Grace Bank

Grace Bank's immediate surroundings were likely first settled by nomadic Paleo-Indians prior to the 8th millennium BC, during the Lithic period in Mesoamerica.{{sfn|Stemp|Awe|Helmke|2016|pp=71-72, 153-154}}{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=98}}{{sfn|Adams|Macleod|2000a|pp=45-46}}Paleo-indian projectile points have been recovered from Lowe Ranch, Sandhill, and Burrell Boom, all within seven miles of Grace Bank ({{harvnb|Stemp|Awe|Helmke|2016|p=72}}, {{harvnb|Stemp|Awe|Prufer|Helmke|2016|p=282}}, {{harvnb|Kelly|1993|p=206}}, {{harvnb|Google|2022}}). Mayan farmers founded permanent settlements in the area by the 2nd millennium BC, during the Archaic period in Mesoamerica.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=98, 154, 160}}{{sfn|Adams|Macleod|2000a|p=46}} By the 16th century, the region formed part of Dzuluinicob, a Postclassic Mayan state.{{sfn|Graham|2011|pp=32-33}}

{{see also|1543–1544 Pachecos entrada}}

Sixteenth century residents of the area first became aware of Spaniards in 1502, with the 30 July landing of Christopher Columbus in Guanaja.During 30 July–14 August of 1502, Columbus surveyed the coast of present-day Honduras from Guanaja to Trujillo. Alternatively, residents may have become aware of Spaniards after

1. the 1508 (start of July–end of December) arrival of Juan Díaz de Solís and Vicente Yáñez Pinzón to Lake Izabal ({{harvnb|Varela Marcos|2018a|loc=para. 8–16}}, {{harvnb|Varela Marcos|2018b|loc=para. 33–41}}, {{harvnb|Arranz Márquez|2018|loc=para. 12–20}}),
2. the 1511 (s.d.{{snd}}s.d.) arrival of Gonzalo Guerrero and his marooned shipmates to Cozumel {{harv|González Hernández|2018|loc=para. 4–5}}. On 8 December 1526, Francisco de Montejo was named adelantado of the Yucatán Peninsula (including the territory of {{lang|myn|Dzuluinicob}}).{{sfn|Chamberlain|1948|p=19}}{{sfn|García Bernal|2018|loc=thirteenth to fourteenth para}} The Spanish conquest reached the area in the third quarter of 1528, during Montejo's southern {{lang|es|entrada}}.{{sfn|Chamberlain|1948|pp=60-65}}{{sfn|Jones|1989|pp=26-28}} Said conquest lasted until the first or second quarter of 1544, upon Melchor and Alonso Pacheco's defeat of Chetumal and {{lang|myn|Dzuluinicob}}, and their subsequent founding of Bacalar.{{sfn|Chamberlain|1948|pp=232-236}}{{sfn|Vazquez Barke|2012|p=5}}{{sfn|Jones|1989|pp=5-6, 42, 45}} Some or most of the area's surviving residents were (forcibly) relocated to {{lang|es|reducción}} towns closer to Bacalar, and (forcibly) converted to Roman Catholicism.These {{lang|es|reducción}} towns were held in {{lang|es|encomiendas}} by Melchor Pacheco, Martín Rodríguez, Alonso Pacheco, Pedro de Avila, Alonso Hernández, Juan Farfán, and possibly Juan Pérez de Castañeda {{harv|Jones|1989|pp=44, 59}}. A {{lang|es|visita}} church was built in Tipu in 1543{{en dash}}1550 {{harv|Graham|2011|p=224}}. A second was built in Lamanai in {{circa|1544}}, 1544{{en dash}}1550, or in {{circa|1568}} ({{harvnb|Graham|2011|pp=231–232, 236–238}}, {{harvnb|Rushton|2014|p=48}}, {{harvnb|Mayfield|2015|p=20}}, {{harvnb|Pendergast|1993|pp=120–122}}), and a third (in Lamanai) in the 1560s or in {{circa|1568}} ({{harvnb|Graham|2011|pp=231–232, 236–238}}, {{harvnb|Rushton|2014|p=48}}, {{harvnb|Mayfield|2015|p=20}}). A Spanish plaza was erected in Tipu in 1568 {{harv|Graham|2011|p=228}}.

