Green hydrogen

Most commonly,{{Cite journal |last1=Squadrito |first1=Gaetano |last2=Maggio |first2=Gaetano |last3=Nicita |first3=Agatino |date=2023-11-01 |title=The green hydrogen revolution |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=216 |pages=119041 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2023.119041 |issn=0960-1481|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023REne..21619041S }} green hydrogen is defined as hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water, using renewable electricity.{{Cite web |last=Deign |first=Jason |date=2020-06-29 |title=So, What Exactly Is Green Hydrogen? |url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/green-hydrogen-explained |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323195427/https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/green-hydrogen-explained |archive-date=2022-03-23 |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=Greentechmedia}}{{Cite web |date=June 2021 |title=The role of hydrogen and ammonia in meeting the net zero challenge |url=https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/climate-change-science-solutions/climate-science-solutions-hydrogen-ammonia.pdf |website=The Royal Society}} In this article, the term green hydrogen is used with this meaning.

Precise definitions sometimes add other criteria. The global Green Hydrogen Standard defines green hydrogen as "hydrogen produced through the electrolysis of water with 100% or near 100% renewable energy with close to zero greenhouse gas emissions."{{Cite web |last=Gupte |first=Eklavya |date=2023-07-11 |title=Several deals focused on carbon, hydrogen signed at climate finance forum |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/071123-several-deals-focused-on-carbon-hydrogen-signed-at-climate-finance-forum |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=www.spglobal.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=The GH2 Green Hydrogen Standard |url=http://gh2.org/our-initiatives/gh2-green-hydrogen-standard |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Green Hydrogen Organisation |language=en}}

A broader, less-used definition of green hydrogen also includes hydrogen produced through various other methods that produce relatively low emissions and meet other sustainability criteria. For example, these production methods may involve nuclear energy or biomass feedstocks.{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=November 2023 |title=Carbon Neutral Fuels and Chemicals from Standalone Biomass Refineries |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i2/B1845113223.pdf |access-date=29 December 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=2|pages=1–8 |doi=10.54105/ijee.B1845.113223 |s2cid=265385618}}{{Cite journal |last1=Velazquez Abad |first1=Anthony |last2=Dodds |first2=Paul E. |date=2020-03-01 |title=Green hydrogen characterisation initiatives: Definitions, standards, guarantees of origin, and challenges |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421520300586 |journal=Energy Policy |volume=138 |pages=111300 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111300 |bibcode=2020EnPol.13811300V |s2cid=212782998 |issn=0301-4215}}

{{See also|High-temperature electrolysis|High-pressure electrolysis}}

Hydrogen can be produced from water by electrolysis. Electrolysis powered by renewable energy is carbon neutral. The business consortium Hydrogen Council said that, as of December 2023, manufacturers are preparing for a green hydrogen expansion by building out the electrolyzer pipeline by 35 percent to meet the needs of more than 1,400 announced projects. {{cite web |title=Electrolyzers |url=https://hydrogencouncil.com/en/hydrogen-project-pipeline-grows-by-35-since-january-2023/ |website=Hydrogen Council|date=12 December 2023 }}

Biochar-assisted water electrolysis (BAWE) reduces energy consumption by replacing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with the biochar oxidation reaction (BOR). An electrolyte dissolves the biochar as the reaction proceeds. A 2024 study claimed that the reaction was 6x more efficient than conventional electrolysis, operating at <1 V, without {{chem2|O2}} production using ~250 mA/gcat {{chem2|H2}} current at 100% Faradaic efficiency. The process could be driven by small-scale solar or wind power.{{Cite journal |last1=Kani |first1=Nishithan C. |last2=Chauhan |first2=Rohit |last3=Olusegun |first3=Samuel A. |last4=Sharan |first4=Ishwar |last5=Katiyar |first5=Anag |last6=House |first6=David W. |last7=Lee |first7=Sang-Won |last8=Jairamsingh |first8=Alena |last9=Bhawnani |first9=Rajan R. |last10=Choi |first10=Dongjin |last11=Nielander |first11=Adam C. |last12=Jaramillo |first12=Thomas F. |last13=Lee |first13=Hae-Seok |last14=Oroskar |first14=Anil |last15=Srivastava |first15=Vimal C. |date=May 2024 |title=Sub-volt conversion of activated biochar and water for H2 production near equilibrium via biochar-assisted water electrolysis |journal=Cell Reports Physical Science |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=102013 |doi=10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.102013 |issn=2666-3864|doi-access=free |hdl=2346/99192 |hdl-access=free }}

Cow manure biochar operated at only 0.5 V, better than materials such as sugarcane husks, hemp waste, and paper waste. Almost 35% of the biochar and solar energy was converted into hydrogen. Biochar production (via pyrolysis) is not carbon neutral.

{{Main|Hydrogen economy}}

File:IRENA maturity of hydrogen solutions 2022.svg when used in chemical production, refineries, international shipping, and steelmaking, according to the International Renewable Energy Agency.{{Cite web |last=International Renewable Energy Agency |date=2022-03-29 |title=World Energy Transitions Outlook 1-5C Pathway 2022 edition |url=https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/mar/world-energy-transitions-outlook-2022 |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=IRENA |page=227 |language=en}}]]

There is potential for green hydrogen to play a significant role in decarbonising energy systems where there are challenges and limitations to replacing fossil fuels with direct use of electricity.

Hydrogen fuel can produce the intense heat required for industrial production of steel, cement, glass, and chemicals, thus contributing to the decarbonisation of industry alongside other technologies, such as electric arc furnaces for steelmaking.{{Cite web |last=Kjellberg-Motton |first=Brendan |date=2022-02-07 |title=Steel decarbonisation gathers speed {{!}} Argus Media |url=https://www.argusmedia.com/en//news/2299399-steel-decarbonisation-gathers-speed |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.argusmedia.com |language=en}} However, it is likely to play a larger role in providing industrial feedstock for cleaner production of ammonia and organic chemicals.{{Cite book |author=IPCC |url=https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FullReport.pdf |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press (In Press) |year=2022 |editor1-last=Shukla |editor1-first=P.R. |series=Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |place=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA |pages=91–92 |doi=10.1017/9781009157926 |isbn=978-1-009-15792-6 |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG3|2022}} |author-link=IPCC |editor2-last=Skea |editor2-first=J. |editor3-last=Slade |editor3-first=R. |editor4-last=Al Khourdajie |editor4-first=A. |editor5-last=van Diemen |editor5-first=R. |editor6-last=McCollum |editor6-first=D. |editor7-last=Pathak |editor7-first=M. |editor8-last=Some |editor8-first=S. |editor9-last=Vyas |editor9-first=P. |display-editors=4 |editor10-first=R. |editor10-last=Fradera |editor11-first=M. |editor11-last=Belkacemi |editor12-first=A. |editor12-last=Hasija |editor13-first=G. |editor13-last=Lisboa |editor14-first=S. |editor14-last=Luz |editor15-first=J. |editor15-last=Malley}} For example, in steelmaking, hydrogen could function as a clean energy carrier and also as a low-carbon catalyst replacing coal-derived coke.{{Cite web |last1=Blank |first1=Thomas |last2=Molly |first2=Patrick |date=January 2020 |title=Hydrogen's Decarbonization Impact for Industry |url=https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hydrogen_insight_brief.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922115313/https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hydrogen_insight_brief.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date= |publisher=Rocky Mountain Institute |pages=2, 7, 8}}

