Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)#A

{{glossary}}

{{term|3' untranslated region (3'-UTR)}}

{{ghat|Also three-prime untranslated region, 3' non-translated region (3'-NTR), and trailer sequence.}}

{{term|3'-end}}{{anchor|3' end|3'}}

{{ghat|Also three-prime end.}}

Image:Nukleotid num.svg group are also shown.]]

{{term|5' cap}}

{{ghat|Also five-prime cap.}}

{{term|5' untranslated region (5'-UTR)}}

{{ghat|Also five-prime untranslated region, 5' non-translated region (5'-NTR), and leader sequence.}}

{{term|5-bromodeoxyuridine}}

{{term|5'-end}}{{anchor|5' end|5'}}

{{ghat|Also five-prime end.}}

{{term|5-methyluracil}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|acentric}}

{{term|acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)}}{{anchor|acetyl coenzyme A|acetyl-CoA}}

File:Acetyl-CoA-2D colored.svg highlighted in blue]]

{{term|acetylation}}{{anchor|acetylate|acetylates|acetylating|acetylated}}

{{term|acetyltransferase}}{{anchor|acetyltransferases}}

{{term|acrocentric}}

{{term|action potential}}

{{term|activation}}

{{term|activator}}{{anchor|activators}}

{{term|active site}}{{anchor|active sites}}

{{ghat|Also binding site and catalytic site.}}

{{term|active transport}}

{{term|term=adenine|content=adenine ({{font|A|font=courier|size=large}})}}

{{term|term=adenosine|content=adenosine ({{font|A|font=courier|size=large}})}}

{{term|adenosine diphosphate (ADP)}}{{anchor|adenosine diphosphate|ADP}}

{{term|adenosine monophosphate (AMP)}}{{anchor|adenosine monophosphate|AMP}}

{{term|adenosine triphosphate (ATP)}}{{anchor|adenosine triphosphate|ATP}}

{{term|A-DNA}}{{anchor|A-DNA}}

{{term|affected relative pair}}

{{term|alkaline lysis}}

{{term|allele}}{{anchor|alleles|allelic}}

{{term|allosome}}{{anchor|sex chromosome|sex chromosomes|allosomes}}

{{ghat|Also sex chromosome, heterochromosome, or idiochromosome.}}

{{term|alpha helix (α-helix)}}

{{term|alternative splicing}}

{{ghat|Also differential splicing or simply splicing.}}

{{term|amber}}

{{term|amino acid}}{{anchor|amino acids}}

File:Amino acid generic structure.png (blue), one carboxyl group (red), and one variable side chain (green). The side chain, which can range from a simple methyl group (alanine) to more complex functional groups such as a double-ringed indole (tryptophan), gives each particular amino acid its unique identity. During {{gli|glossary=Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)|translation}}, amino acids are joined into a linear chain by condensation reactions which create {{gli|glossary=Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)|peptide bonds}} between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of an adjacent amino acid. The first and last amino acids in the chain are said to be {{gli|glossary=Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)|N-terminal}} and {{gli|C-terminal}}, respectively, in reference to the unbonded amino group of the first amino acid and the unbonded carboxyl group of the last.]]

{{term|amino terminus}}

{{term|aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase}}

{{ghat|Also tRNA-ligase.}}

{{term|aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA)}}

{{ghat|Also aminoacylated tRNA and charged tRNA.}}

{{term|amplicon}}

{{term|amplification}}

{{term|anaphase}}

{{term|anaphase lag}}

{{term|aneucentric}}

{{term|aneuploidy}}{{anchor|aneuploid}}

{{term|annealing}}{{anchor|anneal|anneals|annealed}}

{{term|antibody}}{{anchor|antibodies}}

{{term|anticodon}}{{anchor|anticodons}}

{{term|antimetabolite}}{{anchor|antimetabolites}}

{{term|antimitotic}}{{anchor|antimetabolites}}

{{term|antioncogene}}

{{term|antiparallel}}

{{term|antiporter}}{{anchor|antiporters}}

{{term|antisense}}

{{term|antisense RNA (asRNA)}}{{anchor|asRNA|antisense RNA}}

{{ghat|Also antisense transcript and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO).}}