A secular parish was (belatedly) established at Bacalar in 1565 by Pedro de la Costa.{{sfn|Jones|1989|p=85}} In the latter three quarters of 1568, an {{lang|es|entrada}} and {{lang|es|reducción}} by Juan de Garzón and the {{lang|es|vecinos}} of Bacalar resulted in the further disintegration of Postclassic Mayan society in the area, thereby cementing Spanish dominion from Bacalar.{{sfn|Jones|1989|pp=47, 50-51}}{{sfn|Vazquez Barke|2012|p=58}}Franciscan frays Francisco de Benavides, Martín de Barrientos and Alonso Toral possibly accompanied the Garzón {{lang|es|entrada}} ({{harvnb|Graham|2011|p=160}}, {{harvnb|Jones|1989|p=85}}).

{{see also|1638 Tipu rebellion}}

Bacalar began to lose control over its district in {{circa|1615}}, as {{lang|es|alcaldes ordinarios}} were forced to re-establish {{lang|es|reducción}} towns near Tipu in 1615, to conduct a {{lang|es|visita}} in 1620.{{sfn|Jones|1989|pp=132, 192–193}}Juan Sánchez de Aguilar lead the 1615 {{lang|es|reducciones}} {{harv|Jones|1989|pp=132, 192–193}}, Juan Alonso Díaz de Aguilar the 1620 {{lang|es|visita}} {{harv|Jones|1989|p=193}}. In 1638, Tipu lead the area into general revolt against Bacalar, resulting in the collapse of Spanish power over the region by 1642, and the relocation of a majority of the area's residents to Tipu.{{sfn|Jones|1989|pp=189-191, 204-210}}{{sfn|López de Cogolludo|1688|loc=lib. 11 cap. 12}}{{sfn|Vazquez Barke|2012|p=50}}{{sfn|Cárdenas Valencia|1937|p=97}}{{sfn|Gerhard|1979|p=72}}{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=774}}Tipu's efforts were likely aided by the Peten Itza kingdom, and by repeated piratical raids of the Bacalar district ({{harvnb|Jones|1989|p=191}}, {{harvnb|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=774}}). Spanish dominion over the (nominal) district of Bacalar was not re-established until the second or third quarter of 1695, during a {{lang|es|visita}} by Francisco de Hariza y Arruyo ({{harvnb|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=774}}, {{harvnb|Jones|1989|pp=259-267}}, {{harvnb|Molina Solís|1910|p=350}}, {{harvnb|Graham|2011|pp=251–252}}).