Hydrogen used to decarbonise transportation is likely to find its largest applications in shipping, aviation and to a lesser extent heavy goods vehicles, through the use of hydrogen-derived synthetic fuels such as ammonia and methanol, and fuel cell technology. As an energy resource, hydrogen has a superior energy density (39.6 kWh/kg) versus batteries (0.15-0.25 kWh/kg for lithium batteries). {{cite web |url=https://www.controlglobal.com/home/article/11288233/batteries-or-fuel-cells-for-energy-storage |title=Batteries or fuel cells for energy storage? |last=Liptak |first=Bela |date=21 March 2022 |website=Control |publisher=Endeavour Business Media}} For light duty vehicles including passenger cars, hydrogen is far behind other alternative fuel vehicles, especially compared with the rate of adoption of battery electric vehicles, and may not play a significant role in future.{{Cite journal |last=Plötz |first=Patrick |date=2022-01-31 |title=Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport |url=https://zenodo.org/record/7198146 |journal=Nature Electronics |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=8–10 |doi=10.1038/s41928-021-00706-6 |s2cid=246465284 |issn=2520-1131}}

Green hydrogen can also be used for long-duration grid energy storage,{{Cite news |last=Lipták |first=Béla |date=January 24, 2022 |title=Hydrogen is key to sustainable green energy |work=Control Global |url=https://www.controlglobal.com/home/article/11288951/hydrogen-is-key-to-sustainable-green-energy}}{{Cite news |last=Weaver |first=John Fitzgerald |date=2022-02-17 |title=LA could soon be home to the nation's largest green hydrogen infrastructure system |language=en-US |work=PV Magazine USA |url=https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2022/02/17/la-could-soon-be-home-to-the-nations-largest-green-hydrogen-infrastructure-system/ |access-date=2023-05-12}} and for long-duration seasonal energy storage.{{Cite web |last=Lin |first=Janice |date=June 2020 |title=Beyond Power: Opportunities and Challenges for Green Hydrogen |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/ghc_cn_fuels_infra_july2020.pdf |website=California Air Resources Board |publisher=Green Hydrogen Coalition}} It has been explored as an alternative to batteries for short-duration energy storage.{{cite magazine |last=Delbert |first=Caroline |date=4 August 2020 |title=Microsoft Kept Servers Running on Nothing but Hydrogen for 2 Days |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a33499249/microsoft-hydrogen-generator-test/ |magazine=Popular Mechanics}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS).|date=February 2024}}

{{See main|Methanol economy}}

Green methanol is a liquid fuel that is produced from combining carbon dioxide and hydrogen ({{chem2|CO2 + 3 H2 → CH3OH + H2O}}) under pressure and heat with catalysts. It is a way to reuse carbon capture for recycling. Methanol can store hydrogen economically at standard outdoor temperatures and pressures, compared to liquid hydrogen and ammonia that need to use a lot of energy to stay cold in their liquid state.{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Qianqian |last2=Tinoco |first2=Rodrigo Rivera |last3=Yang |first3=Haiping |last4=Yang |first4=Qing |last5=Jiang |first5=Hao |last6=Chen |first6=Yingquan |last7=Chen |first7=Hanping |date=2022-09-01 |title=A comparative study on energy efficiency of the maritime supply chains for liquefied hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and natural gas |journal=Carbon Capture Science & Technology |volume=4 |pages=100056 |doi=10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100056 |issn=2772-6568|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CCST....400056S }} In 2023 the Laura Maersk was the first container ship to run on methanol fuel.{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=World's 'first green container ship' christened in Denmark |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/09/14/what-is-green-methanol-denmark-launches-the-worlds-first-green-container-ship |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=euronews |language=en}} Ethanol plants in the midwest are a good place for pure carbon capture to combine with hydrogen to make green methanol, with abundant wind and nuclear energy in Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois.{{Cite web |last=Strong |first=Jared |date=2024-02-17 |title=Green methanol: A carbon dioxide pipeline alternative? • Nebraska Examiner |url=https://nebraskaexaminer.com/2024/02/17/green-methanol-a-carbon-dioxide-pipeline-alternative/ |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Nebraska Examiner |language=en-US}}{{Cite journal |last1=Cordero-Lanzac |first1=Tomas |last2=Ramirez |first2=Adrian |last3=Navajas |first3=Alberto |last4=Gevers |first4=Lieven |last5=Brunialti |first5=Sirio |last6=Gandía |first6=Luis M. |last7=Aguayo |first7=Andrés T. |last8=Mani Sarathy |first8=S. |last9=Gascon |first9=Jorge |date=2022-05-01 |title=A techno-economic and life cycle assessment for the production of green methanol from CO2: catalyst and process bottlenecks |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095495621005738 |journal=Journal of Energy Chemistry |volume=68 |pages=255–266 |doi=10.1016/j.jechem.2021.09.045 |issn=2095-4956|hdl=10754/673022 |hdl-access=free }} Mixing methanol with ethanol could make methanol a safer fuel to use because methanol doesn't have a visible flame in the daylight and doesn't emit smoke, and ethanol has a visible light yellow flame.{{cite journal | doi=10.1021/acsomega.2c00991 | title=Effects of Ethanol and Methanol on the Combustion Characteristics of Gasoline with the Revised Variation Disturbance Method | date=2022 | last1=Li | first1=Shu-hao | last2=Wen | first2=Zhenhua | last3=Hou | first3=Junxing | last4=Xi | first4=Shuanghui | last5=Fang | first5=Pengya | last6=Guo | first6=Xiao | last7=Li | first7=Yong | last8=Wang | first8=Zhenghe | last9=Li | first9=Shangjun | journal=ACS Omega | volume=7 | issue=21 | pages=17797–17810 | pmid=35664594 | pmc=9161270 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmEsU-QYxNk | title=The Horror of Methanol Fires | Last Moments | website=YouTube | date=17 March 2023 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.freepatentsonline.com/5858031.html | title=Isopropanol blended with aqueous ethanol for flame coloration without use of salts or hazardous solvents }} Green hydrogen production of 70% efficiency and a 70% efficiency of methanol production from that would be a 49% energy conversion efficiency.{{Cite web |title=Green Methanol Production-A Techno-Economic Analysis |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/green-methanol-production-a-techno-economic-analysis-clrkc |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}