{{term|anucleate}}

{{ghat|Also anuclear.}}

{{term|apical constriction}}

File:Apicalconstriction fig1.jpg

{{term|apoptosis}}

{{term|aptamer}}{{anchor|aptamers}}

{{term|artificial gene synthesis}}

{{term|assimilatory process}}

{{term|aster}}

{{term|asynapsis}}

{{term|attached X}}

{{ghat|Also compound X.}}

{{term|autolysis}}

{{term|autosome}}{{anchor|autosomes|autosomal}}

{{term|autozygote}}

{{term|auxesis}}

{{term|axenic}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|B chromosome}}

{{term|back mutation}}

{{term|bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)}}

{{term|balancer chromosome}}

{{term|base}}

{{term|base pair (bp)}}{{anchor|base pairs|base pairing|base-pair|pairing|paired}}

{{term|baseline}}

{{term|basic local alignment search tool (BLAST)}}

{{term|B-DNA}}{{anchor|B-DNA}}

File:Dnaconformations.png

{{term|beta oxidation}}

{{term|bidirectional replication}}

{{term|binary fission}}

{{term|binding site}}{{anchor|binding sites}}

{{term|bioassay}}{{anchor|bioassays}}

{{term|biochemical pathway}}{{anchor|biochemical pathways}}

{{term|bioenergetics}}

{{term|biofilm}}{{anchor|biofilms}}

{{term|biomarker}}{{anchor|biomarkers}}

{{term|biomolecular gradient}}

{{term|biomolecule}}{{anchor|biomolecules|biomolecular}}

{{ghat|Also biological molecule.}}

{{term|bivalent}}

{{term|blast cell}}

{{term|blot}}{{anchor|blots|blotting|blotted}}

{{term|blunt end}}{{anchor|blunt ends}}

{{term|bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR, BrdU)}}

{{ghat|Also 5-bromodeoxyuridine.}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|cadastral gene}}

{{term|cadherin}}{{anchor|cadherins}}

{{term|callus}}

{{term|candidate gene}}{{anchor|candidate genes}}

{{term|canonical sequence}}

{{term|carbohydrate}}{{anchor|carbohydrates}}

{{term|carboxyl terminus}}

{{term|carrier protein}}{{anchor|carrier proteins}}

{{term|caspase}}

{{term|cassette}}{{anchor|cassettes|gene cassette|gene cassettes}}

{{term|CCAAT box}}

{{ghat|Also CAAT box or CAT box.}}

{{term|cDNA}}

{{term|cell}}{{anchor|cells}}

{{term|cell biology}}

{{ghat|Also cellular biology.}}

{{term|cell compartmentalization}}{{anchor|cell compartmentalization|cell compartment|cell compartments|compartment|compartments|compartmentalization}}

{{term|cell cortex}}

{{term|cell counting}}

{{term|cell culture}}

{{term|cell cycle}}

{{term|cell division}}{{anchor|cell divisions}}

{{term|cell fusion}}

{{term|cell membrane}}{{anchor|cell membranes|plasma membrane|plasmalemma}}

{{ghat|Also plasma membrane, cytoplasmic membrane, and plasmalemma.}}

File:Cell membrane detailed diagram en.svg

{{term|cell physiology}}

{{term|cell polarity}}

{{term|cell signaling}}{{anchor|signaling|cell communication}}

{{ghat|Also cell communication.}}

{{term|cell surface receptor}}{{anchor|cell surface receptors}}

{{term|cell wall}}{{anchor|cell walls}}

{{term|cell-free DNA (cfDNA)}}

{{term|cellular}}

{{term|cellular differentiation}}

{{term|cellular immunity}}

{{ghat|Also cell-mediated immunity.}}

{{term|cellular noise}}

{{term|cellular reprogramming}}

{{term|cellular senescence}}

{{term|centimorgan (cM)}}

{{ghat|Also map unit (m.u.).}}

{{term|central dogma of molecular biology}}

File:Central dogma of molecular biology colorized+special transfer.png

{{term|centriole}}{{anchor|centrioles}}

{{term|centromere}}{{anchor|centromeres}}

{{term|centromeric index}}

{{term|centrosome}}{{anchor|centrosomes}}

{{term|cfDNA}}

{{term|channel protein}}{{anchor|channel proteins}}

{{term|Chargaff's rules}}

{{term|charged tRNA}}

{{term|chDNA}}

{{term|chemiosmosis}}{{anchor|chemiosmotic}}

{{term|chemokinesis}}

{{term|chemotaxis}}

{{term|chiasma}}{{anchor|chiasmata}}

{{ghat|(pl.) chiasmata}}

{{term|chimerism}}{{anchor|chimera}}

{{term|chloroplast}}{{anchor|chloroplasts}}

{{term|chloroplast DNA (cpDNA, chDNA, ctDNA)}}

{{term|chondriome}}

{{term|chromatid}}{{anchor|chromatids}}

{{term|chromatin}}

{{term|chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)}}

{{term|chromocenter}}

{{term|chromomere}}

{{ghat|Also idiomere.}}

{{term|chromosomal crossover}}{{anchor|chromosomal crossovers|crossover|crossovers}}