{{see|Timeline of piracy in the Bay of Honduras}}

Pirates are first thought to have arrived near Grace Bank in 1617, during a raid of Bacalar by English pirates or privateers.{{sfn|Jones|1989|p=320|loc=item no. 19}}The raiders further abducted Pedro Rojo, Antonio Gómez, and three other {{lang|es|vecinos}} of Bacalar {{harv|Jones|1989|p=320}}. Bacalar was thrice more raided on 22 November 1642 ({{harvnb|Molina Solís|1910|p=138}}, {{harvnb|Jones|1989|pp=226—227}}, {{harvnb|Vazquez Barke|2012|p=112|loc=footnote no. 382}}), in June 1648 ({{harvnb|López de Cogolludo|1688|pp=714—717}}, {{harvnb|Molina Solís|1910|pp=176, 211—212}}), and on 29 May 1652 ({{harvnb|López de Cogolludo|1688|pp=749—752}}, {{harvnb|Vazquez Barke|2012|p=114|loc=footnote no. 390}}, {{harvnb|Reichert|2017|p=27}}, {{harvnb|Conover Blancas|2013|pp=50-51}}), resulting in its relocation first to Pacha, then to Chunhuhub {{harv|Gerhard|1979|p=70}}, until 1729, when it was resettled as a military outpost ({{harvnb|Gerhard|1979|pp=15, 71}}, {{harvnb|Vazquez Barke|2016|p=188}}, {{harvnb|Reichert|2017|p=29}}). In the 1630s, pirates were further attracted to the region by the increasing willingness of Spanish residents to trade with non-Spaniards, and the possibility of abducting Mayan residents for impressment or sale at non-Spanish slave markets.{{sfn|MacLeod|1973|pp=358-359, 462}}{{sfn|Zahedieh|1986|pp=216-217}}{{sfn|Obando Andrade|2016|pp=12-16}}{{sfn|García Paláez|1852|pp=122-126}}{{sfn|Bialuschewski|2017}}{{sfn|Bialuschewski|2020|p=239}}Pirates' enslavement of Amerindians is thought to have lasted until {{circa|1665}} {{harv|Bialuschewski|2020|p=239}}. Belize City is thought to have been settled in 1638, by a crew of shipwrecked buccaneers.{{sfn|anon.|1829|p=40}}{{sfn|Avery|1900|p=333}}{{sfn|Bristowe|Wright|1888|p=23}}{{sfn|Swayne|1917|p=162}}These buccaneers are further thought to have been led by Peter Wallace ({{harvnb|Craig|1969|p=55}}, {{harvnb|Curry|1956|p=32}}, {{harvnb|Donohoe|1964|pp=27-28}}, {{harvnb|Gibbs|1883|pp=21-22}}, {{harvnb|Griffith|Alford|Bolland|2022|loc=third para}}, {{harvnb|Kinsbruner|Langer|2008|loc=first para}}, {{harvnb|Waight|2022|loc=second to fourth para}}). The details of this story are debated (see eg {{harvnb|Carillo y Ancona|1878|pp=260-261}}, {{harvnb|Asturias|1925|pp=8-9}}, {{harvnb|Finamore|1994|pp=21-24}}, {{harvnb|Ancona|1877|pp=5-8}}, {{harvnb|Ancona|1878|p=373-374}}, {{harvnb|Bulmer-Thomas|Bulmer-Thomas|2016}}, {{harvnb|Humphreys|1961|p=1}}).

In the 1540s, Marcos de Ayala Trujeque, a {{lang|es|vecino}} of Merida, is thought to have pioneered the use of logwood dyes in the Old World.{{sfn|McJunkin|1991|pp=88-90, 104-107}} The early buccaneer settlers (now Baymen) turned to logging logwood in the 1650s, when they are thought to have settled Grace Bank (then Barcadares).{{sfnm|1a1=Finamore|1y=1994|1p=21|2a1=Molina Solís|2y=1910|2pp=249-250, 265—267|3a1=Calderón Quijano|3y=1944|3pp=42, 45, 64|4a1=Gerhard|4y=1979|4pp=50-53|5a1=Dampier|5y=1700|5pp=45-47, 53|5loc=in second part|6a1=Zahedieh|6y=1986|6pp=215-216|7a1=Aliphat Fernández|7a2=Caso Barrera|7y=2013|7pp=858–861|8a1=Vazquez Barke|8y=2016|8pp=118, 145|9a1=Zahedieh|9y=1990|p=155|10a1=Joseph|10y=1980|pp=71-74|11a1=Botella-Ordinas|11y=2010|11p=144|12a1=anon.|12y=1732d|13a1=Sloane|13y=1707|12pp=lxxxii–lxxxiii|14a1=Sainsbury|14y=1889|14loc=items nos. 823-826|15a1=Ancona|15y=1878|15p=371|16a1=Sainsbury|16a2=Fortescue|16y=1896|16loc=item no. 129}}The use of logwood dyes in England was prohibited sometime during 21 March 1580{{snd}}20 March 1581, per 23 Eliz. 1 ch. 9 {{harv|Raithby|1819a|p=671}}. The prohibition was strengthened in 1597, per 39 Eliz. 1 ch. 11 {{harv|Raithby|1819a|pp=911-912}}. It was loosened on 29 February 1620 {{harv|Green|1858|loc=vol. 112}}, and finally lifted sometime during 7 January 1662{{snd}}3 May 1662, per 14 Chas. 2 ch. 11 ({{harvnb|Raithby|1819b|pp=393-400}}, {{harvnb|Green|1861|loc=vol. 54 no. 12}}).