As of 2022, the global hydrogen market was valued at $155 billion and was expected to grow at an average (CAGR) of 9.3% between 2023 and 2030.{{cite web |title=Global Hydrogen Generation Market Size & Share Report 2030 |url=https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/hydrogen-generation-market |website=www.grandviewresearch.com |access-date=5 July 2023 |language=en}}

Of this market, green hydrogen accounted for about $4.2 billion (2.7%).{{cite web |title=Global Green Hydrogen Market Size Report, 2022-2030 |url=https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/green-hydrogen-market |website=www.grandviewresearch.com |access-date=5 July 2023 |language=en}}

Due to the higher cost of production, green hydrogen represents a smaller fraction of the hydrogen produced compared to its share of market value.

The majority of hydrogen produced in 2020 was derived from fossil fuel. 99% came from carbon-based sources.{{Cite news|last=Smink|first=Veronica|date=2021-03-31|title=6 países que lideran la producción de hidrógeno verde, una de las "energías del futuro" (y cuál es el único latinoamericano)|language=es|trans-title=6 countries that lead the production of green hydrogen, one of the "energies of the future" (and which is the only one in Latin America)|work=BBC Mundo|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-56531777|access-date=2021-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531070211/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-56531777|archive-date=2021-05-31}} Electrolysis-driven production represents less than 0.1% of the total,{{Cite web |title=The Future of Hydrogen – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212143741/https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=IEA |date=14 June 2019 |language= }} of which only a part is powered by renewable electricity.

The current high cost of production is the main factor limiting the use of green hydrogen. A price of $2/kg is considered by many to be a potential tipping point that would make green hydrogen competitive against grey hydrogen.{{Cite news |date=30 March 2020 |title=Green hydrogen costs 'can hit $2/kg benchmark' by 2030: BNEF |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/coal/033020-green-hydrogen-costs-can-hit-2kg-benchmark-by-2030-bnef}}{{Cite web |last=Penrod |first=Emma |date=April 11, 2022 |title=Rapid development could push cost of hydrogen below $2/kg in the next 10-20 years, analysts say |url=https://www.utilitydive.com/news/rapid-development-could-push-cost-of-hydrogen-below-2kg-in-the-next-10-20/621836/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Utility Dive |language=en-US}}{{Cite journal |last1=Schrotenboer |first1=Albert H. |last2=Veenstra |first2=Arjen A.T. |last3=uit het Broek |first3=Michiel A.J. |last4=Ursavas |first4=Evrim |date=October 2022 |title=A Green Hydrogen Energy System: Optimal control strategies for integrated hydrogen storage and power generation with wind energy |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/230184233/1_s2.0_S1364032122006323_main.pdf |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |language=en |volume=168 |pages=112744 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2022.112744|arxiv=2108.00530 |bibcode=2022RSERv.16812744S |s2cid=250941369 }} It is cheapest to produce green hydrogen with surplus renewable power that would otherwise be curtailed, which favours electrolysers capable of responding to low and variable power levels (such as proton exchange membrane electrolysers).{{Cite book |last1=Patonia |first1=Aliaksei |url=https://www.oxfordenergy.org/publications/cost-competitive-green-hydrogen-how-to-lower-the-cost-of-electrolysers/ |title=Cost-competitive green hydrogen: how to lower the cost of electrolysers? |last2=Poudineh |first2=Rahmat |date=January 2022 |publisher=Oxford Institute for Energy Studies |page= |language=en |access-date=2023-08-25}}{{Rp|page=5}}

The cost of electrolysers fell by 60% from 2010 to 2022,{{Cite web |last=Saini |first=Anshuman |date=January 12, 2023 |title=Green & Blue Hydrogen: Current Levelized Cost of Production & Outlook {{!}} GEP Blogs |url=https://www.gep.com/blog/strategy/Green-and-blue-hydrogen-current-levelized-cost-of-production-and-outlook |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.gep.com |language=en}} and green hydrogen production costs are forecasted to fall significantly to 2030 and 2050,{{Rp|page=26}} driving down the cost of green hydrogen alongside the falling cost of renewable power generation.{{Cite journal |last=Roser |first=Max |date=2023-09-01 |title=Why did renewables become so cheap so fast? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/cheap-renewables-growth |journal=Our World in Data}}{{Cite book |url=https://www.energy-transitions.org/publications/making-clean-hydrogen-possible/ |title=Making the Hydrogen Economy Possible: Accelerating Clean Hydrogen in an Electrified Economy |date=April 2021 |publisher=Energy Transitions Commission |page= |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-08-25}}{{Rp|page=28}} Goldman Sachs analysis observed in 2022, just prior to Russia's invasion of Ukraine that the "unique dynamic in Europe with historically high gas and carbon prices is already leading to green H₂ cost parity with grey across key parts of the region", and anticipated that globally green hydrogen achieve cost parity with grey hydrogen by 2030, earlier if a global carbon tax were placed on grey hydrogen.{{Cite web |last=Goldman Sachs Research |title=Carbonomics: The Clean Hydrogen Revolution |url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/carbonomics-the-clean-hydrogen-revolution.html |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=Goldman Sachs |pages=4–6 |language=en-US}}

As of 2021, the green hydrogen investment pipeline was estimated at 121 gigawatts of electrolyser capacity across 136 projects in planning and development phases, totaling over $500 billion.{{Dubious|date=July 2023}}{{Cite web |last=Battersby |first=Amanda |date=2021-05-24 |title=Green hydrogen's share of global H2 market could jump to 10% by 2030: Fitch Solutions {{!}} Upstream Online |url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/energy-transition/green-hydrogens-share-of-global-h2-market-could-jump-to-10-by-2030-fitch-solutions/2-1-1014844 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603212718/https://www.upstreamonline.com/energy-transition/green-hydrogens-share-of-global-h2-market-could-jump-to-10-by-2030-fitch-solutions/2-1-1014844 |archive-date=2021-06-03 |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=Upstream |language=en}} If all projects in the pipeline were built, they could account for 10% of hydrogen production by 2030.

