Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)#uncharged tRNA

{{glossary}}

{{term|M phase}}

{{term|macromolecule}}{{anchor|macromolecules|macromolecular}}

{{term|macronucleus}}{{anchor|macronuclei}}

{{ghat|Also meganucleus.}}

{{term|macrophage}}{{anchor|macrophages}}

{{term|major groove}}

{{term|map-based cloning}}

{{term|massively parallel sequencing}}{{anchor|next-generation sequencing|second-generation sequencing}}

{{ghat|Also next-generation sequencing (NGS) and second-generation sequencing.}}

{{term|medical genetics}}

{{term|megabase (Mb)}}{{anchor|megabases|Mb|Mbp}}

{{term|meiosis}}{{anchor|meiotic}}

{{term|meiotic spindle}}

{{term|melting}}

{{term|membrane}}{{anchor|membranes}}

{{term|membrane protein}}{{anchor|membrane proteins}}

{{term|membrane-bound organelle}}{{anchor|membrane-bound organelles}}

{{term|messenger RNA (mRNA)}}{{anchor|messenger RNA|mRNAs}}

File:MRNA_structure.svg

{{term|metabolism}}{{anchor|metabolic}}

{{term|metabolite}}{{anchor|metabolites}}

{{term|metabolome}}

{{term|metacentric}}

{{term|metaphase}}

{{term|methylation}}{{anchor|methylate|methylates|methylating|methylated}}

{{term|methyltransferase}}{{anchor|methyltransferases}}

{{term|MicroArray and Gene Expression (MAGE)}}

{{term|microbody}}{{anchor|microbodies}}

{{term|microchromosome}}

{{term|microdeletion}}

{{term|microfilament}}{{anchor|microfilaments}}

{{term|micronucleus}}{{anchor|micronuclei}}

{{term|microRNA (miRNA)}}

{{term|microsatellite}}{{anchor|microsatellites}}

{{ghat|Also short tandem repeat (STR) or simple sequence repeat (SSR).}}

{{term|microsome}}{{anchor|microsomes}}

{{term|microspike}}{{anchor|microspikes}}

{{term|microtome}}{{anchor|microtomy}}

{{term|microtrabecula}}{{anchor|microtrabeculae}}

{{ghat|(pl.) microtrabeculae}}

{{term|microtubule}}{{anchor|microtubules}}

{{term|microtubule-organizing center (MTOC)}}{{anchor|microtubule-organizing center}}

{{term|microvesicle}}{{anchor|microvesicles}}

{{ghat|Also ectosome and microparticle.}}

{{term|microvillus}}{{anchor|microvilli}}

{{term|mid body}}

{{term|middle lamella}}

{{term|Minimal information about a high-throughput sequencing experiment (MINSEQE)}}

{{term|Minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME)}}

{{term|minisatellite}}{{anchor|minisatellites}}

{{term|minor groove}}

{{term|minus-strand}}

{{term|miRNA}}

{{term|mismatch}}{{anchor|mismatches}}

{{ghat|Also mispairing.}}

{{term|mismatch repair (MMR)}}

{{term|missense mutation}}

{{term|mistranslation}}

{{term|mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)}}

{{term|mitochondrial fusion}}

{{term|mitochondrion}}{{anchor|mitochondria|mitochondrial}}

{{ghat|(pl.) mitochondria; also formerly chondriosome.}}

{{term|mitogen}}{{anchor|mitogens}}

{{term|mitophagy}}

{{term|mitosis}}{{anchor|mitotic}}

{{ghat|Also M phase.}}

{{term|mitotic index (MI)}}{{anchor|mitotic index}}

{{term|mitotic recombination}}

{{ghat|Also somatic {{gli|glossary=Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)|crossing over}}.}}

