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Graphidales

{{Short description|Order of lichen-forming fungi}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Graphidaceae (10.3897-mycokeys.21.11986) Figure 2.jpg

| image_caption = A–B Pallidogramme chrysenteron, formerly Phaeographina fukiensis. C–D Sarcographa glyphiza, formerly Graphis glyphiza. Scale bars = 1 mm

| taxon = Graphidales

| authority = Hazlinszky, F.A. (1884)Hazlinszky, F.A. 1884. A Magyar Birodalom Zuzmo-Flórája. Budapest: Kiadja A K. M. Temezsettüdományi tärsulat. v–viii + 1–304.

| subdivision_ranks = Families

| subdivision =

}}

Graphidales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 6 families, about 81 genera and about 2,228 species. Family Graphidaceae are the largest crustose family within Graphidales order comprising more than 2000 species, which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.{{cite journal |last1=Biju |first1=H. |last2=Sabeena |first2=A. |last3=Nayaka |first3=S. |title=New records of Graphidaceae (lichenized fungi) from the Western Ghats of Kerala state, India |journal=Studies in Fungi |date=2021 |volume=6 |issue=14 |pages=213–223 |doi=10.5943/sif/6/1/14|s2cid=245159359 |doi-access=free }}

History

The Graphidales were introduced in a 1884 publication by Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky in Magyar Birodalom Zuzmó-Flórája on page 216 as family Graphideae. In 1907, they were established as an order by American botanist Bessey (1845–1915),{{cite journal |last1=Bessey |first1=C.E |title=A synopsis of plant phyla |journal=Nebraska University Studies |date=1907 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=275–373}}{{cite web |title=Graphidales Bessey 1907 – Biota of NZ |url=https://biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz/scientific-names/cd6a12cc-65f3-472f-84bc-ed9c7c54c149 |website=biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz |access-date=3 April 2023}}{{cite web |title=Shroomers – Graphidales |url=https://www.shroomers.app/eng/mushroom/graphidales |website=www.shroomers.app |access-date=3 April 2023 |language=en-us}}

When the order was introduced, it contained just two families, the Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae who were both mainly tropical based and each family had about 800–1000 species.{{cite book |last1=Aptroot |first1=A. |last2=Kärnefelt |first2=I. |last3=Tibell |first3=L. |title=Ascomycete Systematics |date=1994 |publisher=Springer |location=Boston, MA. |pages=393–396 |chapter=Caliciales, Graphidales, and Teloschistales}}

Sherwood in 1977 proposed to maintain a distinction between the Graphidales with mostly lichenised members and the Ostropales which included

mostly non-lichenised fungi, based on different spore septation types.{{cite journal |last1=Sherwood |first1=M.A. |title=The Ostropalean fungi. |journal=Mycotaxon |date=1977 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=169}}

Molecular data by Winka et al. in 1998, supported a close relationship between the two groups of species.{{cite journal |last1=Winka |first1=K. |last2=Ahlberg |first2=C. |last3=Eriksson |first3=O.E. |title=Are there lichenized Ostropales? |journal=Lichenologist |date=1998 |volume=30 |issue=4–5 |pages=455–462|doi=10.1006/lich.1998.0142 |s2cid=86821905 }}B. Hock (Editor) {{google books|RSrsCAAAQBAJ|Fungal Associations (2013)|page=202}}