{{ghat|Also crossing over.}}

{{term|chromosomal DNA}}

{{term|chromosomal duplication}}

{{term|chromosomal instability}}

{{term|chromosome}}{{anchor|chromosomes|chromosomal}}

{{term|chromosome condensation}}

{{term|chromosome segregation}}

{{anchor|segregation|segregate|segregates|segregating|segregated}}

{{term|chromosome walking}}

{{term|cilium}}{{anchor|cilia}}

{{ghat|(pl.) cilia}}

{{term|circular DNA}}

{{term|circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)}}

{{term|cis}}

{{term|cis-acting}}

{{term|cis-dominant mutation}}

{{term|cisgenesis}}

{{term|cis-regulatory element (CRE)}}

{{ghat|Also cis-regulatory module (CRM).}}

{{term|cisterna}}{{anchor|cisternae}}

{{ghat|(pl.) cisternae}}

{{term|cistron}}{{anchor|cistrons|cistronic}}

{{term|citric acid cycle}}

{{term|classical genetics}}

{{term|cleavage}}{{anchor|cleave|cleaves|cleaved|cleaving}}

{{term|cleavage furrow}}

{{term|clonal selection}}

{{term|cloning}}{{anchor|cloned}}

{{term|closed chromatin}}

{{term|coactivator}}{{anchor|coactivators}}

{{term|coding strand}}

{{ghat|Also sense strand, positive (+) sense strand, and nontemplate strand.}}

{{term|codon}}{{anchor|codons}}

{{term|codon usage bias}}

{{term|coenocyte}}

{{term|coenzyme}}{{anchor|coenzymes}}

{{term|coenzyme A (CoA)}}{{anchor|coenzyme A|CoA}}

{{ghat|Also abbreviated SHCoA and CoASH.}}

{{term|cofactor}}{{anchor|cofactors}}

{{term|comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)}}{{anchor|comparative genomic hybridization}}

{{term|competence}}{{anchor|competent|competent cell|competent cells}}

{{term|complementarity}}{{anchor|complementary|complement|complements}}

{{term|complementary DNA (cDNA)}}

{{ghat|Also copy DNA.}}

{{term|compound X}}

{{term|conditional expression}}

{{term|confluence}}{{anchor|confluent}}

{{ghat|Also confluency.}}

{{term|conformation}}{{anchor|conformations}}

{{term|conformational change}}{{anchor|conformational changes}}

{{term|congression}}

{{term|consensus sequence}}

{{ghat|Also canonical sequence.}}

{{term|conservative replication}}

{{term|conserved sequence}}

{{term|constitutive expression}}

{{term|contact inhibition}}

{{ghat|Also contact inhibition of growth or density-dependent inhibition.}}

{{term|contig}}{{anchor|contigs}}

{{term|cooperativity}}

{{ghat|Also cooperative binding.}}

{{term|copy DNA (cDNA)}}

{{term|copy error}}{{anchor|copy errors}}

{{term|copy-number variation (CNV)}}{{anchor|copy number}}

{{term|coregulator}}{{anchor|coregulators}}

{{term|corepressor}}{{anchor|corepressors}}

{{term|cosmid}}{{anchor|cosmids}}

{{term|cpDNA}}

{{term|CpG island}}{{anchor|CpG islands}}

{{ghat|Also CG island and C-G island.}}

{{term|CpG site}}{{anchor|CpG sites|CpG|CG|C-G}}

{{ghat|Also CG site and C-G site.}}

{{term|CRISPR gene editing}}

{{ghat|Also CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.}}

{{term|crista}}{{anchor|cristae}}

{{ghat|(pl.) cristae}}

{{term|crossing over}}

{{term|crosslink}}{{anchor|crosslinks|crosslinking|crosslinked}}

{{ghat|Also cross-link.}}

File:Formaldehyde Crosslinking reaction.png (red).]]