{{term|mitotic rounding}}

{{term|mitotic segregation}}

{{term|mitotic spindle}}

{{term|mixoploidy}}

{{term|mobile genetic element (MGE)}}

{{term|mobilome}}

{{term|molecular biology}}

{{term|molecular cloning}}

File:Gene_cloning.svg

{{term|molecular genetics}}

{{term|monad}}

{{term|monocentric}}

{{term|monoclonal}}

{{term|monokaryotic}}

{{term|monomer}}{{anchor|monomers}}

{{term|monoploid}}{{anchor|monoploidy}}

{{term|monosaccharide}}{{anchor|monosaccharides}}

{{term|monosomy}}

{{term|Morpholino}}

{{ghat|Also phosphorodiamidate Morpholino oligomer.}}

{{term|mosaicism}}

{{term|motif}}{{anchor|motifs}}

{{term|motor protein}}{{anchor|motor proteins}}

{{term|mRNA}}

{{term|mtDNA}}

{{term|multicellular}}

{{term|multinucleate}}

{{term|multiomics}}

{{term|multiple cloning site (MCS)}}{{anchor|polylinker}}

{{ghat|Also polylinker.}}

{{term|mutagen}}{{anchor|mutagens}}

{{term|mutagenesis}}

{{term|mutant}}{{anchor|mutants}}

{{term|mutation}}{{anchor|mutations|mutate|mutates|mutated}}

{{term|mutator gene}}

{{term|mutein}}

{{term|muton}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|n orientation}}

{{term|NAD}}

{{term|NADP}}

{{term|nanoinjection}}

{{term|nascent}}

{{term|ncAA}}

{{term|ncDNA}}

{{term|ncRNA}}

{{term|negative (-) sense strand}}

{{term|negative control}}

{{ghat|Also negative regulation.}}

{{term|negative supercoiling}}

{{term|next-generation sequencing (NGS)}}

{{term|nick}}{{anchor|nicks|nicking|nicked}}

{{term|nick translation}}

{{term|nickase}}

{{term|nicking enzyme}}{{anchor|nicking enzymes}}

{{term|nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)}}{{anchor|NAD}}

{{term|nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate|nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺, NADP)}}

{{term|nitrogenous base}}{{anchor|nitrogenous bases}}

{{ghat|Sometimes used interchangeably with {{gli|nucleobase}} or simply base.}}

{{term|non-canonical amino acid (ncAA)}}{{anchor|non-canonical amino acid|non-canonical amino acids|non-standard amino acid|non-standard amino acids}}

{{ghat|Also non-standard amino acid.}}

{{term|non-coding DNA (ncDNA)}}

{{term|non-coding RNA (ncRNA)}}{{anchor|non-coding RNA|non-coding RNAs}}

{{term|non-coding strand}}

{{term|nondisjunction}}

{{term|non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)}}

{{term|nonrepetitive sequence}}

{{term|nonsense mutation}}

{{ghat|Also point-nonsense mutation.}}

{{term|nonsense suppressor}}

{{term|nonsynonymous mutation}}

{{ghat|Also nonsynonymous substitution or replacement mutation.}}

{{term|non-transcribed spacer (NTS)}}

{{term|northern blotting}}

{{term|nRNA}}

{{term|N-terminus}}{{anchor|N-terminal|N terminus|N terminal|n-terminal|n terminus|n terminal}}

{{ghat|Also amine terminus and amino terminus.}}

{{term|nuclear cage}}

{{term|nuclear DNA}}

{{term|nuclear envelope}}{{anchor|nuclear membrane}}

{{term|nuclear equivalence}}

{{term|nuclear export signal (NES)}}{{anchor|nuclear export signal}}

{{term|nuclear lamina}}

{{term|nuclear localization signal (NLS)}}{{anchor|nuclear localization signal}}

{{ghat|Also nuclear localization sequence.}}

{{term|nuclear membrane}}

{{term|nuclear pore}}{{anchor|nuclear pores|nuclear pore complex|nuclear pore complexes}}

{{term|nuclear protein}}{{anchor|nuclear proteins}}

{{term|nuclear RNA (nRNA)}}

{{term|nuclear transfer}}

{{term|nuclear transport}}

{{term|nuclease}}{{anchor|nucleases}}

{{term|nucleic acid}}{{anchor|nucleic acids}}

{{term|nucleic acid sequence}}{{anchor|nucleic acid sequences|nucleotide sequence|nucleotide sequences|sequence|sequences|DNA sequence|DNA sequences}}