The market could be worth over $1 trillion a year by 2050 according to Goldman Sachs.{{Cite web |last=Frangoul |first=Anmar |date=2022-02-23 |title=Hydrogen generation could become a $1 trillion per year market, Goldman Sachs says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/23/hydrogen-generation-could-become-1-trillion-market-goldman-sachs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223143253/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/23/hydrogen-generation-could-become-1-trillion-market-goldman-sachs.html |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=CNBC |language=}}

An energy market analyst suggested in early 2021 that the price of green hydrogen would drop 70% by 2031 in countries that have cheap renewable energy.{{cite web |last=Purtill |first=James |date=22 January 2021 |title=What is green hydrogen, how is it made and will it be the fuel of the future? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2021-01-23/green-hydrogen-renewable-energy-climate-emissions-explainer/13081872 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129003544/https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2021-01-23/green-hydrogen-renewable-energy-climate-emissions-explainer/13081872 |archive-date=2021-01-29 |access-date=2021-02-04 |website=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}} As of late 2024 many of these projects had failed to locate sufficient funding and have been delayed or cancelled. https://www.oedigital.com/news/520033-green-hydrogen-plans-clouded-by-uncertainty

In 2020, the Australian government fast-tracked approval for the world's largest planned renewable energy export facility in the Pilbara region. In 2021, energy companies announced plans to construct a "hydrogen valley" in New South Wales at a cost of $2 billion to replace the region's coal industry.{{Cite web |last=Morton |first=Adam |date=2021-05-17 |title=Australia's first fully renewable 'hydrogen valley' slated for NSW coal heartland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/may/17/australias-first-fully-renewable-hydrogen-valley-slated-for-nsw-coal-heartland#:~:text=Australia's%20first%20fully%20renewable%20'hydrogen%20valley'%20slated%20for%20NSW%20coal%20heartland,-This%20article%20is&text=Australia's%20first%20%E2%80%9Chydrogen%20valley%E2%80%9D%20would,local%20and%20global%20energy%20companies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614041831/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/may/17/australias-first-fully-renewable-hydrogen-valley-slated-for-nsw-coal-heartland |archive-date=2021-06-14 |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=The Guardian |language=en |issn=1756-3224}}

As of July 2022, the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) had invested $88 million in 35 hydrogen projects ranging from university research and development to first-of-a-kind demonstrations. By 2022, ARENA was expected to finalize two or three of Australia's first large-scale electrolyser deployments as part of its $100 million hydrogen deployment round.{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Darren |date=2022-07-05 |title=Darren Miller on the future of hydrogen |url=https://arena.gov.au/blog/darren-miller-on-the-future-of-hydrogen/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=ARENAWIRE |language=en}}

In 2024 Andrew Forrest delayed or cancelled plans to manufacture 15 million tonnes of green hydrogen per year by 2030. {{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-21/green-hydrogen-forrest-fortescue/104120492 | title=Why Andrew Forrest stepped back on green hydrogen | newspaper=ABC News | date=20 July 2024 }}

The following projects have been cancelled or "Put on hold" Port Pirie,https://research.csiro.au/hyresource/port-pirie-green-hydrogen-project/ Whyalla,https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-20/hydrogen-plant-plans-on-ice/104961150 Gladstonehttps://fuelcellsworks.com/2025/02/03/green-hydrogen/queensland-government-withdraws-support-for-major-green-hydrogen-project-in-gladstone and Hunter.https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/production/australian-energy-giant-to-cease-all-work-on-hydrogen-citing-market-uncertainty-and-high-risks/2-1-1719525?zephr_sso_ott=5I8qQw Overall 99% of the announced capacity of projects have not progressed beyond the concept or approval stage. “If we look back we probably reached peak hydrogen hype in 2022 with so many projects announced left and right,” Rystad analyst Nigel Rambhujun said. “A lot of them have since quietly been abandoned.” https://www.miningday.com.au/green-hydrogen-hopes-up-in-smoke/

Brazil's energy matrix is considered one of the cleanest in the world. Experts highlight the country's potential for producing green hydrogen. Research carried out in the country indicates that biomass (such as starches and waste from sewage treatment plants) can be processed and converted into green hydrogen (see: Bioenergy, Biohydrogen and Biological hydrogen production). The Australian company Fortescue Metals Group has plans to install a green hydrogen plant near the port of Pecém, in Ceará, with an initial forecast of starting operations in 2022. As of Q1 2025 this has not happened. In 2022, the Federal University of Santa Catarina announced a partnership with the German Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, for the production of H2V. Unigel has plans to build a green hydrogen/green ammonia plant in Camaçari, Bahia, which is scheduled to come into operation in 2023. This has not happened as of Q1 2025. Initiatives in this area are also ongoing in the states of Minas Gerais, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo. Research work by the University of Campinas and the Technical University of Munich has determined the space required for wind and solar parks for large-scale hydrogen production. According to this, significantly less land will be required to produce green hydrogen from wind and photovoltaic energy than is currently required to grow fuel from sugarcane. In this study, author Herzog assumed an electricity requirement for the electrolysers of 120 gigawatts (GW). On November 20, 2023, Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, announced support for the production of 10 GW of hydrogen and subsequently ammonia in the state of Piauí. Ammonia will be exported from there.

World Energy GH2's Project Nujio'qonik aims to be Canada's first commercial green hydrogen / ammonia producer created from three gigawatts of wind energy on the west coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Nujio'qonik is the Mi'kmaw name for Bay St. George, where the project is proposed. Since June 2022, the project has been undergoing environmental assessment{{Cite web |title=Port au Port-Stephenville Wind Power and Hydrogen Generation Project (Project Nujio'qonik GH2) |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/ecc/projects/2202-2/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Newfoundland Labrador, Canada}} according to regulatory guidelines issued by the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

In late 2024 10 projects on the east coast had failed to raise funding, and Prince George on the west coast has been cancelled.https://www.theenergymix.com/hydrogen-projects-delayed-cancelled-as-hype-meets-reality-2/

Chile's goal to use only clean energy by the year 2050 includes the use of green hydrogen. The EU Latin America and Caribbean Investment Facility provided a €16.5 million grant and the EIB and KfW are in the process of providing up to €100 million each to finance green hydrogen projects.{{Cite web |title=Chile to Accelerate its Green Hydrogen Industry with World Bank Support |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/06/29/chile-to-accelerate-its-green-hydrogen-industry-with-world-bank-support |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{Cite journal |website=European Investment Bank |date=2023-07-14 |title=The Global Gateway in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230171-the-global-gateway-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean |language=EN |last1=Bank |first1=European Investment }}