Barcadares's settlers opened conflict against Bacalar on 29 May 1652, when they are thought to have lead or been involved in that {{lang|es|villa}}'s sacking.{{sfn|López de Cogolludo|1688|pp=749-752}}{{sfn|Vazquez Barke|2012|p=114|loc=footnote no. 390}}In addition to {{en dash}}

1. the November 1652 raids of Mayan {{lang|es|reducción}} settlements on the New River ({{harvnb|Jones|1989|p=231|loc=footnotes nos. 38-40}}, {{harvnb|Reichert|2017|p=27}}, {{harvnb|Conover Blancas|2013|pp=50-51}}),
2. the 23 October 1654 interruption of an {{lang|es|entrada}} by Francisco Pérez of Bacalar {{harv|Jones|1989|p=231|loc=footnotes nos. 38-40}},
3. the 1660s sacking of Bacalar-in-Pacha ({{harvnb|Gerhard|1979|p=70}}, {{harvnb|Jones|1989|p=334|loc=item no. 10}}),
4. (possibly) the August 1677 interruption (by Bartholomew Sharpe) of a {{lang|es|misión}} by Franciscan fray Joseph Delgado ({{harvnb|Bialuschewski|2017|pp=52—53}}, {{harvnb|García Paláez|1852|pp=127–129}}). Spanish Yucatan retaliated during 16 November 1694{{snds}}28 February 1695 with a paramilitary campaign against the Baymen's camps and settlements, thereby presaging over a century of Anglo-Spanish conflict that would eventually lead to the relocation of Barcadares.{{sfn|Molina Solís|1910|p=356}}{{sfn|Vazquez Barke|2012|p=107|loc=footnote no. 367}} This campaign lead to the first (of many) evacuations of the Baymen's settlements.{{sfn|Molina Solís|1910|p=356}}{{sfn|Vazquez Barke|2012|p=107|loc=footnote no. 367}}With similar evacuations occurring in {{en dash}}
5. start of January 1700{{snds}}end of June 1703, occasioned by three paramilitary campaigns by Spanish Yucatan ({{harvnb|anon.|1701}}, {{harvnb|Calderón Quijano|1944|p=69|loc=footnote no. 1}}, {{harvnb|Molina Solís|1910|pp=9—10}}, {{harvnb|Jones|1989|p=334|loc=item no. 8}}, {{harvnb|Vazquez Barke|2016|pp=145, 171}}),
6. start of May 1729{{snds}}20 October 1735, occasioned by an infantry campaign by Spanish Yucatan ({{harvnb|anon.|1732b}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1732d}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1732a}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1732e}}, {{harvnb|Vazquez Barke|2012|p=124}}),
7. 3 June 1747{{snds}}prior to end of January 1748, occasioned by a Spanish campaign {{harv|Burdon|1931|p=74}},
8. 9 January 1752{{snds}}prior to mid-February 1752, occasioned by Spanish privateers or {{lang|es|guardacostas}} ({{harvnb|anon.|1752a}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1752b}}, {{harvnb|Burdon|1931|p=78}}),
9. start of May 1753{{snds}}end of May 1753, occasioned by Spanish privateers or {{lang|es|guardacostas}} {{harv|anon.|1753}},
10. 18 June 1754{{snds}}12 April 1755, occasioned (first) by a Spanish infantry campaign and (later) by a Spanish naval campaign ({{harvnb|anon.|1754a}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1754b}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1754c}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1754d}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1754e}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1755a}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1755b}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1755c}}, {{harvnb|Burdon|1931|pp=80-84}}, {{harvnb|Vazquez Barke|2016|pp=151, 178, 187}}),
11. {{circa|10 November 1758}}{{snds}}prior to 20 July 1759, occasioned by Spanish privateers or {{lang|es|guardacostas}} ({{harvnb|anon.|1759a}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1759b}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1759c}}),
12. start of May 1760{{snds}}end of April 1763, occasioned by a naval campaign by Spanish Yucatan ({{harvnb|Calderón Quijano|1944|pp=193, 200}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1760c}}). Spanish Yucatan also tightened its control of the waters off the Belize River beginning on 2 November 1705 with the arrival of privateers or {{lang|es|guardacostas}} Archibaldo Magdonel de Narión and Francisco Joseph Jiménez with 30 men aboard two {{lang|es|goletas}}.{{sfn|Vazquez Barke|2016|p=173}}