The Graphidales were then included in the Ostropales order (Lecanoromycetes) for a long time (Staiger 2002;{{cite journal |last1=Staiger |first1=B. |title=Die Flechtenfamilie Graphidaceae: Studien in Richtungeiner natürlicheren Gliederung. |journal=Biblioth. Lichenol. |date=2002 |volume=85 |pages=1–526}} Kalb et al. 2004;{{cite journal |last1=Kalb |first1=Klaus |last2=Staiger |first2=B. |last3=Elix |first3=John |title=A monograph of the lichen genus Diorygma – A first attempt |journal=Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses |date=January 2004 |volume=34 |pages=133–181}} Hibbett et al. 2007;{{cite journal |last1=Hibbett |first1=David |last2=Binder |first2=M. |last3=Bischoff |first3=Joseph F. |last4=Blackwell |first4=Meredith |last5=Cannon |first5=Paul |last6=Eriksson |first6=Ove |last7=Huhndorf |first7=S.M. |last8=James |first8=Tanetta |last9=Kirk |first9=Paul M. |last10=Lücking |first10=Robert |title=A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi |journal=Mycological Research |date=November 2006 |volume=111 |issue=5}} Lumbsch et al. 2007;{{cite journal|last=Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. |date=December 2007 |title=Outline of Ascomycota – 2007 |journal=Myconet |volume=13 |pages=1–58 |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |publisher=The Field Museum, Department of Botany |location=Chicago, USA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318003134/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |archive-date=18 March 2009 }} Kirk et al. 2008;{{cite book |last1=Kirk |first1=P.M. |last2=Cannon |first2=P.F. |last3=Minter |first3=D.W. |last4=Stalpers |first4=J.A. |title=Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi. |date=2008 |publisher=CABI Europe |location=UK |pages=1–771 |edition=10}} Baloch et al. 2010;{{cite journal |last1=Baloch |first1=Elisabeth |last2=Lücking |first2=Robert |last3=Lumbsch |first3=Thorsten |last4=Wedin |first4=Mats |title=Major clades and phylogenetic relationships between lichenized and non‐lichenized lineages in Ostropales (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes) |journal=Taxon |date=October 2010 |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=1483–1494 |doi=10.1002/tax.595013}} Rivas Plata and Lumbsch 2011;{{cite journal |last1=Rivas Plata |first1=E. |last2=Lumbsch |first2=H.T. |title=Parallel evolution and phenotypic disparity in lichenized fungi: a case study in the lichen-forming fungal family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes: Ostropales). |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=2011 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=45–63 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.025|pmid=21605691 }} Rivas Plata et al. 2012;{{cite journal |last1=Rivas Plata |first1=E. |last2=Lumbsch |first2=H.T. |last3=Lücking |first3=R. |title=A new classification for the lichen family Graphidaceae s. lat. (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes: Ostropales). |journal=Fungal Diversity |date=2012 |volume=52 |pages=107–121 |doi=10.1007/s13225-011-0135-8|s2cid=256067459 }} Lumbsch et al. 2014;{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H.T. |last2=Huhndorf |first2=S.M. |title=Myconet volume 14. Part one. Outline of Ascomycota—2009. |journal=Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences |date=2010 |volume=1 |pages=1–42 |doi=10.3158/1557.1|s2cid=86529508 }} Lücking et al. 2017;{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=R |last2=Hodkinson |first2=B.P. |last3=Leavitt |first3=S.D. |title=The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota - approaching one thousand genera. |journal=Bryologist |date=2017 |volume=119 |issue=4 |pages=361–416 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361|s2cid=90258634 }} Wijayawardene et al. 2018).{{cite journal |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=N.N. |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin D. |last3=Lumbsch |first3=H. Thorsten |last4=Liu |first4=J.K. |last5=Maharachchikumbura |first5=S.S.N. |last6=Ekanayaka |first6=A.H. |last7=Tian |first7=Q. |last8=Phookamsak |first8=R. |title=Outline of Ascomycota: 2017. |journal=Fungal Diversity |date=2018 |volume=88 |pages=167–263 |doi=10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8|s2cid=256066125 }}

In 2004, the phylogenetic relationships of class Lecanoromycetes were examined by using mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing which found that orders Graphidales and Ostropales were monophyletic.{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H. Thorsten |last2=Schmitt |first2=Imke |last3=Palice |first3=Zdenek |last4=Wiklund |first4=Elisabeth |last5=Ekman |first5=Stefan |last6=Wedin |first6=Mats |title=Supraordinal phylogenetic relationships of Lecanoromycetes based on a Bayesian analysis of combined nuclear and mitochondrial sequences |journal=Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. |date=June 2004 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=822–32 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.001|pmid=15120381 }}