In 2022 China was the leader of the global hydrogen market with an output of 33 million tons (a third of global production), of which more than 99% is made from fossil fuel, releasing CO2.{{cite journal |last1=Nakano |first1=Jane |title=China Unveils its First Long-Term Hydrogen Plan |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/china-unveils-its-first-long-term-hydrogen-plan |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington |date=28 March 2022 |access-date=30 October 2023}}

As of 2021, several companies have formed alliances to increase production of the fuel fifty-fold in the next six years{{Cite web |last=Toplensky |first=Rochelle |date=2021-06-10 |title=The Green Hydrogen Puzzle Is Starting to Fall Into Place |url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/the-green-hydrogen-puzzle-is-starting-to-fall-into-place-11623321194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614044551/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/the-green-hydrogen-puzzle-is-starting-to-fall-into-place-11623321194 |archive-date=2021-06-14 |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en |issn=0099-9660}}

In 2021 Sinopec aimed to generate 500,000 tonnes of green hydrogen by 2025.{{Cite web|date=2021-06-09|title=China's Sinopec targets 500,000 T of 'green' hydrogen capacity by 2025|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/chinas-sinopec-targets-500000-t-green-hydrogen-capacity-by-2025-2021-06-09/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616212511/https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/chinas-sinopec-targets-500000-t-green-hydrogen-capacity-by-2025-2021-06-09/|archive-date=2021-06-16|access-date=2021-06-18|website=Reuters|language=en}} This has since been downgraded to 120,000 tonnes.https://www.chemanalyst.com/NewsAndDeals/NewsDetails/sinopec-green-hydrogen-project-fixes-delayed-to-late-2025-24268 Hydrogen generated from wind energy could provide a cost-effective alternative for coal-dependent regions like Inner Mongolia.{{Cite web|date=2021-05-11|title=The road to affordable green hydrogen|url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2021/05/road-affordable-green-hydrogen|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512180530/https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2021/05/road-affordable-green-hydrogen|archive-date=2021-05-12|access-date=2021-06-18|website=Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|publisher=Harvard University|language=en}} As part of preparations for the 2022 Winter Olympics a hydrogen electrolyser, described as the "world's largest" began operations to fuel vehicles used at the games. The electrolyser was powered by onshore wind.{{Cite web |last=Frangoul |first=Anmar |date=2022-01-28 |title=Shell says one of the largest hydrogen electrolyzers in the world is now up and running in China |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/28/green-hydrogen-one-of-planets-largest-electrolyzers-up-and-running.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128124835/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/28/green-hydrogen-one-of-planets-largest-electrolyzers-up-and-running.html |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=CNBC |language= }}

Egypt has opened the door to $40 billion of investment in green hydrogen and renewable technology by signing seven memoranda of understanding with international developers in the fields. The projects located in the Suez canal economic zone will see an investment of around $12 billion at an initial pilot phase, followed by a further $29 billion, according to the country's Planning Minister, Hala Helmy el-Said. {{Cite web |website=World Economic Forum |date=2024-03-14 |title=Egypt targets $40 billion of green hydrogen investment - plus other top energy stories |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/03/egypt-green-hydrogen-investment-plus-other-top-energy-stories/ |language=EN}}

{{see|Energy in Germany}}

Germany invested €9 billion to construct 5 GW of electrolyzer capacity by 2030.{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Nik |date=2020-06-10 |title=Germany and hydrogen — €9 billion to spend as strategy is revealed |work=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-and-hydrogen-9-billion-to-spend-as-strategy-is-revealed/a-53719746 |access-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514082044/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-and-hydrogen-9-billion-to-spend-as-strategy-is-revealed/a-53719746 |archive-date=2021-05-14}}

Reliance Industries announced its plan to use about 3 gigawatts (GW) of solar energy to generate 400,000 tonnes of hydrogen.{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=RIL plans to use 3 GW solar power to produce green hydrogen at electrolyser facility - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/ril-plans-to-use-3-gw-solar-power-to-produce-green-hydrogen-at-electrolyser-facility/87186903 |access-date=2022-01-22 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}} Gautam Adani, founder of the Adani Group announced plans to invest $70 billion to become the world's largest renewable energy company, and produce the cheapest hydrogen across the globe.{{Cite web |date=2021-11-11 |title=Adani to invest $70 bn in renewable energy, produce cheapest hydrogen |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/adani-to-invest-70-bn-in-renewable-energy-produce-cheapest-hydrogen-11636642899044.html |access-date=2022-01-22 |website=mint |language=en}} The power ministry of India has stated that India intends to produce a cumulative 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030.{{Cite news |last=Varadhan |first=Sudarshan |date=2022-02-18 |title=India plans to produce 5 mln tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030 |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/india-plans-produce-5-mln-tonnes-green-hydrogen-by-2030-2022-02-17/ |access-date=2022-03-24}}

In April 2022, the public sector Oil India Limited (OIL), which is headquartered in eastern Assam's Duliajan, set up India's first 99.99% pure green hydrogen pilot plant in keeping with the goal of "making the country ready for the pilot-scale production of hydrogen and its use in various applications" while "research and development efforts are ongoing for a reduction in the cost of production, storage and the transportation" of hydrogen.{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2022-05-27 |title=Green hydrogen: Fuel of the future? |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/green-hydrogen-fuel-of-the-future/article65463098.ece |access-date=2022-05-31 |issn=0971-751X}}

In January 2024, nearly 412,000 metric tons/year capacity green hydrogen projects were awarded to produce green hydrogen by the end of 2026.{{cite web|url=https://www.mercomindia.com/greenko-acme-reliance-winners-secis-green-hydrogen-auction|title=Greenko, Acme, Reliance among winners of SECI's green hydrogen manufacturing auction |date=2 January 2024|access-date=6 January 2024}}

In 2023, Japan announced plans to spend US$21 billion on subsidies for delivered clean hydrogen over a 15-year period.{{cite news |url=https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/policy/japanese-government-allocates-21bn-to-clean-hydrogen-subsidies/2-1-1574077 |date=20 December 2023 |last=Collins |first=Leigh |work=Hydrogen Insight |publisher=DM media group |title=Japanese government allocates $21bn to clean hydrogen subsidies}}

Mauritania launched two major projects on green hydrogen. The NOUR Project would become one of the world's largest hydrogen projects with 10 GW of capacity by 2030 in cooperation with Chariot company.{{Cite web |last=Georges |first=Alexis |date=2022-10-28 |title=Green hydrogen presents enormous opportunities for Mauritania |url=https://african.business/2022/10/energy-resources/green-hydrogen-presents-enormous-opportunities-for-mauritania |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=African Business |language=en-GB}} The second is the AMAN Project, which includes 12GW of wind capacity and 18GW of solar capacity to produce 1.7 million tons per annum of green hydrogen or 10 million tons per annum of green ammonia for local use and export, in cooperation with Australian company CWP Renewables.

