Greater Binanderean languages#Evolution

There is evidence that settlements of people speaking Oceanic languages along the Binanderean coast were gradually absorbed into inland communities speaking Binanderean languages (Bradshaw 2017). For instance, the SOV word order of Papuan Tip languages is due to Binanderean influence.Bradshaw, Joel (2017). Evidence of contact between Binanderean and Oceanic languages. Oceanic Linguistics 56:395–414.

Korafe displays significant influence from Oceanic languages. Meanwhile, Maisin, spoken in Oro Province, is an Oceanic language with very heavy Binanderean influence and shows characteristics typical of mixed languages.

Spoken in Morobe Province, Guhu-Samane is divergent, which may be due to extensive historical contact with Oceanic languages such as Numbami.

Greater Binanderean consists of the Guhu-Samane language and the Binanderean languages proper.

Smallhorn (2011:444) provides the following classification:

• Greater Binanderean
• Guhu-Samane
• Binanderean
• Yekora
• North Binanderean
• Suena
• Zia
• Nuclear Binanderean
• Binandere
• South Binanderean
• Orokaivic
• Aeka (Northern Orokaiva)
• Orokaiva
• Hunjara (Mountain Orokaiva)
• Coastal Binanderean
• Notu-Yega (Ewage)
• Gaena-Korafe
• Baruga

However, South Binanderean and Nuclear Binanderean are non-genealogical linkages.

Usher (2020), who calls the Binanderean languages proper "Oro" after Oro Province, classifies them very similarly, apart from not reproducing the non-cladistic linkages:[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/oro-wharton-range/guhu-oro/oro New Guinea World – Guhu-Oro]

• Guhu–Oro (= Greater Binanderean)
• Guhu-Samane
• Oro (= Binanderean)
• Binandere
• Yekora
• Ewage-Notu
• Suena–Zia (= North Binanderean)
• Suena
• Zia
• Central Oro (= Orokaivic)
• Aeka
• Orokaiva
• Hunjara
• Southeast Oro (= Coastal Binanderean, minus Ewage-Notu)
• Baruga
• Gaina–Korafe
• Gaina
• Korafe-Yegha

Smallhorn (2011:3) provides population figures for the following Binanderean languages.

• Guhu-Samane: 12,800
• Suena: 3,000
• Yekora: 1,000
• Zia: 3,000
• Mawae: 943
• Binandere: 7,000 (including Ambasi)
• Aeka: 3,400
• Orokaiva: 24,000
• Hunjara: 8,770
• Notu: 12,900 (including Yega)
• Gaena: 1,410
• Baruga: 2,230
• Doghoro: 270
• Korafe: 3,630

;Total: about 80,000

Ross (2005) reconstructs both independent pronouns and verbal person prefixes:

:

Only 1sg continues the Trans-New Guinea set.

The following selected reconstructions of Proto-Binanderean and other lower-level reconstructions are from the Trans-New Guinea database:{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/ |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016 |access-date=2020-11-05 |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401023545/http://transnewguinea.org/ |url-status=live }}

:

{{see also|Binandere language#Evolution}}

Greater Binanderean reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:{{cite book |last1=Pawley |first1=Andrew |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Trans New Guinea family |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=21–196 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}

Binandere language:

• {{Transliteration|bhg|birigi}} ‘lightning’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|(m,mb)elak}}
• {{Transliteration|bhg|mendo}} ‘nose’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|m(i,u)undu}}
• {{Transliteration|bhg|mundu}} ‘kidney, testicles’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|mundun}} ‘internal organs’
• {{Transliteration|bhg|(gisi)-moka}} ‘eye’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|(kiti)-maŋgV}}
• {{Transliteration|bhg|mu}} ‘sap’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|muk}} ‘sap, milk’
• {{Transliteration|bhg|ami}} ‘breast’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|amu}}
• {{Transliteration|bhg|kopuru}} ‘head’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|kV(mb,p)(i,u)tu}}
• {{Transliteration|bhg|ji}} ‘teeth’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|(s,)ti(s,t)i}} ‘tooth’
• {{Transliteration|bhg|kosiwa}} ‘spittle’, {{Transliteration|bhg|kosiwa ari}}- ‘to spit’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|kasipa tV-}} ‘to spit’
• {{Transliteration|bhg|afa}} ‘father’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|apa}}
• {{Transliteration|bhg|embo}} ‘man’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|ambi}}
• {{Transliteration|bhg|izi}} ‘tree’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|inda}}
• {{Transliteration|bhg|ganuma}} ‘stone’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|ka[na]m(a,u)una}}
• {{Transliteration|bhg|tumba}} ‘darkness’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|k(i,u)tuma}} ‘night’
• {{Transliteration|bhg|biriga}} ‘lightning’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|(m,mb)elak}} ‘(fire)light’
• {{Transliteration|bhg|(aßa)-raka}} ‘fire’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|la(ŋg,k)a}} ‘ashes’
• {{Transliteration|bhg|ni}} ‘bird’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|n[e]i}}
• {{Transliteration|bhg|na-}} ‘eat, drink’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|na-}}
• {{Transliteration|bhg|put-}} ‘to blow’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|pu}} + verb
• {{Transliteration|bhg|tupo}} ‘short’ < *{{Transliteration|bhg|italic=no|tu(p,mb)a[C]}}