Using molecular data (partial DNA sequencing) in 2012, it was also shown that Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae were non-monophyletic and consequently Thelotremataceae was included in Graphidaceae as a synonym.{{cite journal |last1=Mangold |first1=A. |last2=Martín |first2=M.P. |last3=Lücking |first3=R. |last4=Lumbsch |first4=H.T. |title=Molecular phylogeny suggests synonymy of Thelotremataceae within Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales). |journal=Taxon |date=2008 |volume=57 |pages=476–486}} Graphidaceae also included subfamilies Fissurinoideae and Graphidoideae.{{cite journal |last1=Plata |first1=Eimy Rivas |last2=Parnmen |first2=Sittiporn |last3=Staiger |first3=Bettina |last4=Mangold |first4=Armin |last5=Frisch |first5=Andreas |last6=Weerakoon |first6=Gothamie |last7=Hernández |first7=Jesús E. M. |last8=Cáceres |first8=Marcela E. S. |last9=Kalb |first9=Klaus |last10=Sipman |first10=Harrie J. M. |last11=Common |first11=Ralph S. |last12=Nelsen |first12=Matthew P. |last13=Lücking |first13=Robert |last14=Lumbsch |first14=H. Thorsten |title=A molecular phylogeny of Graphidaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ostropales) including 428 species |journal=MycoKeys |date=23 April 2013 |volume=6 |pages=55–94 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.6.3482|doi-access=free }}{{cite book |editor-last1=Frey |editor-first1=Wolfgang |last1=Jaklitsch |first1=Walter |last2=Baral |first2=Hans-Otto |last3=Lücking |first3=Robert |author-link4=Helge Thorsten Lumbsch |last4=Lumbsch |first4=H. Thorsten |title=Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien |publisher=Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers |publication-place=Berlin Stuttgart |volume=1/2 |year=2016 |edition=13 |isbn=978-3-443-01089-8 |oclc=429208213 |page=141}}

However, Kraichak et al. in 2018,{{cite journal |last1=Kraichak |first1=Ekaphan |last2=Huang |first2=Jen-Pan |last3=Nelsen |first3=Matthew |last4=Leavitt |first4=Steven D. |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach. |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2018 |volume=188 |pages=233–249 |doi=10.1093/botlinnean/boy060}} ranked Graphidales as a separate order based on a temporal approach, and accepted five families;

Diploschistaceae, Fissurinaceae, Gomphillaceae, Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae.{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Jen-Pan |last2=Kraichak |first2=Ekaphan |last3=Leavitt |first3=Steven D. |last4=Nelsen |first4=Matthew P. |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=Accelerated diversifications in three diverse families of morphologically complex lichen-forming fungi link to major historical events |journal=Sci. Rep. |date=2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=8518 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44881-1 |pmid=31253825|pmc=6599062 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.8518H }}{{cite journal |last1=Behera |first1=Prashant Kumar |last2=Nayaka |first2=Sanjeeva |title=New Distributional Records to Lichen Biota of Assam, India |journal=Indian Forester |date=April 2021 |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=400–404 |doi=10.36808/if/2021/v147i4/152523|s2cid=247340504 }} Wijayawardene et al. 2020 agreed but also added family Redonographaceae to the order, Other authors have agreed on the use of reinstated order of Graphidales.{{cite journal |last1=Xavier-Leite |first1=Amanda Barreto |last2=da Silva Cáceres |first2=Marcel Eugenia |last3=Aptroot |first3=André |last4=Moncada |first4=Bibiana |last5=Lücking |first5=Robert |last6=Goto |first6=Bruno Tomio |title=Phylogenetic revision of the lichenized family Gomphillaceae (Ascomycota: Graphidales) suggests post-K–Pg boundary diversification and phylogenetic signal in asexual reproductive structures |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=March 2022 |volume=168 |page=107380 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107380|pmid=34999241 }}{{cite journal |last1=Jia |first1=Ze-Feng |last2=Li |first2=Min |last3=Fu |first3=Yu-Ru |last4=Pu |first4=Jing |title=Notes on lichenized fungi of chroodiscoid Thelotremataceae from China |journal=Mycotaxon |date=October–December 2021 |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=831–840 |doi=10.5248/136.831|s2cid=246928530 |doi-access=free }}