The final campaign against Barcadares occurred on 25 December 1759, when 150 Spaniards aboard a 'great number' of {{lang|es|periaguas}} landed in the port of Belize. This coup de grâce resulted in the imprisonment of a number of Baymen, the seizure of several loaded flats, the burning of Barcadares and nearby logging camps, and a nearly three-year evacuation of all settlements (in favour of the safer Mosquito Shore).{{sfn|Calderón Quijano|1944|pp=193, 200}}{{sfn|anon.|1760c}}Though in 1759, Baymen and the merchant shipping had been repeatedly harassed by Spanish privateers or {{lang|es|guardacostas}} ({{harvnb|anon.|1760a}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1759d}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1759e}}, {{harvnb|anon.|1760b}}).

Grace Bank is not known to have been settled by Mayans.{{sfn|Hausman|2013}}The closest (known) Mayan settlements are New Boston (four miles due east) and Boom (six miles due south) ({{harvnb|Hausman|2013}}, {{harvnb|Google|2022}}). The closest Classic Mayan city-states are Altun Ha (eight miles northeast), Lamanai (18 miles northwest), and Camalote (39 miles southwest) ({{harvnb|Hausman|2013}}, {{harvnb|Google|2022}}). The area is thought to have formed part of Dzuluinicob from the 10th or 12th century to {{circa|1544}}.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=98, 569, 613}}{{sfn|Roys|1957|p=3}}{{sfn|Demarest|Rice|Rice|2004|pp=531–533, 537–542}}Based in Tipu, 60 miles southwest ({{harvnb|Hausman|2013}}, {{harvnb|Google|2022}}). It was a {{lang|la|de jure}} part of the {{lang|es|municipio}} or district of Bacalar, in Yucatan, a province of New Spain, until 15 September 1821.Based in Bacalar, 71 miles due north {{harv|Google|2022}}. It was a {{lang|la|de facto}} part of the English settlement in the Bay of Honduras from the 1650s to 11 February 1862, and thereafter a {{lang|la|de jure}} and {{lang|la|de facto}} part of British Honduras. It is presently part of the Belize District of Belize.

Grace Bank lies on the northern bank of the Belize River, near its confluence with Francisco Creek, some eight or nine miles inland (as the crow flies) from the Caribbean Sea. It is 33 miles up the river, past Davis Bank, just before Lime Walk. It lies just south of Jones Lagoon, and west of Potts Creek Lagoon.{{sfn|Google|2022}}

Grace Bank has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with a May{{snds}}November wet and a December{{snds}}April dry season.

{{expand section|date=April 2022}}

{{expand section|date=April 2022}}

Grace Bank is currently part of the Belize Rural South constituency, and is represented in Parliament by Marconi Leal MP.

{{expand section|date=April 2022}}

{{expand section|date=April 2022}}

{{expand section|date=April 2022}}

{{reflist|group=note}}

{{reflist}}

== References ==

{{sfn whitelist |CITEREFGoogle2022}}

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| volume =

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| page = 4

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| url-access = subscription

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| url-access = subscription

| magazine = London Evening Post

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| url-access = subscription

| magazine = Boston Evening-Post

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| publisher = Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill

| volume =

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| page = 4

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| title = Extract of a Letter from the Bay of Honduras, Nov. 19

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| url-access = subscription

| magazine = Boston Evening-Post

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| publisher = Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill

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| page = 2

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| url-access = subscription

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| publisher = Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill

| volume =

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| last = anon.