Korafe language:

• {{Transliteration|kpr|munju}} ‘egg’ < *{{Transliteration|kpr|italic=no|mundun}} ‘internal organs’
• {{Transliteration|kpr|soso}} ‘urine’ < *{{Transliteration|kpr|italic=no|sisi}}
• {{Transliteration|kpr|aßa-raka}} ‘burning stick’ < *{{Transliteration|kpr|italic=no|la(ŋg,k)a}} ‘ashes’
• {{Transliteration|kpr|mut-}} ‘give’ < *{{Transliteration|kpr|italic=no|mV-}}
• {{Transliteration|kpr|niŋg-}} ‘hear, understand’ < *{{Transliteration|kpr|italic=no|nVŋg-}} ‘know’

Suena language:

• {{Transliteration|sue|boga-masa}} ‘destitute’ < *{{Transliteration|sue|italic=no|mbeŋga-masi}} ‘orphan, widow and child’
• {{Transliteration|sue|mia}} ‘mother’ < *{{Transliteration|sue|italic=no|am(a,i)}}
• {{Transliteration|sue|tumou}} ‘night’ < *{{Transliteration|sue|italic=no|k(i,u)tuma}}
• {{Transliteration|sue|ma}} ‘taro’ < *{{Transliteration|sue|italic=no|mV}}
• {{Transliteration|sue|asi}} ‘netbag’ < *{{Transliteration|sue|italic=no|at(i,u)}}

Yega language:

• {{Transliteration|nou|kari}} ‘ear’ < *{{Transliteration|nou|italic=no|kand(e,i)k(V]}}

Like the Koiarian languages, Binanderean languages only allow for open syllables and do not allow final CVC.{{rp|87}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Malcolm Ross Pronouns}}
• Smallhorn, Jacinta Mary (2011). The Binanderean languages of Papua New Guinea: reconstruction and subgrouping. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

{{refend}}

• [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-binandere Proto-Binandere]. TransNewGuinea.org. From Smallhorn, J. 2011. The Binanderean languages of Papua New Guinea: reconstruction and subgrouping. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
• [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-nuclear-binandere Proto-Nuclear-Binandere]. TransNewGuinea.org. From Smallhorn, J. 2011. The Binanderean languages of Papua New Guinea: reconstruction and subgrouping. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
• [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-north-binandere Proto-North-Binandere]. TransNewGuinea.org. From Smallhorn, J. 2011. The Binanderean languages of Papua New Guinea: reconstruction and subgrouping. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
• [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-south-binandere Proto-South-Binandere]. TransNewGuinea.org. From Smallhorn, J. 2011. The Binanderean languages of Papua New Guinea: reconstruction and subgrouping. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
• [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-orokaiva Proto-Orokaiva]. TransNewGuinea.org. From Smallhorn, J. 2011. The Binanderean languages of Papua New Guinea: reconstruction and subgrouping. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
• [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-coastal-binandere Proto-Coastal-Binandere]. TransNewGuinea.org. From Smallhorn, J. 2011. The Binanderean languages of Papua New Guinea: reconstruction and subgrouping. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
• [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-baruga Proto-Baruga]. TransNewGuinea.org. From Smallhorn, J. 2011. The Binanderean languages of Papua New Guinea: reconstruction and subgrouping. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
• Wilson, D. "The Binandere Language Family". In Capell, A., Healey, A. and Wilson, D. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 9. A-18:65-86. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1969. {{doi|10.15144/PL-A18.65}}

• Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/oro-wharton-range/guhu-oro Guhu–Oro]
• [http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/PNG/binandere.html Doregari Kotopu] Anglican Holy Communion in Binandere, digitized by Richard Mammana and Charles Wohlers
• [http://mammana.org/bcp/binandere1959/ Benunu tepo ae sakrament da kandoari ae ekalesia da jimbo nenei ainda book England da ekalesia da jimbo ango] (1959) Book of Common Prayer digitized by Richard Mammana
• King, Copland. 1927. Grammar and Dictionary of the Binandere Language, Mamba River, North Division, Papua. Sydney: D.S. Ford. [http://www.sil.org/pacific/png/abstract.asp?id=599]

{{Trans–New Guinea languages}}

{{Papuan languages}}

{{Languages of Papua New Guinea}}

Category:Binanderean–Goilalan languages

Category:Languages of Oro Province