{{term|nucleobase}}{{anchor|base|bases|nucleobases}}

{{ghat|Sometimes used interchangeably with {{gli|nitrogenous base}} or simply base.}}

{{term|nucleoid}}{{anchor|nucleoids}}

{{ghat|Also prokaryon.}}

{{term|nucleolin}}

{{term|nucleolonema}}

{{term|nucleolus}}{{anchor|nucleoli}}

{{term|nucleoplasm}}{{anchor|nucleoplasmic}}

{{ghat|Also karyoplasm.}}

{{term|nucleoprotein}}{{anchor|nucleoproteins}}

{{term|nucleosidase}}{{anchor|nucleosidases}}

{{term|nucleoside}}{{anchor|nucleosides}}

{{term|nucleosol}}

{{ghat|Also karyolymph or nuclear hyaloplasm.}}

{{term|nucleosome}}{{anchor|nucleosomes|nucleosomal}}

{{term|nucleosome-depleted region (NDR)}}

{{term|nucleotide}}{{anchor|nucleotides}}

{{ghat|Also nucleoside monophosphate (NMP).}}

File:Nucleotides_1.svg

{{term|nucleotide sequence}}

{{term|nucleus}}{{anchor|nuclei|nuclear}}

{{ghat|pl. nuclei}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|occluding junction}}

{{term|ochre}}

{{term|Okazaki fragments}}

{{term|oligo dT}}

{{term|oligogene}}

{{term|oligomer}}{{anchor|oligomers|oligomeric}}

{{term|oligonucleotide}}{{anchor|oligonucleotides|oligo|oligos}}

{{ghat|Also abbreviated oligo.}}

{{term|oligosaccharide}}{{anchor|oligosaccharides}}

{{term|oncogene}}

{{term|one gene–one polypeptide}}

{{ghat|Also one gene–one protein or one gene–one enzyme.}}

{{term|opal}}

{{ghat|Also umber.}}

{{term|open chromatin}}

{{term|open reading frame (ORF)}}{{anchor|open reading frames|ORF|ORFs}}

{{term|operator}}{{anchor|operators}}

{{term|operon}}{{anchor|operons}}

{{term|operon network}}

{{term|organelle}}{{anchor|organelles}}

{{term|origin of replication (ORI)}}{{anchor|replication origin|origin}}

{{ghat|Also replication origin or simply origin.}}

{{term|osmosis}}{{anchor|osmotic}}

{{term|osmotic shock}}

{{ghat|Also osmotic stress.}}

{{term|outron}}

{{term|overexpression}}

{{term|oxidative phosphorylation}}

{{term|oxidative stress}}

{{term|oxygen cascade}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|p53}}

{{ghat|Also Tumor protein P53 (TP53), transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53), and cellular tumor antigen p53.}}

{{term|pachynema}}

{{ghat|Also pachytene stage.}}

{{term|palindromic sequence}}{{anchor|palindromic sequences|palindrome|palindromes}}

{{ghat|Also palindrome.}}

{{term|paracellular transport}}

{{term|paracrine}}

{{term|parent cell}}{{anchor|parent cells}}

{{term|passenger}}

{{term|passive transport}}

{{term|Pasteur effect}}

{{ghat|Also Pasteur-Meyerhof effect.}}

{{term|PCR}}

{{term|PCR product}}

{{term|pentose}}{{anchor|pentose sugar|pentose sugars}}

{{term|peptidase}}

{{term|peptide}}{{anchor|peptides}}

{{term|peptide bond}}{{anchor|peptide bonds}}

{{term|pericentriolar material (PCM)}}{{anchor|pericentriolar material}}

{{term|perinuclear space}}

{{term|peripheral membrane protein}}{{anchor|peripheral membrane proteins}}

{{ghat|Also extrinsic membrane protein.}}

{{term|periplasmic space}}

{{ghat|Also periplasm.}}

{{term|peroxisome}}{{anchor|peroxisomes}}

{{term|persistence}}

{{term|pervasive transcription}}

{{term|Petri dish}}

{{term|phagocyte}}{{anchor|phagocytes}}

{{term|phagocytosis}}

{{term|phagosome}}

{{term|pharmacogenomics}}

{{term|phenome}}

{{term|phenomic lag}}

{{term|phenotype}}{{anchor|phenotypes|phenotypic|phenotypic trait|phenotypic traits}}