{{term|ctDNA}}

{{term|C-terminus}}{{anchor|C-terminal|c-terminal}}

{{ghat|Also carboxyl terminus.}}

{{term|cut}}

{{term|C-value}}

{{term|C-value enigma}}

{{ghat|Also C-value paradox.}}

{{term|cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)}}

{{term|cyclosis}}

{{term|term=cytidine|content=cytidine ({{font|C|font=courier|size=large}}, Cyd)}}

{{term|cytochemistry}}

{{term|cytogenetics}}

{{term|cytokine}}{{anchor|cytokines}}

{{term|cytokinesis}}

{{term|cytology}}{{anchor|cytological}}

{{term|cytolysis}}

{{term|cytometer}}

{{term|cytomics}}

{{term|cytoplasm}}{{anchor|cytoplasmic}}

{{term|cytoplasmic streaming}}

{{ghat|Also protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis.}}

{{term|cytoplast}}{{anchor|cytoplasts}}

{{term|term=cytosine|content=cytosine ({{font|C|font=courier|size=large}})}}

{{term|cytosol}}{{anchor|cytosolic}}

{{ghat|Also hyaloplasm and groundplasm.}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|daughter cell}}{{anchor|daughter cells}}

{{term|Denoising Algorithm based on Relevance network Topology}}

{{term|de novo mutation}}{{anchor|de novo mutation}}

{{term|de novo synthesis}}{{anchor|de novo synthesis}}

{{term|deacetylation}}{{anchor|deacetylate|deacetylates|deacetylating|deacetylated}}

{{term|decellularization}}

{{term|degeneracy}}{{anchor|codon degeneracy}}

{{term|degranulation}}

{{term|deletion}}{{anchor|deletions}}

{{ghat|Denoted in shorthand with the symbol Δ.}}

{{term|demethylation}}{{anchor|demethylate|demethylates|demethylating|demethylated}}

{{term|denaturation}}{{anchor|denature|denatures|denatured|denaturing}}

{{term|deoxyadenosine}}

{{ghat|Abbreviated in shorthand with {{font|dA|font=courier|size=big}}.}}

{{term|deoxycytidine}}

{{ghat|Abbreviated in shorthand with {{font|dC|font=courier|size=big}}.}}

{{term|deoxyguanosine}}

{{ghat|Abbreviated in shorthand with {{font|dG|font=courier|size=big}}.}}

{{term|deoxyribonuclease (DNase)}}

{{term|deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)}}{{anchor|deoxyribonucleic acid|DNA}}

{{term|deoxyribonucleotide}}{{anchor|deoxyribonucleotides}}

{{term|deoxyribose}}

{{ghat|Also 2-deoxyribose.}}

File:The_difference_between_ribose_and_deoxyribose.png

{{term|deoxythymidine}}

{{term|dephosphorylation}}{{anchor|dephosphorylate|dephosphorylates|dephosphorylating|dephosphorylated}}

{{term|depurination}}

{{term|derivatization}}{{anchor|derivatize|derivatizes|derivatized|derivatizing}}

{{term|desmosome}}{{anchor|desmosomes}}

{{term|destination vector}}

{{term|desynapsis}}

{{term|developmental biology}}

{{term|diakinesis}}

{{term|dicentric}}

{{term|differentiation}}{{anchor|differentiate|differentiates|differentiating|differentiated}}

{{term|dimer}}{{anchor|dimers}}

{{term|dinucleotide}}{{anchor|dinucleotides}}

{{term|diploid}}

{{ghat|Denoted in shorthand with the somatic number 2n.}}

{{term|diplonema}}

{{ghat|Also diplotene stage.}}

{{term|direct repeat}}{{anchor|direct repeats}}

{{term|directionality}}{{anchor|direction|directions|5' to 3'|3' to 5'|5'-to-3'|3'-to-5'}}

{{term|disaccharide}}{{anchor|disaccharides}}

{{term|dispersive replication}}

{{term|dissimilatory process}}

{{term|distance measure}}

{{term|DNA}}

{{term|DNA barcoding}}

{{term|DNA condensation}}

{{term|DNA fingerprinting}}

{{term|DNA methylation}}

{{term|DNA microarray}}

{{term|DNA polymerase}}

{{term|DNA repair}}

{{term|DNA replication}}

File:Eukaryotic_DNA_replication.svg

{{term|DNA sequencing}}{{anchor|sequencing}}

{{term|DNA turnover}}

{{term|DNA-binding domain (DBD)}}

File:Transcription factors DNA binding sites.svg

{{term|DNA-binding protein (DBP)}}{{anchor|DNA-binding proteins}}

{{term|DNase}}

{{term|domain}}{{anchor|domains|protein domain|protein domains}}

{{term|donor vector}}

{{term|dosage compensation}}

{{term|double helix}}

File:DNA orbit animated.gif

{{term|double-strand break (DSB)}}{{anchor|double-strand breaks}}

{{term|double-stranded}}{{anchor|duplex}}

{{term|double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)}}{{anchor|dsRNA}}