Namibia has commissioned a green hydrogen production project with German support.{{cite news |title=Namibia launches 10 billion dollar-hydrogen project with German participation |url=https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/namibia-launches-10-billion-dollar-hydrogen-project-german-participation |access-date=30 October 2023 |agency=Clean Energy Wire}} The 10 billion dollar project involves the construction of wind farms and photovoltaic plants with a total capacity of 7 (GW) to produce. It aims to produce 2 million tonnes of green ammonia and hydrogen derivatives by 2030 and will create 15,000 jobs of which 3,000 will be permanent.{{cite news |title=Hyphen and Namibia agree next phase of $10 billion green hydrogen project |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/hyphen-namibia-agree-next-phase-10-bln-green-hydrogen-project-2023-05-24/ |access-date=30 October 2023 |work=Reuters |date=May 25, 2023}}

An association of companies announced a $30 billion project in Oman, which would become one of the world's largest hydrogen facilities. Construction was to begin in 2028. By 2038 the project was to be powered by 25 {{Abbr|GW|Gigawatts}} of wind and solar energy.{{Cite news|last=Paddison|first=Laura|date=2021-05-27|title=Oman plans to build world's largest green hydrogen plant|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/27/oman-plans-to-build-worlds-largest-green-hydrogen-plant|access-date=2021-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616064909/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/27/oman-plans-to-build-worlds-largest-green-hydrogen-plant|archive-date=2021-06-16|issn=1756-3224}}

In April 2021, Portugal announced plans to construct the first solar-powered plant to produce hydrogen by 2023.{{Cite news |last=Goncalves |first=Sergio |date=2020-04-30 |title=Portugal plans new hydrogen plant in post-coronavirus 'green' future |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-portugal-energy/portugal-plans-new-hydrogen-plant-in-post-coronavirus-green-future-idUSKBN22C1T2 |access-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607052549/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-portugal-energy/portugal-plans-new-hydrogen-plant-in-post-coronavirus-green-future-idUSKBN22C1T2 |archive-date=2020-06-07}} Lisbon based energy company Galp Energia announced plans to construct an electrolyser to power its refinery by 2025.{{Cite web |date=2021-06-15 |title=Portugal's Galp moves to green hydrogen at refinery, eyes €1bn investment |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/portugals-galp-moves-to-green-hydrogen-at-refinery-eyes-e1bn-investment/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615093231/https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/portugals-galp-moves-to-green-hydrogen-at-refinery-eyes-e1bn-investment/ |archive-date=15 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-20 |website=Euractiv |language=}}

In 2021, Saudi Arabia, as a part of the NEOM project, announced an investment of $5bn to build a green hydrogen-based ammonia plant, which would start production in 2025.{{Cite web |date=2021-04-21 |title=Saudi Arabia's $5bn green hydrogen-based ammonia plant to begin production in 2025 |url=https://energy-utilities.com/saudi-arabia-s-5bn-green-hydrogenbased-ammonia-news111872.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421122019/https://energy-utilities.com/saudi-arabia-s-5bn-green-hydrogenbased-ammonia-news111872.html |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Energy & Utilities |language= }}

Singapore started the construction of a 600 MW hydrogen-ready powerplant that is expected to be ready by the first half of 2026.{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/new-hydrogen-ready-power-plant-to-be-built-by-2026-as-s-pore-seeks-greener-energy-generators |date=19 July 2023 |work=The Straits Times |title=New hydrogen-ready power plant to be built by 2026 as S'pore seeks greener energy generators |last=Tan |first=Cheryl}}

In February 2021, thirty companies announced a pioneering project to provide hydrogen bases in Spain. The project intended to supply 93 {{Abbr|GW|Gigawatts}} of solar and 67 GW of electrolysis capacity by the end of the decade.{{Cite news |date=2021-02-15 |title=European companies unveil plan for massive solar-to-hydrogen network |work=Global Construction Review |url=https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/european-companies-unveil-plan-massive-solar-hydro/ |access-date=2021-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215134707/https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/european-companies-unveil-plan-massive-solar-hydro/ |archive-date=2021-02-15}}

In 2021, in collaboration with Expo 2020 Dubai, a pilot project was launched which is the first "industrial scale", solar-driven green hydrogen facility in the Middle East and North Africa."{{Cite web |last=Frangoul |first=Anmar |date=2021-05-20 |title=Dubai launches region's 'first industrial scale' green hydrogen plant |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/20/dubai-launches-regions-first-industrial-scale-green-hydrogen-plant.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520140120/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/20/dubai-launches-regions-first-industrial-scale-green-hydrogen-plant.html |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-10-17 |website=CNBC |language= |url-status=live }}

In August 2017, EMEC, based in Orkney, Scotland, produced hydrogen gas using electricity generated from tidal energy in Orkney. This was the first time that hydrogen has been created from tidal energy anywhere in the world.{{Cite web|url=https://www.emec.org.uk/press-release-worlds-first-tidal-powered-hydrogen-generated-at-emec/|title=Press release: World's first tidal-powered hydrogen generated at EMEC : EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre}}

In March 2021, a proposal emerged to use offshore wind in Scotland to power converted oil and gas rigs into a "green hydrogen hub" which would supply fuel to local distilleries.{{Cite news |date=2021-03-05 |title='Green hydrogen hub' proposed for the Highlands |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-56279164 |access-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305211623/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-56279164 |archive-date=2021-03-05}}

In June 2021, Equinor announced plans to triple UK hydrogen production.{{Cite web |date=2021-06-28 |title=Norway's Equinor aims to triple UK hydrogen production capacity |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/norways-equinor-aims-triple-uk-hydrogen-production-capacity-2021-06-28/ |access-date=2021-07-13 |website=Reuters}} In March 2022 National Grid announced a project to introduce green hydrogen into the grid with a 200m wind turbine powering an electrolyser to produce gas for about 300 homes.{{cite web |last=Kelsey |first=Rick |date=2022-03-16 |title=The neighbourhood leading a green energy revolution |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-60241966 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316031910/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-60241966 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=BBC News}}