{{term|phenotypic switching}}

{{term|phosphatase}}{{anchor|phosphatases}}

{{term|phosphate}}{{anchor|phosphates|phosphate group|phosphate groups}}

{{term|phosphate backbone}}{{anchor|phosphodiester backbone|phosphate–sugar backbone|sugar–phosphate backbone|backbone}}

{{ghat|Also phosphodiester backbone, sugar–phosphate backbone, and phosphate–sugar backbone.}}

File:DNA chemical structure.svg

{{term|phosphodiester bond}}{{anchor|phosphodiester bonds|phosphate bond|phosphate bonds}}

{{term|phospholipid}}{{anchor|phospholipids}}

{{term|phospholipid bilayer}}

{{term|phosphorylation}}{{anchor|phosphorylate|phosphorylates|phosphorylating|phosphorylated}}

{{term|piRNA}}

{{term|pitch}}

{{term|Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)}}

{{term|plasma membrane}}

{{term|plasmid}}{{anchor|plasmids}}

{{term|plasmid partitioning}}

{{term|plasmid-mediated resistance}}

{{term|plastid}}{{anchor|plastids}}

{{term|pleomorphism}}

{{term|plithotaxis}}

{{term|ploidy}}{{anchor|ploidy level}}

File:Haploid, diploid ,triploid and tetraploid.svg

{{term|pluripotency}}{{anchor|pluripotent}}

{{term|plus-strand}}

{{term|point mutation}}{{anchor|point mutations}}

{{term|poly(A) tail}}

{{term|polyadenylation}}{{anchor|polyadenylated}}

{{term|polyclonal}}

{{term|polylinker}}

{{term|polymer}}{{anchor|polymers|polymeric}}

{{term|polymerase}}{{anchor|polymerases}}

{{term|polymerase chain reaction (PCR)}}{{anchor|polymerase chain reaction}}

{{term|polymerization}}

{{term|polymorphism}}

{{term|polypeptide}}{{anchor|polypeptides}}

{{term|polyploid}}{{anchor|polyploidy|polyploids}}

{{term|polysaccharide}}{{anchor|polysaccharides}}

{{term|polysome}}

{{ghat|Also polyribosome or ergosome.}}

{{term|polysomy}}

{{term|polytene chromosome}}

{{term|position effect}}{{anchor|position effects}}

{{term|positional cloning}}

{{ghat|Also map-based cloning.}}

{{term|positive (+) sense strand}}

{{term|positive control}}

{{ghat|Also positive regulation.}}

{{term|positive supercoiling}}

{{term|post-transcriptional modification}}{{anchor|post-transcriptional modifications|post-transcriptional}}

{{term|post-translational modification}}{{anchor|post-translational modifications|post-translational}}

{{term|potency}}

{{term|precursor cell}}{{anchor|precursor cells}}

{{ghat|Also blast cell.}}

{{term|Pribnow box}}

{{term|primary transcript}}{{anchor|primary transcripts}}

{{term|primase}}

{{term|primer}}{{anchor|primers}}

{{term|primer dimer (PD)}}{{anchor|primer dimer|primer dimers}}

{{term|primer walking}}

{{term|priming}}

{{term|probe}}{{anchor|probes|probing|probed}}

{{term|probe-set}}

{{term|process molecular gene concept}}

{{term|prometaphase}}

{{term|promoter}}{{anchor|promoters}}

{{term|promotion}}

{{term|prophase}}

{{term|protease}}{{anchor|proteases}}

{{ghat|Also peptidase.}}

{{term|protein}}{{anchor|proteins}}

{{term|protein complex}}

{{term|protein folding}}

{{term|protein kinase}}{{anchor|protein kinases}}

{{term|protein sorting}}

{{ghat|Also protein targeting.}}

{{term|protein targeting}}

{{term|proteinogenic amino acid}}

{{term|proteolysis}}{{anchor|proteolytic|proteolytically}}

{{term|proteome}}

{{term|proteomics}}

{{term|proton motive force}}

{{term|protoplasm}}

{{term|protoplast}}

{{term|pulsatile secretion}}

{{term|purine}}{{anchor|purines}}

{{ghat|Abbreviated in shorthand with the letter {{font|R|font=courier|size=big}}.}}