{{term|double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)}}{{anchor|dsRNA}}

{{term|downregulation}}

{{ghat|Also repression or suppression.}}

{{term|downstream}}

{{term|dsDNA}}

{{term|dsRNA}}

{{term|duplex}}

{{term|duplication}}

{{term|dyad}}

{{term|dysplasia}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|eat-me signal}}

{{term|electron transport chain}}

{{term|electrophoresis}}{{anchor|electrophoretic|electrophoretically}}

{{term|electroporation}}

{{ghat|Also electropermeabilization.}}

{{term|elongation}}

{{ghat|Also extension.}}

{{term|elongation factor}}{{anchor|elongation factors}}

{{term|embryo}}{{anchor|embryos|embryonic}}

{{term|emergenesis}}

{{term|endocytosis}}

File:Endocytosis types.svg

{{term|endomembrane}}

{{term|endonuclease}}{{anchor|endonucleases}}

{{term|endoplasmic reticulum (ER)}}

{{term|endosome}}{{anchor|endosomes}}

{{term|enhancer}}{{anchor|enhancers}}

{{term|enhancer RNA (eRNA)}}

{{term|enucleate}}{{anchor|enucleates|enucleating|enucleated}}

{{term|envagination}}

{{term|enzyme}}{{anchor|enzymes|enzymatic}}

{{term|epigenetics}}{{anchor|epigenetic}}

{{term|epigenome}}

{{term|episome}}{{anchor|episomes|episomal}}

{{term|epistasis}}{{anchor|epistatic}}

{{term|epitope}}{{anchor|epitopes}}

{{ghat|Also antigenic determinant.}}

{{term|ergosome}}

{{term|euchromatin}}{{anchor|euchromatic}}

{{ghat|Also open chromatin.}}

{{term|euploidy}}

{{term|evolution}}

{{term|ex vivo}}

{{term|excision}}

{{term|exocytosis}}

{{term|exome}}

{{term|exon}}{{anchor|exons|exonic}}

{{term|exon skipping}}

{{term|exonuclease}}{{anchor|exonucleases}}

{{term|exosome}}

{{term|exosome complex}}

{{term|expression vector}}

{{ghat|Also expression construct.}}

File:pET28a-T7-lacO-GFP.svg (GFP). The vector also includes a gene for the lac repressor (lacI) and a gene conferring resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin (KanR), as well as various {{gli|glossary=Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)|promoters}} for driving the expression of these genes.]]

{{term|extein}}

{{term|extension}}

{{term|extracellular}}

{{term|extracellular matrix (ECM)}}{{anchor|extracellular matrix}}

{{ghat|Also intercellular matrix.}}

{{term|extrachromosomal DNA}}

{{ghat|Also extranuclear DNA and cytoplasmic DNA.}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|facilitated diffusion}}

{{term|facultative expression}}

{{term|fatty acid}}{{anchor|fatty acids}}

{{term|fermentation}}{{anchor|ferment|ferments|fermenting|fermented}}

{{term|filopodium}}{{anchor|filopodia}}

{{term|find-me signal}}

{{term|five-prime cap}}

{{term|five-prime end}}

{{term|five-prime untranslated region}}

{{term|fixation}}

{{term|fixative}}{{anchor|fixatives}}

{{term|flagellate}}

{{term|flagellum}}{{anchor|flagella}}

{{ghat|(pl.) flagella}}

{{term|fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)}}{{anchor|fluorescence in situ hybridization|FISH}}

{{term|forward genetics}}

{{term|forward mutation}}

{{term|frameshift mutation}}

{{term|freeze-drying}}

{{term|Functional Genomics Data (FGED) Society}}

{{ghat|Formerly known by the abbreviation MGED.}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|G banding}}

{{ghat|Also Giemsa banding or G-banding.}}

{{term|G1}}

{{term|G2}}

{{term|gamete}}{{anchor|gametes|gametic|gametic cell|gametic cells|gametogenesis}}