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| date = 11 June 1759c

| title = Extract of a Letter from the Bay of Honduras, April 23

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| url-access = subscription

| magazine = Boston Evening-Post

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| publisher = Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill

| volume =

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| url-access = subscription

| magazine = New-York Mercury

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| publisher = Printed by Hugh Gaine at the Bible & Crown in Hanover-Square

| volume =

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| url-access = subscription

| magazine = New-York Mercury

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| publisher = Printed by Hugh Gaine at the Bible & Crown in Hanover-Square

| volume =

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| page = 3

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| date = 11 February 1760a

| title = Extract of a Letter from an Inhabitant at the Bay of Honduras, to His Friend at Jamaica

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| url-access = subscription

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| volume =

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| url-access = subscription

| magazine = Boston Evening-Post

| location = Boston, MA

| publisher = Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill

| volume =

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| url-access = subscription

| magazine = New-York Mercury

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| publisher = Printed by Hugh Gaine at the Bible & Crown in Hanover-Square

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1. {{cite journal

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|last2=Caso Barrera

|first2=Laura

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|url= https://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/index.php/RHM/article/view/174

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|journal= Historia Mexicana

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}}

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|jstor= 197063

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|last1= Bialuschewski

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|title= Slaves of the Buccaneers: Mayas in Captivity in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century

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|journal= Ethnohistory

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1. {{cite journal

|last1= Bialuschewski

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|title= Juan Gallardo: A Native American Buccaneer

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|journal= Hispanic American Historical Review

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1. {{cite journal

|last1= Botella-Ordinas

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|title= DEBATING EMPIRES, INVENTING EMPIRES: British Territorial Claims Against the Spaniards in America, 1670—1714

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1. {{cite journal

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|title= El orígen de Belice

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|journal= Boletín de la Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística de la República Mexicana

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}}

1. {{cite journal

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|date= April 1969

|title= Logwood as a Factor in the Settlement of British Honduras

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|issue= 1

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1. {{cite journal

|last1= Curry

|first1= Herbert F. Jr.

|date= July 1956

|title= British Honduras: From Public Meeting to Crown Colony

|jstor= 979212

|journal= The Americas

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|issue= 1

|pages= 31–42

|doi= 10.2307/979212

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1. {{cite journal

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|series=

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1. {{cite journal

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|date= 1993

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|issue= 2

|pages= 205–227

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1. {{cite journal

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1. {{cite journal

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1. {{cite journal

|last1= Reichert

|first1=Rafal

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|title= El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII

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1. {{cite journal

|last1=Stemp

|first1=W. James

|last2=Awe

|first2=Jaime J.

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|journal=PaleoAmerica

|date=7 April 2016

|volume=2

|issue=1

|pages=70–73

|doi=10.1179/2055557115Y.0000000009

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1. {{cite journal

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|last2=Awe

|first2=Jaime J.

|last4=Helmke

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|last3=Prufer

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|title=Design and Function of Lowe and Sawmill Points from the Preceramic Period of Belize

|journal=Latin American Antiquity

|date=September 2016

|volume=27

|issue=3

|pages=279–299

|doi=10.7183/1045-6635.27.3.279

|s2cid=163979743

|url=https://www-cambridge-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity/article/design-and-function-of-lowe-and-sawmill-points-from-the-preceramic-period-of-belize/05BD16BC6788922ADEDABF7EA1DF4783

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1. {{cite journal

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|last3=Brown

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|last5=Helmke

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|last6=Wrobel

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|last7=Yaeger

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|title=FOUR PRECERAMIC POINTS NEWLY DISCOVERED IN BELIZE: A COMMENT ON STEMP ET AL. (2016:279–299)

|journal=Latin American Antiquity

|date=June 2018

|volume=29

|issue=2

|pages=394–397

|doi=10.1017/laq.2017.82

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1. {{cite journal

|last1= Swayne

|first1= Eric

|date= September 1917

|title= British Honduras

|jstor= 1779904

|journal= The Geographical Journal

|volume= 50

|issue= 3

|pages= 161–175

|doi= 10.2307/1779904

|bibcode= 1917GeogJ..50..161S

|url=http://ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1779904

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1. {{cite journal

|last1= Zahedieh

|first1= Nuala

|author-link=Nuala Zahedieh

|date= 1986

|title= Trade, Plunder, and Economic Development in Early English Jamaica, 1655-89

|jstor= 2596150

|journal= Economic History Review

|series=

|volume= 39

|issue= 2

|pages= 205–222

|doi= 10.2307/2596150

|url=http://ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2596150

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1. {{cite journal

|last1= Zahedieh

|first1= Nuala

|author-link=Nuala Zahedieh

|date= 1990

|title= A Frugal, Prudential and Hopeful Trade'. Privateering in Jamaica, 1655–89

|jstor=

|journal= Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

|series=

|volume= 18

|issue= 2

|pages= 145–168

|oclc= 5652203548

|doi=10.1080/03086539008582813

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1. {{cite thesis

|last= Antczak

|first= Konrad Andrzej

|date= 2017

|title= Entangled by Salt: Historical Archaeology of Seafarers and Things in the Venezuelan Caribbean, 1624-1880

|type= PhD

|publisher= College of William and Mary

|place= Williamsburg, Virg.