{{term|putative gene}}

{{term|pyknosis}}

{{ghat|Also pycnosis or karyopyknosis.}}

{{term|pyrimidine}}{{anchor|pyrimidines}}

{{ghat|Abbreviated in shorthand with the letter {{font|Y|font=courier|size=big}}.}}

{{term|pyrimidine dimer}}

{{term|pyruvic acid}}{{anchor|pyruvate}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|quantitative PCR (qPCR)}}{{anchor|quantitative PCR}}

{{ghat|Also real-time PCR (rtPCR).}}

{{term|quiescent culture}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|random walk}}

{{term|rDNA}}

{{term|reading frame}}{{anchor|reading frames}}

{{term|real-time PCR (rtPCR)}}

{{term|reassociation kinetics}}

{{term|receptor}}{{anchor|receptors}}

{{term|reciprocal translocation}}

File:Translocation-4-20.png

{{term|recombinant DNA (rDNA)}}

{{term|recombinase}}{{anchor|recombinases}}

{{term|recombination}}

{{term|recombinator}}

{{term|recon}}

{{term|regulon}}

{{term|repeat}}{{anchor|repeats|repeated sequence|repeated sequences|repeated|repeating}}

{{term|repetitive DNA}}

{{ghat|Also repetitious DNA.}}

{{term|replacement mutation}}

{{term|replication}}

{{term|replication eye}}

{{ghat|Also replication bubble.}}

{{term|replication fork}}{{anchor|replication forks}}

{{ghat|Also Y fork.}}

{{term|replication rate}}

{{term|replicator}}

{{term|replicon}}

{{term|replisome}}

{{term|reporter}}{{anchor|reporters}}

{{term|reporter gene}}

{{term|repression}}

{{term|repressor}}{{anchor|repressors}}

{{term|rescue}}{{anchor|rescued|rescues}}

{{term|residue}}{{anchor|residues}}

{{term|response element}}{{anchor|response elements}}

{{term|restitution}}

{{term|restitution nucleus}}

{{term|restriction cloning}}

{{term|restriction enzyme}}{{anchor|restriction endonuclease|restriction exonuclease|restrictase|restriction enzymes}}

{{ghat|Also restriction endonuclease, restriction exonuclease, or restrictase.}}

{{term|restriction fragment}}

{{term|restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)}}

{{term|restriction map}}

{{term|restriction site}}{{anchor|restriction sites}}

{{ghat|Also restriction recognition site.}}

File:制限酵素 EcoR1 原理図.svg, which recognizes and {{gli|glossary=Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)|cut|cuts or "digests"}} it in the manner shown here, by breaking phosphodiester bonds in the backbones of both strands and leaving behind {{gli|sticky end|single-stranded overhangs}} at the ends of each of the now separate molecules.]]

{{term|retrogene}}

{{term|reverse genetics}}

{{term|reverse transcriptase (RT)}}{{anchor|reverse transcriptase}}

{{term|reverse transcription}}

{{term|ribonuclease (RNase)}}{{anchor|ribonucleases}}

{{term|ribonucleic acid (RNA)}}

{{term|ribonucleoprotein (RNP)}}

{{term|ribonucleotide}}{{anchor|ribonucleotides}}

{{term|ribonucleotide reductase (RNR)}}

{{ghat|Also ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.}}

{{term|ribose}}

{{term|ribosomal DNA (rDNA)}}

{{term|ribosomal RNA (rRNA)}}{{anchor|ribosomal RNA}}

{{term|ribosome}}{{anchor|ribosomes|ribosomal}}

{{term|riboswitch}}

{{term|ribozyme}}{{anchor|ribozymes}}

{{term|RNA}}

{{term|RNA gene}}

{{term|RNA interference (RNAi)}}

{{term|RNA polymerase}}{{anchor|RNA polymerase}}

{{ghat|Often abbreviated RNAP or RNApol.}}

{{term|RNA splicing}}

{{term|RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)}}

{{term|RNase}}

{{term|Robertsonian translocation (ROB)}}

{{term|rolling circle replication (RCR)}}

{{term|rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)}}{{anchor|rough endoplasmic reticulum|rough ER}}