Description

Most species in the order are lichens which have a thallus (vegetative tissue) which is crustose and ascocarps (fruiting body) which are apothecioid (cup-shaped).Michael Allaby (Editor) {{google books|wzZGQOmcjqAC| A Dictionary of Plant Sciences (2012)|page=224}}{{cite web |last1=Chethana |first1=Thilini |title=Odontotrematales – Facesoffungi number: FoF 13852 |url=https://www.facesoffungi.org/odontotrematales/ |website=Faces Of Fungi |access-date=7 April 2023 |date=31 May 2022}}

The Graphidaceae are mostly epiphytic lichens with trentepohlioid photobiont (i.e., filamentous, multicellular green algae from genus Trentepohlia),R. S. Mehrotra and K. R. Aneja {{google books|UUorj_O2dcsC|An Introduction to Mycology (1990)|page=723}} and graphidoid, distoseptate (forming a layer) ascospores.{{cite web |title=Home {{!}} Graphidaceae collections |url=https://graphidaceae.fieldmuseum.org/ |website=graphidaceae.fieldmuseum.org |access-date=7 February 2023}}{{cite journal |last1=Jaklitsch |first1=W.M. |last2=Gardiennet |first2=A. |last3=Voglmayr |first3=H. |title=Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: Acrocordiella, Basiseptospora, Blogiascospora, Clypeosphaeria, Hymenopleella, Lepteutypa, Pseudapiospora, Requienella, Seiridium and Strickeria. |journal=Persoonia – Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi |date=2016 |volume=37 |pages=82‑105 |doi=10.3767/003158516X690475|pmid=28100927 |pmc=5238940 }}

Family Gomphillaceae was originally based on a single species, Gomphillus calycioides (Watson, 1929), which is an unusual taxon growing over bryophytes.{{cite journal |last1=Xavier-Leite |first1=Amanda Barreto |last2=Cáceres |first2=Marcela Eugenia da Silva b |last3=Aptroot |first3=André |last4=Moncada |first4=Bibiana |last5=Lücking |first5=Robert |last6=Goto |first6=Bruno Tomio |title=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Phylogenetic revision of the lichenized family Gomphillaceae (Ascomycota: Graphidales) suggests post-K–Pg boundary diversification and phylogenetic signal in asexual reproductive structures |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=March 2022 |volume=168 |page=107380 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107380|pmid=34999241 }}

It includes a common asexual fungus Lawreya glyphidiphila (Teratosphaeriaceae family) which is described as growing on lichenized fungi Glyphis scyphulifera (Graphidaceae family).