In December 2023, the UK government announced a £2 billion fund would be set up to back 11 separate projects. The then Energy Secretary, Claire Coutinho announced the funding would be invested over a 15-year period. The first allocation round would be known as HAR1.{{cite web |title=UK to back 11 green hydrogen projects under $2.5 bln fund |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/uk-back-11-green-hydrogen-projects-under-25-bln-fund-2023-12-14/ |publisher=Reuters |date=December 14, 2023}} Vattenfall planned to generate green hydrogen from a test offshore wind turbine near Aberdeen in 2025.{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Andrew |date=19 May 2022 |title=Vattenfall races for green hydrogen world-first at offshore wind farm Trump tried to stop |work=Recharge |publisher=NHST Media Group |url=https://www.rechargenews.com/wind/vattenfall-races-for-green-hydrogen-world-first-at-offshore-wind-farm-trump-tried-to-stop/2-1-1222015 |access-date=17 Sep 2022}}

The federal Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act,{{cite act|date={{date|2021-11-15|mdy}}|title=H.R.3684 - Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3684|language=en|access-date=2022-09-24}} which became law in November 2021, allocated $9.5 billion to green hydrogen initiatives.{{Cite web |title=DOE Establishes Bipartisan Infrastructure Law's $9.5 Billion Clean Hydrogen Initiatives |url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-establishes-bipartisan-infrastructure-laws-95-billion-clean-hydrogen-initiatives |access-date=2022-09-24 |language=en}} In 2021, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was planning the first demonstration of a hydrogen network in Texas.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-02-25 |title=Mitsubishi Heavy Industries BrandVoice: How The Lone Star State Is Building A Green Hydrogen Future |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mitsubishiheavyindustries/2021/02/25/how-the-lone-star-state-is-building-a-green-hydrogen-future/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=Forbes |language=}} The department had previously attempted a hydrogen project known as Hydrogen Energy California, which was terminated in 2016. Texas is considered a key part of green hydrogen projects in the country as the state is the largest domestic producer of hydrogen and has a hydrogen pipeline network.{{Cite web |title=Preventing Future Electricity Crises Via Green Hydrogen |url=https://www.me.utexas.edu/news/1442-preventing-future-electricity-crises-via-green-hydrogen#:~:text=Green%20hydrogen%20represents%20a%20promising%20option%20to%20increase%20energy%20storage%20capacity.&text=Texas%20is%20the%20largest%20domestic,transport%20hydrogen%20with%20minimal%20retrofitting |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=www.me.utexas.edu}} In 2020, SGH2 Energy Global announced plans to use plastic and paper via plasma gasification to produce green hydrogen near Los Angeles.{{Cite web |last=Silverstein |first=Ken |title=The World's Biggest Green Hydrogen Plant Is Planned For California. Its Prospects For Electric Power And Transportation? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2020/05/26/the-worlds-biggest-green-hydrogen-plant-is-underway-in-california-its-prospects-for-electric-power-and-transportation/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=Forbes |language=}}

In 2021 then New York governor Andrew Cuomo announced a $290 million investment to construct a green hydrogen fuel production facility.{{Cite web |title=Governor Cuomo Announces Plug Power to Invest $290 Million in New Hydrogen Fuel Production Facility and Electric Substation in Genesee County |url=https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-plug-power-invest-290-million-new-hydrogen-fuel-production-facility |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203506/https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-plug-power-invest-290-million-new-hydrogen-fuel-production-facility |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=www.governor.ny.gov |language=en}} This was cancelled in October 2024.https://www.investigativepost.org/2024/10/09/money-woes-at-plugpower-more-headaches-at-stamp/ State authorities backed plans for developing fuel cells to be used in trucks and research on blending hydrogen into the gas grid.{{Cite web |last=French |first=Marie J. |date=17 March 2021 |title=Hydrogen heats up in New York |url=https://politi.co/3cJ1bzh |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=Politico PRO |language=en}} In March 2022 the governors of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma announced the creation of a hydrogen energy hub between the states.{{Cite web |last=Money |first=Jack |title=Oklahoma joins neighbor states in quest for dollars to prove hydrogen's worth |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/business/energy-resource/2022/03/13/oklahoma-joins-arkansas-louisiana-creating-regional-hydrogen-hub-fuel-energy/6990944001/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=The Oklahoman |language=en-US}} Woodside announced plans for a green hydrogen production site in Ardmore, Oklahoma.{{Cite web |date=2021-12-01 |title=Woodside Energy, Ltd Announces Plans for Green Hydrogen Facility in Ardmore |url=https://www.okcommerce.gov/woodside-energy-ltd-announces-plans-for-green-hydrogen-facility-in-ardmore/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=www.okcommerce.gov}} Further necessary investment in this facility is being reconsidered by its main investor as of Q1 2025.https://fuelcellsworks.com/2025/01/22/energy-policy/woodside-energy-group-delays-investment-in-oklahoma-hydrogen-project The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 established a 10-year production tax credit, which includes a $3.00/kg subsidy for green hydrogen.{{Cite web |title=The Inflation Reduction Act upends hydrogen economics with opportunities, pitfalls |url=https://www.utilitydive.com/news/the-ira-will-accelerate-electrolyzed-hydrogens-future-heres-what-that-me/632925/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Utility Dive |language=en-US}}

In Tunisia, the population is concerned about the green hydrogen plant project in the Gabès region — intended for the European market — for two main reasons: the high water consumption it entails (in a region already experiencing water stress) and the degradation of the landscape.

In October 2023, Siemens announced that it had successfully performed the first test of an industrial turbine powered by 100 per cent green hydrogen generated by a 1 megawatt electrolyser. The turbine also operates on gas and any mixture of gas and hydrogen.{{cite news|url=https://www.power-eng.com/news/world-first-gas-turbine-successfully-operates-with-100-green-hydrogen/#gref|title=World first: Gas turbine successfully operates with 100% green hydrogen|date=October 10, 2023|journal=Power Engineering}}

In 2020, the European Commission adopted a dedicated strategy on hydrogen.{{cite web |title=Hydrogen |url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-system-integration/hydrogen_en |website=Energy - European Commission |access-date=6 November 2021 |language=en |date=28 May 2019}} The "European Green Hydrogen Acceleration Center" is tasked with developing a €100 billion a year green hydrogen economy by 2025.{{cite web |title=Developing a green hydrogen economy |url=https://eghac.com/ |website=The European Green Hydrogen Acceleration Center |access-date=6 November 2021}}

In December 2020, the United Nations together with RMI and several companies, launched Green Hydrogen Catapult, with a goal to reduce the cost of green hydrogen below US$2 per kilogram (equivalent to $50 per megawatt hour) by 2026.{{cite news |last1=Alverà |first1=Marco |title=Energy is on the cusp of a new era |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c112cf4b-f19b-4892-9c02-465ec695bc66 |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=Financial Times |publisher=Nikkei |date=14 July 2021}}

In 2021, with the support of the governments of Austria, China, Germany, and Italy, UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) launched its Global Programme for Hydrogen in Industry.{{Cite web |title=UNIDO {{!}} United Nations Industrial Development Organization |url=https://www.unido.org/green-hydrogen |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.unido.org}} Its goal is to accelerate the deployment of GH2 in industry.