{{term|rRNA}}

{{term|rtPCR}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|S phase}}

{{ghat|Also synthesis phase or synthetic phase.}}

{{term|samesense mutation}}

{{term|Sanger sequencing}}

File:Sanger-sequencing.svg

{{term|saturation hybridization}}

{{term|scaffolding}}

{{term|scRNA}}

{{term|second-generation sequencing}}

{{term|selectable marker}}

{{term|selfish genetic element}}

{{ghat|Also selfish DNA or parasitic DNA.}}

{{term|semiconservative replication}}

File:DNAreplicationModes.png

{{term|sense}}

{{term|sense codon}}

{{term|sequence}}

{{term|sequence logo}}{{anchor|sequence logos}}

File:LexA_gram_positive_bacteria_sequence_logo.png

{{term|sequence-tagged site (STS)}}

{{term|sequencing}}

{{term|sex chromosome}}

{{term|sex linkage}}

{{term|Shine–Dalgarno sequence}}

{{term|short arm}}{{anchor|short arms}}

{{ghat|Denoted in shorthand with the symbol p.}}

{{term|short interspersed nuclear element (SINE)}}

{{term|short tandem repeat (STR)}}

{{term|shotgun sequencing}}

{{term|signal transduction}}

{{term|silencer}}

{{term|silencing}}{{anchor|silence|silences|silenced}}

{{term|silent allele}}

{{term|silent mutation}}{{anchor|silent mutations}}

{{term|simple sequence repeat (SSR)}}

{{term|single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)}}

{{term|single-strand break (SSB)}}

{{term|single-stranded}}{{anchor|single strand|single strands}}

{{term|single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)}}

{{term|siRNA}}

{{term|sister chromatids}}

{{term|site-directed mutagenesis}}

{{term|small conditional RNA (scRNA)}}

{{term|small interfering RNA (siRNA)}}

{{term|small nuclear RNA (snRNA)}}

{{term|small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)}}

{{term|small temporal RNA (stRNA)}}

{{term|small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)}}{{anchor|small ubiquitin-like modifier|SUMO|SUMO protein|SUMO proteins}}

{{term|smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)}}{{anchor|smooth endoplasmic reticulum|smooth ER}}

