Great albatross

{{Automatic taxobox

| name = Great albatross

| fossil_range = Early Pliocene to present

| image = {{Css Image Crop|Image = SGI-2016-South Georgia (Prion Island)–Wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) 03.jpg

|bSize = 1000|cWidth = 250|cHeight = 210|oTop = 250|oLeft = 380|Location = center}}

| image_caption = Snowy albatross (Diomedea exulans)

| taxon = Diomedea

| authority = Linnaeus, 1758

| type_species = Diomedea exulans

| type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758

}}

The great albatrosses are seabirds in the genus Diomedea in the albatross family. The genus Diomedea formerly included all albatrosses except the sooty albatrosses, but in 1996 the genus was split, with the mollymawks and the North Pacific albatrosses both being elevated to separate genera.

The great albatrosses themselves form two species complexes, the wandering and Amsterdam albatrosses, and the royal albatrosses. The splitting of the great albatrosses into six or seven species has been accepted by most, though not all, authorities.

Description

The snowy albatross and the southern royal albatross are the largest of the albatrosses and are among the largest of flying birds. They have the largest wingspans of any bird, being up to {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} from tip to tip, although the average is a little over {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Large adult males of these two species may exceed {{convert|11|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in weight, as heavy as a large swan.

File:Diomedea (great albatross) heads.jpg

The great albatrosses are predominantly white in plumage as adults, with birds becoming whiter as they age. The two royal albatrosses at all ages and the larger, older male snowy albatrosses are totally white-bodied, while adult females and younger animals of the other species have dark pencilling marks on the edges of their feathers. Generally the smaller species or subspecies and the juveniles have more dark brown colour. The recently discovered Amsterdam albatross retains the dark brown plumage of juvenile birds into adulthood.

Habitat and range

The great albatrosses range across the Southern Ocean, and nest (for the most part) on isolated oceanic islands. The snowy albatrosses nest on islands around the Southern Ocean, from the Atlantic Ocean (South Georgia and Tristan da Cunha), to the Indian Ocean and New Zealand's Subantarctic islands. The royal albatrosses nest only on New Zealand's Subantarctic islands, with one unusual colony on New Zealand's Otago Peninsula.

Taxonomy

The genus Diomedea was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=132 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727037 }} The genus name is from Greek mythology. When the hero Diomedes died his companions were turned into white seabirds.{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=136 }} The type species was designated as the snowy albatross (Diomedea exulans) by George Robert Gray in 1840.{{ cite book | last=Gray | first=George Robert | author-link=George Robert Gray | year=1840 | title=A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus | location=London | publisher=R. and J.E. Taylor | page=78 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668995 }}{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=48 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108688 }}

=Species=

The genus contains six species:{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Petrels, albatrosses | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/petrels/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=12 August 2021 }}

{{Species table |genus= Diomedea |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |species-count=six|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row

|name=southern royal albatross |binomial=Diomedea epomophora

|image=File:Royal albatross - otago peninsula - dunedin - new zealand (45162089584).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Lesson |authority-year=1825 |authority-not-original=

|range= Campbell Island, Adams Island and Auckland Island in the Auckland Islands

|range-image=File:Diomedea epomophora - distribution map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

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|iucn-status=VU

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}}

{{Species table/row

|name= northern royal albatross|binomial=Diomedea sanfordi

|image=File:Northern Royal Albatross (25370929234).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Murphy |authority-year=1917 |authority-not-original=

|range= Chatham Islands (Forty-fours Island, Big Sister Island, and Little Sister Island), Enderby Island in the Auckland Islands

|range-image=

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

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|iucn-status= EN

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{{Species table/row

|name= wandering albatross|binomial=Diomedea exulans

|image=File:Diomedea exulans -Southern Ocean, Drakes Passage -flying-8.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=

|range= South Georgia Island, Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Prince Edward Islands, and Macquarie Island

|range-image=File:Diomedea exulans map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= VU

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{{Species table/row

|name=Antipodean albatross |binomial=Diomedea antipodensis

|image=File:Gibson's Albatross 0A2A4153.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Robertson & Warham |authority-year=1992 |authority-not-original=

|range= Auckland Islands, Antipodes Islands and Campbell Island

|range-image=

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= EN

|population=

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|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on

|D. a. antipodensis

|D. a. gibsoni

}}

{{Species table/row

|name= Tristan albatross|binomial=Diomedea dabbenena

|image=File:Tristan Albatross (1).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Mathews |authority-year=1929 |authority-not-original=

|range= Gough Island

|range-image=

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status=CR

|population=

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{{Species table/row

|name=Amsterdam albatross |binomial=Diomedea amsterdamensis

|image=File:2021-03 Amsterdam Island - Amsterdam albatross 33.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Roux, JP, Jouventin, Mougin, Stahl & Weimerskirch|authority-year= 1983 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= Amsterdam Island

|range-image=

|range-image-size=180px

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|iucn-status= EN

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Fossils

The earliest known fossils of the genus are from the Middle Miocene, about 12–15 mya. By that time, the genera Phoebastria and Diomedea had already diverged.

Fossil species

Diomedea milleri (Round Mountain Silt Middle Miocene of Sharktooth Hill and possibly Astoria Middle Miocene of Oregon, US)
Diomedea sp. (Late Miocene of Valdez Peninsula, Antarctica)
Diomedea sp. (Early Pliocene of South Africa)
Diomedea sp. (Early Pliocene of Bone Valley, Florida, US)
Diomedea thyridata Wilkinson, 1969 (Upper Miocene, Beaumaris Bay Fossil Site, Australia) [http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/D/Diomedea_thyridata/default.asp Diomedea thyridata] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314012907/http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/D/Diomedea_thyridata/default.asp |date=2012-03-14 }}. zipcodezoo.com[https://web.archive.org/web/20070923041201/http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/vic/Beaumaris/BeaumarisBayFossilSite/14771 Beaumaris Bay Fossil Site, Beaumaris, VIC Profile]. aussieheritage.com.au

At least four species were found in the Early Pliocene deposits of Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina in the US. These may in part be identical with the forms mentioned above. Assignment of the undescribed taxa to Diomedea is tentative since most of them were discovered before the splitting of this genus. Especially the Southern Hemisphere species probably belong to other genera.

Great albatross

Description

Habitat and range

Taxonomy

=Species=

Fossils

See also

Further reading