Distribution

They are mainly found in warmer regions living on bark. Genera in the order of Graphidales has been found worldwide,{{cite web |title=Graphidales |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/10835964 |website=www.gbif.org |access-date=4 February 2023 |language=en}} from North America (including Florida,{{cite journal |last1=Diederich |first1=Paul |last2=Common |first2=Ralph S. |last3=Braun |first3=Uwe |last4=Heuchert |first4=Bettina |last5=Millanes |first5=Ana |last6=Suija |first6=Ave |last7=Ertz |first7=Damien |title=Lichenicolous fungi from Florida growing on Graphidales |journal=Plant and Fungal Systematics |date=2019 |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=249–282 |doi=10.2478/pfs-2019-0021|s2cid=210075819 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Seavey |first1=F. |last2=Seavey |first2=J. |title=The lichen genus Graphis (Graphidaceae) in Everglades National Park (Florida) |journal=The Bryologist |date=2011 |volume=114 |issue=4 |pages=764–784|doi=10.1639/0007-2745-114.4.764 |s2cid=84133253 }}), South America (including Venezuela,{{cite journal |last1=Neuwirth |first1=Gerhard |last2=Lücking |first2=Robert |title=A new species of Graphis (Graphidaceae) from Venezuela |journal=The Lichenologist |date=May 2009 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=271–274 |doi=10.1017/S0024282909008354|s2cid=85864543 }} Costa Rica,{{cite web |title=Provisional determination keys for the Graphidales of Costa Rica |url=https://archive.bgbm.org/BGBM/STAFF/Wiss/Sipman/Zschackia/Diorygma/intro.htm |access-date=4 February 2023}} and Guianas,H.J.M. Sipman, (1994), New Graphidales (lichenized Ascomycotina) from the Guianas and nearby areas. Studies on the flora of the Guianas no 79. Acta Bot. Fenn. 150: 165–172), Africa (including Kenya,{{cite journal |last1=Kirika |first1=P. |last2=Mugambi |first2=G. |last3=Lücking |first3=R |last4=Lumbsch |first4=H.T. |title=New records of lichen-forming fungi from Kenya. |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |date=2012 |volume=101 |pages=73–98 |doi=10.2982/028.101.0105|s2cid=83697926 }} and South Africa,{{cite journal |last1=Medeiros |first1=Ian D. |last2=Lutzoni |first2=François |title=Contribution to a modern treatment of Graphidaceae biodiversity in South Africa: genera of tribe Graphideae with hyaline ascospores |journal=The Lichenologist |date=29 November 2022 |volume=54 |issue=5 (African Lichenology) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=253–270 |doi=10.1017/S0024282922000263|s2cid=254045115 |doi-access=free }}), Asia (including China,Xue Shu, Ke Wei. (2023). A new species of the lichen genus Diploschistes from China. 41. 1932-1940. Vietnam,{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=Santosh |last2=Jayalal |first2=Udeni |last3=Oh |first3=Soon-Ok |last4=Nguyen |first4=Thi Thuy |last5=Dzung |first5=Nguyen Anh |last6=Hur |first6=Jae-Seoun |title=The lichen genus Graphis from Vietnam |journal=Mycotaxon |date=July–September 2013 |volume=125 |pages=69–80 |doi=10.5248/125.69}} Sri Lanka,{{cite journal |last1=Weerakoon |first1=Gothamie |last2=Wijeyaratne |first2=S. Chandrani |last3=Wolseley |first3=Patricia A. |last4=Plata |first4=Eimy Rivas |last5=Lücking |first5=Robert |last6=Lumbsch |first6=H. Thorsten |title=Six new species of Graphidaceae from Sri Lanka |journal=The Bryologist |date=2012 |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=74–83 |publisher=The American Bryological and Lichenological Society|doi=10.1639/0007-2745-115.1.74 |s2cid=86732398 }} India,{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=P. |last2=Singh |first2=K.P. |title=New combinations and synonyms in Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) from India. |journal=Lichenologist |date=2020 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=251–256 |doi=10.1017/S0024282920000043|s2cid=225946151 }} and Thailand,{{cite journal |last1=Papong |first1=Khwanruan Butsatorn |last2=Mangold |first2=Armin |last3=Lücking |first3=Robert |last4=Lumbsch |first4=H. Thorsten |title=New species and new records of thelotremoid Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales) from Thailand |journal=Phytotaxa |date=19 December 2014 |volume=189 |issue=1 |page=232 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.16}}) Australia,{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H.T. |last2=Mangold |first2=A. |last3=Martín |first3=M.P. |last4=Elix |first4=J.A. |title=Species recognition and phylogeny of Thelotrema species in Australia (Ostropales, Ascomycota). |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |date=2008 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=217–227 |doi=10.1071/SB07049|hdl=1885/39183 |s2cid=86591896 |hdl-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Archer |first1=A.W. |title=Graphidaceae. |journal=Flora of Australia |date=2009 |volume=57 |pages=84–194}} and also New Zealand.David J. Galloway {{google books|w_REAAAAYAAJ|Checklist of New Zealand Lichens, (DSIR Land Resources, 1992)|page=17}}

Species of family Gomphillaceae are found in north-eastern Brazil, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama and Cuba.