{{term|gametogenesis}}

{{term|GC content}}

{{term|gDNA}}

{{term|gene}}{{anchor|genes}}

{{term|gene cassette}}

{{term|gene dosage}}

{{term|gene duplication}}{{anchor|duplication|duplicate|duplicates|duplicated|duplicating}}

{{ghat|Also gene amplification.}}

{{term|gene expression}}{{anchor|express|expression|expressed|expressing}}

File:Gene structure eukaryote 2 annotated.svg

{{term|Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)}}

{{term|gene fusion}}

{{term|gene mapping}}

{{term|gene of interest (GOI)}}{{anchor|genes of interest}}

{{term|gene product}}{{anchor|gene products|products}}

{{term|gene regulation}}{{anchor|regulation|regulate|regulating|regulated|regulatory}}

{{term|gene silencing}}{{anchor|silencing}}

{{term|gene therapy}}

{{term|gene trapping}}

{{term|generation}}{{anchor|generations}}

{{term|genetic background}}{{anchor|genetic backgrounds}}

{{term|genetic code}}

{{term|genetic disorder}}{{anchor|genetic disorders}}

{{term|genetic distance}}

{{term|genetic engineering}}

{{ghat|Also genetic modification or genetic manipulation.}}

{{term|genetic marker}}{{anchor|genetic markers|marker|markers}}

{{term|genetic recombination}}

{{term|genetic redundancy}}

{{term|genetic regulatory network (GRN)}}

{{term|genetic testing}}

{{ghat|Also DNA testing or genetic screening.}}

{{term|genetically modified organism (GMO)}}

{{term|genetics}}

{{term|genome}}{{anchor|genomes|genomic}}

{{term|genome instability}}{{anchor|genomic instability}}

{{term|genome size}}

{{term|genome walking}}

{{ghat|Also chromosome walking.}}

{{term|genome-wide association study (GWAS)}}{{anchor|genome-wide association study|genome-wide association studies}}

{{term|genomic DNA (gDNA)}}

{{ghat|Also chromosomal DNA.}}

{{term|genomic imprinting}}

{{term|genomic island (GI)}}{{anchor|genomic island|genomic islands}}

{{term|genomics}}

{{term|genotoxicity}}

{{term|genotype}}{{anchor|genotypes}}

{{term|genotyping}}

{{term|germ cell}}{{anchor|germ cells}}

{{term|germ line}}

{{term|gigabase (Gb)}}{{anchor|gigabases|Gb|Gbp}}

{{term|glucogenic amino acid}}{{anchor|glucogenic amino acids}}

{{term|gluconeogenesis (GNG)}}{{anchor|gluconeogenesis}}

{{term|glucose}}

{{term|glycogen}}

{{term|glycogenolysis}}

{{term|glycolipid}}{{anchor|glycolipids}}

{{term|glycolysis}}

File:Glycolysis metabolic pathway 3 annotated.svg

{{term|glycoprotein}}{{anchor|glycoproteins}}

{{term|glycosidase}}

{{term|glycoside}}{{anchor|glycosides}}

{{term|glycosidic bond}}{{anchor|glycosidic bonds}}

{{term|glycosylation}}{{anchor|glycosylate|glycosylates|glycosylated|glycosylating}}

{{term|Goldberg-Hogness box}}

{{term|Golgi apparatus}}

{{term|gRNA}}

{{term|term=guanine|content=guanine ({{font|G|font=courier|size=large}})}}

{{term|guanine-cytosine content}}

{{ghat|Also abbreviated GC-content.}}

{{term|term=guanosine|content=guanosine ({{font|G|font=courier|size=large}}, Guo)}}

{{term|guide RNA (gRNA)}}

{{ghat|Also single guide RNA (sgRNA).}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|hairpin}}

{{term|haploid}}

{{ghat|Denoted in shorthand with the somatic number n.}}

{{term|Hayflick limit}}

{{term|helicase}}{{anchor|helicases}}

{{term|hemizygous}}

{{term|heredity}}{{anchor|inheritance|inherit|inherits|inherited}}

{{ghat|Also inheritance.}}

{{term|heterochromatin}}{{anchor|heterochromatic}}

{{term|heterochromosome}}

{{term|heterodimer}}{{anchor|heterodimers}}

{{term|heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)}}{{anchor|hnRNA|heterogeneous nuclear RNA}}