|oclc=

|url= https://www.proquest.com/docview/1927470821

|id= {{ProQuest|1927470821}}

|url-access=subscription

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last= Bolland

|first= Orlando Nigel

|date= 1975

|title= The formation of a colonial society : Belize, from conquest to Crown Colony

|type= PhD

|publisher= University of Hull

|place= Kingston upon Hull, Eng.

|oclc=

|url= http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:7151

|url-access=

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last= Breuer

|first= Kimberley Henke

|date= 1993

|title= Colonies of happenstance: The english settlements in central america, 1525-1787

|type= MA

|publisher= University of Texas

|place=Arlington, Tex.

|oclc= 35313362

|url= https://www.proquest.com/docview/230667983

|id= {{ProQuest|230667983}}

|url-access=subscription

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last= Coakley

|first= John A.

|date=2014

|title= Agents of Colony And Crown: The Politics of Sea Raiding in English Jamaica, 1655-1701

|type= PhD

|publisher= University of Wisconsin

|place= Madison, Wis.

|oclc=

|url= https://www.proquest.com/docview/2075580540

|id= {{ProQuest|2075580540}}

|url-access=subscription

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last1=Conover Blancas

|first1=Carlos

|date=2013

|type=MA

|title=Llave y custodia de esta provincia : el presidio de San Felipe Bacalar ante los asentamientos británicos del sur - oriente de la Península de Yucatán (1779 - 1798)

|publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

|place=Mexico City

|url=https://ru.dgb.unam.mx/handle/DGB_UNAM/TES01000696603

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last= Finamore

|first= Daniel Robert

|date= 1994

|title= Sailors and slaves on the wood-cutting frontier: archaeology of the British Bay settlement, Belize

|type= PhD

|publisher= University of Boston

|place=Boston, Mass.

|oclc= 33382653

|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304114781

|id= {{ProQuest|304114781}}

|url-access=subscription

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last= Genkins

|first= Daniel

|date= 10 August 2018

|title= Entangled Empires: Anglo-Spanish Competition in the Seventeenth-Century Caribbean

|type= PhD

|publisher= Vanderbilt University

|place= Nashville, Tenn.

|oclc= 1103506045

|url= https://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/etd-07192018-205429

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last= Marcus

|first= Linda C.

|date=1990

|title= English influence on Belize and the Peten region of northern Guatemala, 1630 to 1763

|type= PhD

|publisher= Southern Methodist University

|place= University Park, Tex.

|oclc=

|url= https://www.proquest.com/docview/303887067

|id= {{ProQuest|303887067}}

|url-access=subscription

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last= Mayfield

|first= Tracie D.

|date=2015

|title= The nineteenth-century British plantation settlement at Lamanai, Belize (1837-1868)

|type= PhD

|publisher= University of Arizona

|place= Tucson, Ariz.

|oclc=

|url= https://www.proquest.com/docview/1734464295

|id= {{ProQuest|1734464295}}

|url-access=subscription

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last= McJunkin

|first= David Morgan

|date= 1991

|title= Logwood: An inquiry into the historical biogeography of Haematoxylum campechianum L. and related dyewoods of the neotropics

|type= PhD

|publisher= University of California

|place= Los Angeles, Cal.

|oclc= 24057056

|url= https://www.proquest.com/docview/303932948

|id= {{ProQuest|303932948}}

|url-access=subscription

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last= Morandi

|first= Steven J.

|date= 2010

|title= Xibun Maya: The archaeology of an early Spanish colonial frontier in southeastern Yucatán

|type= PhD

|publisher= Boston University

|place= Boston, Mass.