Families and genera

This is a list of the families and genera contained within the Graphidales, based on a 2020 review and summary of ascomycete classification.{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=LKT |last3=Al-Ani |first4=S |last4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free|hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free }} Following the taxon name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and (for genera) the number or estimated number of species:

=[[Diploschistaceae]] {{Au|Zahlbr}} (1905)=

{{div col}}

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=[[Fissurinaceae]] {{Au|(Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch) B.P. Hodk.}} (2012)=

{{div col}}

{{div col end}}

=[[Gomphillaceae]] {{Au|Walt. Watson}} (1984)=

{{div col}}

  • Actinoplaca {{Au|Müll. Arg.}} (2)
  • Aderkomyces {{Au|Bat.}} (30)
  • Aplanocalenia {{Au|Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda}} (1)
  • Arthotheliopsis {{Au|Vain.}} (5)
  • Asterothyrium {{Au|Müll. Arg.}} (32)
  • Aulaxina {{Au|Fée}} (14)
  • Calenia {{Au|Müll. Arg.}} (30)
  • Caleniopsis {{Au|Vězda & Poelt}} (2)
  • Cladosterigma {{Au|(Speg.) Höhn. (1920)}} (1){{cite journal |last1=Guterres |first1=Debora Cervieri |last2=dos Santos |first2=Maria do Desterro Mendes |last3=Fernandes da Silva |first3=Rildo Alexandre |last4=Souza |first4=Erica Santos do Carmo |last5=Soares |first5=William Rosa Oliveira |last6=Pinho |first6=Danilo Batista |title=Cladosterigma: an enigmatic fungus, previously considered a basidiomycete, now revealed as an ascomycete member of the Gomphillaceae |journal=Mycologia |date=9 June 2020 |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=829–846 |doi=10.1080/00275514.2020.1781501|pmid=32684107 |s2cid=220655235 }}
  • Corticifraga {{Au|D. Hawksw. & R. Sant.}} (9)
  • Diploschistella {{Au|Vain.}} (4)
  • Echinoplaca {{Au|Fée}} (40)
  • Ferraroa {{Au|Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda}} (1)
  • Gomphillus {{Au|Nyl.}} (6)
  • Gyalectidium {{Au|Müll. Arg.}} (52)
  • Gyalidea {{Au|Lettau}} (50)
  • Gyalideopsis {{Au|Vězda}} (91)
  • Hippocrepidea {{Au|Sérus.}} (1)
  • Jamesiella {{Au|Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda}} (4)
  • Lithogyalideopsis {{Au|Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda}} (4)
  • Paragyalideopsis {{Au|Etayo}} (4)
  • Paratricharia {{Au|Lücking}} (1)
  • Phyllogyalidea {{Au|Lücking & Aptroot}} (2)
  • Psorotheciopsis {{Au|Rehm}} (7)
  • Rolueckia {{Au|Papong, Thammath. & Boonpr.}} (3)
  • Taitaia {{Au|Suija, Kaasalainen, Kirika & Rikkinen}} (1)
  • Tricharia {{Au|Fée}} (ca. 30)

{{div col end}}

=[[Graphidaceae]] {{Au|Dumort.}} (1822)=

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=[[Redonographaceae]] {{Au|(Lücking, Tehler & Lumbsch) Lumbsch}} (2020)=

=[[Thelotremataceae]] {{Au|Stizenb.}} (1862)=

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References

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Category:Graphidales

Category:Ascomycota orders

Category:Taxa described in 1884