{{term|heterokaryon}}

{{term|heterologous expression}}

{{term|heterozygous}}{{anchor|heterozygote|heterozygosity}}

{{term|high-throughput}}

{{term|histology}}{{anchor|histological}}

{{term|histone}}{{anchor|histones}}

{{term|histone core}}

{{ghat|Also histone octamer and core particle.}}

{{term|histone modification}}{{anchor|histone modifications}}

{{term|histone variant}}

{{term|hnRNA}}

{{term|holocentric}}

{{term|homeobox}}{{anchor|homeoboxes}}

{{term|homeobox responsive element (HRE)}}{{anchor|homeodomain responsive element|homeobox responsive elements}}

{{ghat|Also homeodomain responsive element.}}

{{term|homeodomain}}{{anchor|homeodomains}}

{{term|homodimer}}{{anchor|homodimers}}

{{term|homologous chromosomes}}{{anchor|homologous chromosome|homolog|homologs}}

{{ghat|Also homologs or homologues.}}

{{term|homologous recombination}}

{{term|homozygous}}{{anchor|homozygote|homozygotes|homozygosity|homozygotic}}

{{term|horizontal gene transfer (HGT)}}

{{ghat|Also lateral gene transfer (LGT).}}

{{term|housekeeping gene}}{{anchor|housekeeping genes}}

{{term|Hox genes}}

{{term|Human Genome Project (HGP)}}

{{term|hyaloplasm}}

{{term|hybrid}}{{anchor|hybrids}}

{{term|hybridization}}

{{term|hybridization probe}}

{{term|hydrophilic}}

{{term|hydrophobic}}

{{ghat|Sometimes used interchangeably with lipophilic.}}

{{term|hypertonic}}

{{term|hypomorph}}

{{term|hypotonic}}

{{term|term=hypoxanthine|content=hypoxanthine ({{font|I|font=courier|size=large}})}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|idiochromosome}}

{{term|idiogram}}

{{ghat|Also ideogram.}}

{{term|idiomere}}

{{term|immortalization}}{{anchor|immortalize|immortalizes|immortalizing|immortalized}}

{{term|immunogenic}}

{{term|immunohistochemistry (IHC)}}{{anchor|immunohistochemistry}}

{{term|immunostaining}}

{{term|in silico}}

{{term|in situ}}

{{term|in situ hybridization (ISH)}}{{anchor|in situ hybridization|in situ hybridization}}

{{term|in vitro}}

{{term|in vivo}}

{{term|indel}}{{anchor|indels}}

{{term|inducer}}{{anchor|inducers}}

{{term|inducible gene}}

{{term|in-frame}}

{{term|inheritance}}

{{term|initiation codon}}

{{term|inosine}}

{{term|insertion}}{{anchor|insertional|inserted|inserting}}

{{term|insertion sequence (IS)}}{{anchor|insertion sequences|insert|inserts}}

{{ghat|Also insertion element or simply insert.}}

{{term|insertional mutagenesis}}

{{term|insulator}}

{{term|integral membrane protein (IMP)}}{{anchor|integral membrane protein|integral membrane proteins}}

{{ghat|Also intrinsic membrane protein.}}

{{term|integral monotopic protein}}{{anchor|integral monotopic proteins}}

{{term|integral polytopic protein}}{{anchor|integral polytopic proteins|transmembrane protein|transmembrane proteins}}

{{ghat|Also transmembrane protein.}}

{{term|integration}}

{{term|integron}}

{{term|intein}}

{{term|intercalating agent}}

{{term|intercalation}}{{anchor|intercalate|intercalates|intercalated}}

File:Doxorubicin–DNA complex 1D12.png {{gli|intercalated}} between the bases of a DNA molecule]]

{{term|intercellular}}

{{term|intercistronic region}}

{{term|intercross}}

{{term|intergenic region (IGR)}}

{{term|intergenic spacer (IGS)}}

{{term|interkinesis}}

{{ghat|Also interphase II.}}

{{term|internal ribosome entry site (IRES)}}

{{term|interphase}}

{{term|intracellular}}

{{term|intragenic region}}

{{term|intragenic suppression}}

{{term|intragenomic conflict}}

{{term|intrinsic membrane protein}}

{{term|intrinsically disordered protein (IDP)}}{{anchor|intrinsically disordered protein|intrinsically disordered proteins}}