|oclc=

|url= https://www.proquest.com/docview/305184024

|id= {{ProQuest|305184024}}

|url-access=subscription

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last= Pitt

|first= Steven John James

|date= 2015

|title= City upon the Atlantic tides: Merchants, pirates, and the seafaring community of Boston, 1689-1748

|type= PhD

|publisher= University of Pittsburgh

|place= Pittsburgh, Penn.

|oclc=

|url= https://www.proquest.com/docview/1749035480

|id= {{ProQuest|1749035480}}

|url-access=subscription

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last= Rushton

|first= Elizabeth A. C.

|date= 2014

|title= 'Under the shade I flourish' : an environmental history of northern Belize over the last three thousand five hundred years

|type= PhD

|publisher= University of Nottingham

|place= Nottingham, Eng.

|oclc=

|url= http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27615/

|url-access=

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last1=Vazquez Barke

|first1=Gabriela

|date=August 2012

|type=MA

|title=BACALAR EN EL SIGLO XVII: colonización y resistencia

|publisher=Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social

|place=Merida, Yuc.

|url=http://ciesas.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/handle/1015/761

}}

1. {{cite thesis

|last1=Vazquez Barke

|first1=Gabriela

|date=2016

|type=PhD

|title=Los poderes y los hombres

|publisher=Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social

|place=Merida, Yuc.

|url=http://ciesas.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/handle/1015/336

}}

1. {{cite book

|last= anon.

|title= The Honduras almanack, for the year of our Lord 1829 ... : Calculated to the meridian of Belize

|date= 1829

|publisher= Published by Authority of the Legislative Assembly

|location= Belize

|hdl= 2027/nnc1.cu56617763

|edition= 1st

|url= https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc1.cu56617763

|oclc= 682190774

}}

1. {{cite book

|editor1-last=Adams

|editor1-first=Richard E. W.

|editor2-last=Macleod

|editor2-first=Murdo J.

|title=Mesoamerica

|series=The Cambridge history of the native peoples of the Americas

|volume=2 Pt. 1

|edition=1st

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|url=https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1017/CHOL9780521351652

|url-access=subscription

|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521351652

|date=2000a

|place=Cambridge

|isbn=9781139053778

|s2cid=163512332

}}

1. {{cite book

|editor1-last=Adams

|editor1-first=Richard E. W.

|editor2-last=Macleod

|editor2-first=Murdo J.

|title=Mesoamerica

|series=The Cambridge history of the native peoples of the Americas

|volume=2 Pt. 2

|edition=1st

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

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}}

1. {{cite book

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1. {{cite book

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}}

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1. {{cite book |last=Burdon |first=John Alder |title=Archives of British Honduras |volume=1 |date=1931 |publisher=Sifton, Praed & Co. |location=London |edition=1st |hdl= |url= |oclc=3046003}}
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}}

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1. {{Google maps

|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Grace+Bank,+Belize/@17.6507527,-88.417201,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x8f5c4202d2f41c67:0xc9d90b4a29de66a0!8m2!3d17.6507538!4d-88.3996914

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|date=2022

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1. {{cite book

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|date =

|year =22 February 2013

|url =

|scale =

|series =

|version =

|cartography =

|publisher =Conservation Biology Institute

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|id =

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1. {{cite encyclopedia

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1. {{cite book

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1. {{cite book

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1. {{cite book |last1=Roys |first1=Ralph L. |title=The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya |date=1957 |publisher=Carnegie Institution of Washington |location=Washington, DC |edition=1st |series=Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication |volume=613}}
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1. {{cite book

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1. {{cite book

|last1=Sloane

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|title= A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica, with the natural history of the Herbs and Trees, Four-Footed Beasts, Fishes, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, &c. of the last of those islands; to which is prefix'd an introduction, wherein is an account of the inhabitants, air, waters, diseases, trade, &c. of that Place, with some Relations concerning the Neighbouring Continent, and Islands of America. Illustrated with the figures of the things describ'd, which have not been heretofore engraved; In large Copper-Plates as big as the Life.

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1. {{cite web

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1. {{cite web

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1. {{cite web

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}}

{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Populated places in Belize District

Category:Belize Rural North