churrasco | barbecue |Modern borrowing. |
| subeta
| スベタ | (an insulting word for women) | espada | espada | sword | Originally a term from playing cards, in reference to certain cards that earned the player zero points. This meaning extended to refer to "a boring, shabby, low person", and from there to mean "an unattractive woman". |
| tabako
| タバコ / 煙草 / たばこ | tobacco, cigarette | {{not a typo|tobaco}} | {{not a typo|tabaco}} | tobacco, cigarette | |
| totan
| :ja:トタン |{{Plainlist|
| tutanaga{{r|"SNKD2006_Totan1"|p=補注(1)}} (Could be of other origin, as Nippo jisho implies.{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Tǒtan|date=1960|encyclopedia=Vocabvlario da lingoa de Iapam (Nippo jisho)|editor=Society of Jesus|editor-link=Society of Jesus|publisher=Iwanami Shoten|url=https://archive.org/details/nippojishovocabv06doit/page/769/mode/1up|url-access=limited|orig-year=1604|publication-place=Japan|edition=1960 reprint by Iwanami Shoten, annotated by Tadao Doi|page=769|language=pt|quote=Tǒtan. Tutunaga genero de metal branco.}} (Treating "Tǒtan" as a Japanese word, explaining its meaning with Portuguese word "tutunaga")
) | | tutenag (a zinc alloy; zinc){{Cite encyclopedia|title=Tutenag|date=1926|encyclopedia=A New English Dictionary On Historical Principles (OED)|publisher=Clarendon Press|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210035/page/n523/mode/1up|publication-place=Oxford|edition=1926|volume=10 Part 1. Book TI-TZ|page=513|language=en}} | The homophone "{{langx|ja|塗炭|label=none}}" is sometimes mistaken as an ateji for "{{langx|ja|トタン|label=none}}", but is actually a different word of native origin meaning "agony".{{Cite encyclopedia|title=塗炭|date=2006|encyclopedia=Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Concise edition (精選版 日本国語大辞典) via Kotobank|publisher=Shogakukan|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A1%97%E7%82%AD-583742|language=ja|access-date=2021-01-20}} |
| tempura
| :ja:天ぷら / 天麩羅 / 天婦羅 | deep-fried seafood/vegetables | tempero, temperar;[https://linguistlist.org/issues/12/12-1906/ LINGUIST List 12.1906 Thu Jul 26 2001 Sum: "Arigato" and "Tempura"][http://www.kikkoman.com/forum/015/ff015.html Tracking Down Tempura by Takashi Morieda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514070831/http://www.kikkoman.com/forum/015/ff015.html |date=2007-05-14 }} tempora | tempero, temperar; tempora | seasoning, to season; times of abstinence from meat | |
| zabon
| :ja:ざぼん / 朱欒 / 香欒 | zamboa | zamboa | |
| † zesu or zezusu
| ゼス, ゼズス | Jesus | Jesu | Jesus | Jesus | Replaced in modern usage by the term イエス ({{Transliteration|ja|Iesu}}), a reconstruction of the Ancient Greek term. |
List of indirect loanwords
False cognates
Some word pairs that appear similar are actually false cognates of unrelated origins.
=Arigatō=
{{wiktionary|ありがとう}}
It is often suggested that the Japanese word arigatō derives from the Portuguese obrigado, both of which mean "Thank you", but evidence indicates arigatō has a purely Japanese origin,{{Cite journal|title=On the present status of portuguese loanwords in Japanese|journal=Romance Notes|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43801381|last=Kim|first=Tai Whan|volume=16|publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for its Department of Romance Studies|issue=3|year=1975|page=725|language=en|jstor=43801381|url-access=registration}} so these two words are false cognates.
Arigatō is an "u"-sound change of arigataku.{{Cite encyclopedia|title=ありがとう (有難)|date=2006|encyclopedia=Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Concise edition (精選版 日本国語大辞典) via Kotobank|publisher=Shogakukan|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%89%E9%9B%A3-428213|access-date=2021-10-04}} In turn, arigataku is the adverbial form of an adjective arigatai, from older arigatashi,{{Cite encyclopedia|title=ありがたい (有難)|date=2006|encyclopedia=Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Concise edition (精選版 日本国語大辞典) via Kotobank|publisher=Shogakukan|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%89%E9%9B%A3-428213|access-date=2021-10-04}} itself a compound of ari + katashi. Written records of arigatashi exist dating back to the Man'yōshū compiled in the 8th century AD,{{r|"SNKD2006_Arigatai"|at=(1)}} well before Japanese contact with the Portuguese in the 16th century.
Ari is a conjugation of verb aru meaning "to be", and katashi is an adjective meaning "difficult", so arigatashi literally means "difficult to exist", hence "rare" and thus "precious",{{r|"SNKD2006_Arigatai"|at=(3)}} with usage shifting to indicate gratitude for receiving an outstanding kindness.{{r|"SNKD2006_Arigatai"|at=(5)}} The phrase to express such gratitude is arigatō gozaimasu,{{r|"SNKD2006_Arigato"|at=(イ)}} or arigatō for short.{{r|"SNKD2006_Arigato"|at=(ロ)}}
= Other words not of Portuguese origin =
See also
- Gairaigo
- List of gairaigo and wasei-eigo terms
- Japanese words of Dutch origin
- Nippo Jisho, the first Japanese dictionary in a Western language
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/portuguese.html sci.lang.japan FAQ Japanese words of Portuguese origin]
{{Japanese language}}
Japanese Words Of Portuguese Origin
Category:Japan–Portugal relations