{{term|intron}}{{anchor|introns|intronic}}

{{ghat|Also intragenic region.}}

{{term|intron intrusion}}

{{term|intron-mediated recombination}}

{{term|intronic gene}}

{{term|invagination}}

{{term|inverted repeat}}{{anchor|inverted repeats}}

{{term|ion channel}}{{anchor|ion channels}}

{{term|ionophore}}{{anchor|ionophores}}

{{term|isochore}}{{anchor|isochores}}

{{term|isochromosome}}

{{term|isomerase}}{{anchor|isomerases}}

{{term|isomeric genes}}

{{term|isotonic}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|jumping gene}}

{{term|junctional diversity}}

{{term|junk DNA}}

{{term|junk RNA}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|karyogram}}

{{term|karyokinesis}}

{{term|karyolymph}}

{{term|karyon}}

{{term|karyoplasm}}

{{term|karyopyknosis}}

{{term|karyorrhexis}}

{{term|karyosome}}

{{ghat|Also karyosphere.}}

{{term|karyotype}}{{anchor|karyotypes}}

File:NHGRI human male karyotype.png

{{term|ketogenesis}}

{{term|ketogenic amino acid}}{{anchor|ketogenic amino acids}}

{{term|ketolysis}}

{{term|kilobase (kb)}}{{anchor|kilobases|kb|kbp}}

{{term|kinase}}{{anchor|kinases}}

{{term|kinesis}}

{{term|kinetochore}}{{anchor|kinetochores}}

{{term|knob}}

{{term|knockdown (KD)}}{{anchor|knockdown|knockdowns}}

{{term|knockin (KI)}}{{anchor|knockin|knockins}}

{{term|knockout (KO)}}{{anchor|knockout|knockouts}}

{{term|Kozak consensus sequence}}

{{ghat|Also simply Kozak sequence.}}

{{term|Krebs cycle}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

{{glossary}}

{{term|labelling}}

{{ghat|Also tagging.}}

{{term|lagging strand}}

{{term|lampbrush chromosome}}

File:The electron microscope, its development, present performance and future possibilities (1948) (21020979030).jpg

{{term|lateral gene transfer (LGT)}}

{{term|leader sequence}}

{{term|leading strand}}

{{term|left splicing junction}}

{{ghat|Also donor splicing junction or donor splicing site.}}

{{term|leptonema}}

{{ghat|Also leptotene stage.}}

{{term|lethal mutation}}

{{term|leucine zipper (ZIP)}}{{anchor|leucine zippers}}

{{term|ligand}}{{anchor|ligands}}

{{term|ligase}}{{anchor|ligases}}

{{term|ligation}}{{anchor|ligations|ligate|ligates|ligated}}

{{term|linkage}}{{anchor|linked|unlinked}}

{{term|linker DNA}}

{{term|linking number}}

{{term|lipid}}{{anchor|lipids}}

{{term|lipid bilayer}}{{anchor|phospholipid bilayer|bilayer}}

{{ghat|Also phospholipid bilayer.}}

{{term|lipophilic}}

{{term|lncRNA}}

{{term|locus}}{{anchor|loci}}

{{ghat|Plural loci.}}

{{term|long arm}}{{anchor|long arms}}

{{ghat|Denoted in shorthand with the symbol q.}}

{{term|long interspersed nuclear element (LINE)}}

{{term|long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)}}

{{term|lyonization}}

{{term|lysis}}{{anchor|lytic|lysing|lysed}}

{{term|lysosome}}{{anchor|lysosomes}}

{{glossary end}}

{{Glossary of genetics ToC}}

• Introduction to genetics
• Outline of genetics
• Outline of cell biology
• Glossary of biology
• Glossary of chemistry
• Glossary of evolutionary biology

• {{#invoke:cite book||last=Budd |first=A. |title=Evolutionary Genomics |chapter=Introduction to Genome Biology: Features, Processes, and Structures |series=Methods in Molecular Biology |volume=855 |year=2012 |number=855 |pages=3–4|doi=10.1007/978-1-61779-582-4_1 |pmid=22407704 |isbn=978-1-61779-581-7 }}

• [https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Talking Glossary of Genomic and Genetic Terms]
• [https://www.swissbiopics.org/name/Animal_cell Interactive, labeled diagram of an animal cell from SwissBioPics]

{{Glossaries of science and engineering}}

{{MolBioGeneExp}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Genetics Glossary}}

*

Glossary

Genetics

Category:Molecular-biology-related lists

Category:Wikipedia glossaries using description lists