{{term|snoRNA}}

{{term|snRNA}}

{{term|solenoid fiber}}

{{term|soluble RNA (sRNA)}}

{{term|somatic cell}}{{anchor|somatic cells}}

{{ghat|Also vegetal cell or soma.}}

{{term|somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)}}

{{term|somatic crossover}}

{{term|Southern blotting}}

{{term|spacer}}

{{ghat|Also intergenic spacer (IGS) or non-transcribed spacer (NTS).}}

{{term|spatially-restricted gene expression}}

{{term|spindle apparatus}}{{anchor|spindle|mitotic spindle|meiotic spindle}}

{{term|spliceosome}}

{{term|splicing}}

{{term|split-gene}}

{{term|sRNA}}

{{term|ssDNA}}

{{term|ssRNA}}

{{term|standard genetic code}}

File:GeneticCode21-version-2.svg

{{term|start codon}}

{{term|statistical genetics}}

{{term|stem cell}}{{anchor|stem cells}}

{{term|stem-loop}}

{{ghat|Also hairpin or hairpin loop.}}

{{term|sticky end}}{{anchor|sticky ends}}

{{term|stop codon}}

{{ghat|Also termination codon.}}

{{term|strand}}{{anchor|strands}}

{{term|stringency}}

{{term|stRNA}}

{{term|structural gene}}{{anchor|structural genes}}

{{term|structural protein}}{{anchor|structural proteins}}

{{term|subcellular localization}}

{{term|submetacentric}}

{{term|substitution}}

{{term|substrate}}{{anchor|substrates}}

{{term|substratum}}{{anchor|substrata}}

{{term|subunit}}{{anchor|subunits}}

{{term|SUMOylation}}

{{ghat|Also sumoylation.}}

{{term|supercoiling}}{{anchor|supercoil|supercoils|supercoiled}}

{{term|suppression}}

{{term|suspension culture}}

{{term|symporter}}

{{term|synapsis}}

{{term|synaptonemal complex}}

{{term|syncytium}}

{{ghat|Also symplasm; pl. syncytia.}}

{{term|syndesis}}

{{term|synezis}}

{{term|synonymous mutation}}{{anchor|synonymous mutations}}

{{ghat|Also synonymous substitution or samesense mutation.}}

{{term|synthesis phase}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|tandem repeat}}{{anchor|tandem repeats}}

{{term|TATA box}}

{{ghat|Also Goldberg-Hogness box.}}

{{term|taxis}}

{{term|TCA}}

{{term|telestability}}

{{term|telocentric}}

{{term|telomere}}{{anchor|telomeres}}

{{term|telomeric silencing}}

{{term|telophase}}

{{term|template strand}}{{anchor|template}}

{{ghat|Also antisense strand, negative (-) sense strand, and noncoding strand.}}

{{term|terminalization}}

{{term|termination codon}}

{{term|terminator}}

{{term|tetramer}}{{anchor|tetramers|tetrameric}}

{{term|three-prime end}}

{{term|three-prime untranslated region}}

{{term|term=thymidine|content=thymidine ({{font|T|font=courier|size=large}}, {{font|dT|font=courier|size=large}})}}

{{ghat|Also deoxythymidine.}}

{{term|term=thymine|content=thymine ({{font|T|font=courier|size=large}})}}

{{ghat|Also 5-methyluracil.}}

{{term|thymine dimer}}

{{term|tissue}}{{anchor|tissues}}

{{term|tissue culture}}

{{term|tissue-specific gene expression}}

{{term|tonicity}}

{{term|tonoplast}}

{{term|topoisomerase}}{{anchor|topoisomerases}}

{{term|totipotency}}{{anchor|totipotent}}

{{term|tracer}}{{anchor|tracers}}

{{term|trailer sequence}}

{{term|trans}}

{{term|trans-acting}}

{{term|transcribed spacer}}

{{term|transcript}}{{anchor|transcripts}}

{{term|transcript of unknown function (TUF)}}

{{term|transcriptase}}

{{term|transcription}}{{anchor|transcriptional|transcriptionally|transcribe|transcribes|transcribing|transcribed}}

File:Simple transcription elongation1.svg

{{term|transcription factor (TF)}}{{anchor|transcription factors}}

{{term|transcription start site (TSS)}}

{{ghat|Also transcription initiation site.}}

{{term|transcription unit}}

{{term|transcriptional bursting}}

{{term|transcriptome}}

{{term|transcriptomics}}

{{term|transcytosis}}

{{term|transductant}}{{anchor|transductants}}

{{term|transduction}}{{anchor|transduce|transduces|transducing|transduced}}

{{term|transfectant}}{{anchor|transfectants}}

{{term|transfection}}{{anchor|transfections|transfect|transfects|transfecting|transfected}}

{{term|transfer RNA (tRNA)}}{{anchor|transfer RNA|transfer RNAs|tRNAs}}

{{ghat|Formerly referred to as soluble RNA (sRNA).}}

{{term|transferase}}{{anchor|transferases}}

{{term|transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA)}}

{{term|transformant}}{{anchor|transformants}}

{{term|transformation}}{{anchor|transformations|transform|transforms|transforming|transformed}}

{{term|transgene}}{{anchor|transgenes|transgenic}}

{{term|transition}}

{{term|translation}}{{anchor|translational|translationally|translate|translates|translated}}

{{term|translatome}}

{{term|translocation}}{{anchor|translocations}}

{{term|transmembrane protein}}

{{term|transmission genetics}}

{{term|transport protein}}{{anchor|transport proteins|transporter|transporters}}

{{ghat|Also transporter.}}

{{term|transporter}}

{{term|transposable element (TE)}}{{anchor|transposable element|transposable elements|transposon|transposons}}

{{ghat|Also transposon.}}

{{term|transposase}}{{anchor|transposases}}

{{term|transposition}}{{anchor|transpose|transposes|transposing|transposed}}

{{term|trans-splicing}}

{{term|transvection}}{{anchor|transvect|transvects|transvecting|transvected}}

{{term|transversion}}

{{term|tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)}}

{{term|triglyceride}}{{anchor|triglycerides}}

{{ghat|Also triacylglycerol and triacylglyceride.}}

{{term|trimer}}{{anchor|trimers|trimeric}}

{{term|trinucleotide repeat}}

{{term|triplet}}{{anchor|triplets}}

{{term|trisomy}}

{{term|tRNA}}

{{term|tRNA-ligase}}

{{term|tropism}}

{{ghat|Also tropic movement.}}

{{term|turgor pressure}}

{{ghat|Also turgidity.}}

{{term|turnover number}}

{{term|twisting number}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|ubiquitin (Ub)}}{{anchor|ubiquitin}}

{{term|ubiquitination}}{{anchor|ubiquitinated}}

{{ghat|Also ubiquitylation.}}

{{term|umber}}

{{term|uncharged tRNA}}{{anchor|uncharged tRNA}}

{{term|underwinding}}

{{term|unequal crossing over}}

{{term|uniparental inheritance}}

{{term|uniporter}}{{anchor|uniporters}}

{{term|unique DNA}}

{{ghat|Also non-repetitive DNA.}}

{{term|unstable mutation}}

{{term|untranslated region (UTR)}}{{anchor|untranslated regions|UTR|UTRs}}

{{term|upregulation}}

{{ghat|Also promotion.}}

{{term|upstream}}

{{term|upstream activating sequence (UAS)}}

{{term|term=uracil|content=uracil ({{font|U|font=courier|size=large}})}}

{{term|term=uridine|content=uridine ({{font|U|font=courier|size=large}}, Urd)}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|vacuole}}{{anchor|vacuoles}}

{{term|variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)}}{{anchor|variable number tandem repeat|VNTR}}

{{term|variegation}}

{{term|variome}}

{{term|vector}}{{anchor|vectors}}

{{term|vectorization}}

{{term|vegetal cell}}

{{term|vesicle}}{{anchor|vesicles|vesicular}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|Warburg effect}}

{{term|western blotting}}

{{term|whole genome sequencing (WGS)}}

{{term|wild type (WT)}}{{anchor|wild-type}}

{{ghat|Denoted in shorthand with a ⁺ superscript.}}

{{term|wobble base pairing}}

{{term|writhing number}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|X chromosome}}

{{term|X-inactivation}}

{{term|X-linked trait}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|Y chromosome}}

{{term|Y fork}}

{{term|yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|Z-DNA}}{{anchor|Z-DNA}}

{{term|zinc finger}}

{{term|zygonema}}

{{ghat|Also zygotene stage.}}

{{term|zygosity}}

{{term|zygote}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

• Introduction to genetics
• Outline of genetics
• Outline of cell biology
• Glossary of biology
• Glossary of chemistry
• Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |last=Budd |first=A. |title=Evolutionary Genomics |chapter=Introduction to genome biology: features, processes, and structures |series=Methods in Molecular Biology |volume=855 |year=2012 |number=855 |pages=3–4|doi=10.1007/978-1-61779-582-4_1 |pmid=22407704 |isbn=978-1-61779-581-7 }}

• [https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Talking Glossary of Genomic and Genetic Terms]
• [https://www.swissbiopics.org/name/Animal_cell Interactive, labeled animal cell from SwissBioPics]

{{Glossaries of science and engineering}}

{{MolBioGeneExp}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Genetics Glossary}}

*

Glossary

Genetics

Category:Molecular-biology-related lists

Category:Wikipedia glossaries using description lists