In 2021, the British government published its policy document, a "Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution," which included investing to create 5 {{Abbr|GW|Gigawatts}} of low carbon hydrogen by 2030.{{Cite web |date=2020-11-18 |title=The Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution (HTML version) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-ten-point-plan-for-a-green-industrial-revolution/title#point-2-driving-the-growth-of-low-carbon-hydrogen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611063319/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-ten-point-plan-for-a-green-industrial-revolution/title |archive-date=2021-06-11 |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=Gov.uk |language=en}} The plan included working with industry to complete the necessary testing that would allow up to 20% blending of hydrogen into the gas distribution grid by 2023. A BEIS consultation in 2022 suggested that grid blending would only have a "limited and temporary" role due to an expected reduction in the use of natural gas.{{Cite news |last=Parkes |first=Rachel |date=6 Sep 2022 |title=Hydrogen blending will have only a 'limited and temporary' role in the gas grid: UK government |work=Recharge |publisher=NHST Media Group |url=https://www.rechargenews.com/energy-transition/hydrogen-blending-will-have-only-limited-and-temporary-role-in-gas-grid-uk-government/2-1-1290915 |access-date=17 Sep 2022}}

The Japanese government planned to transform the nation into a "hydrogen society".{{Cite news |last1=Karagiannopoulos |first1=Lefteris |last2=Paul |first2=Sonali |last3=Sheldrick |first3=Aaron |date=2017-04-28 |title=Norway races Australia to fulfill Japan's hydrogen society dream |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-hydrogen-race-idUSKBN17U1QA |access-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041919/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-hydrogen-race-idUSKBN17U1QA |archive-date=2020-11-12}} Energy demand would require the government to import/produce 36 million tons of liquefied hydrogen. At the time Japan's commercial imports were projected to be 100 times less than this amount by 2030, when the use of fuel was expected to commence. Japan published a preliminary road map that called for hydrogen and related fuels to supply 10% of the power for electricity generation as well as a significant portion of the energy for uses such as shipping and steel manufacture by 2050.{{Cite news |last=Journal |first=Phred Dvorak {{!}} Photographs by Go Takayama for The Wall Street |date=2021-06-13 |title=How Japan's Big Bet on Hydrogen Could Revolutionize the Energy Market |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/japans-big-bet-on-hydrogen-could-revolutionize-the-energy-market-11623607695 |access-date=2021-06-20 |issn=0099-9660}} Japan created a hydrogen highway consisting of 135 subsidized hydrogen fuels stations and planned to construct 1,000 by the end of the 2020s.{{Cite news |last1=Okutsu |first1=Akane |last2=Shibata |first2=Nana |date=2020-12-23 |title=Be water: Japan's big, lonely bet on hydrogen |work=Nikkei Asia |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/The-Big-Story/Be-water-Japan-s-big-lonely-bet-on-hydrogen |access-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616132618/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/The-Big-Story/Be-water-Japan-s-big-lonely-bet-on-hydrogen |archive-date=2021-06-16}}{{Cite news |date=2021-05-30 |title=Japan targets 1,000 hydrogen stations by end of decade |work=Nikkei Asia |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Japan-targets-1-000-hydrogen-stations-by-end-of-decade |access-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043718/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Japan-targets-1-000-hydrogen-stations-by-end-of-decade |archive-date=2021-06-16}}

In October 2020, the South Korean government announced its plan to introduce the Clean Hydrogen Energy Portfolio Standards (CHPS) which emphasizes the use of clean hydrogen. During the introduction of the Hydrogen Energy Portfolio Standard (HPS), it was voted on by the 2nd Hydrogen Economy Committee. In March 2021, the 3rd Hydrogen Economy Committee was held to pass a plan to introduce a clean hydrogen certification system based on incentives and obligations for clean hydrogen.{{Cite news |last=Purtill |first=James |date=2021-01-22 |title=What is green hydrogen, how is it made and will it be the fuel of the future? |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2021-01-23/green-hydrogen-renewable-energy-climate-emissions-explainer/13081872 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122200313/https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2021-01-23/green-hydrogen-renewable-energy-climate-emissions-explainer/13081872 |archive-date=22 January 2021}}

Morocco, Tunisia,{{Cite web |last=Hamouchene |first=Hamza |title=Green Hydrogen: The new scramble for North Africa |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/11/20/green-hydrogen-the-new-scramble-for-north-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120151726/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/11/20/green-hydrogen-the-new-scramble-for-north-africa |archive-date=20 November 2021 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Aljazeera |language= }} Egypt{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=Siemens Energy supports Egypt to develop Green Hydrogen Industry |url=https://press.siemens-energy.com/mea/en/pressrelease/siemens-energy-supports-egypt-develop-green-hydrogen-industry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825090341/https://press.siemens-energy.com/mea/en/pressrelease/siemens-energy-supports-egypt-develop-green-hydrogen-industry |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Siemens-energy |language= }} and Namibia have proposed plans to include green hydrogen as a part of their climate change agenda. Namibia is partnering with European countries such as Netherlands and Germany for feasibility studies and funding.{{Cite news |date=2021-12-28 |title=The African nation aiming to be a hydrogen superpower |language= |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-59722297 |access-date=2022-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228002059/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-59722297 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-status=live }}

In July 2020, the European Union unveiled the Hydrogen Strategy for a Climate-Neutral Europe. A motion backing this strategy passed the European Parliament in 2021.{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Morgan |date=2020-08-07 |title=EU Hydrogen Strategy Upgrades Green Hydrogen from Pipe Dream to Reality |work=JD Supra |url=https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/eu-hydrogen-strategy-upgrades-green-21091/ |access-date=2021-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005130624/https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/eu-hydrogen-strategy-upgrades-green-21091/ |archive-date=2020-10-05}} The plan is divided into three phases.{{Cite web |title=What is Green Hydrogen and How is it Made? |url=https://www.ippo-engineering.eu/en/what-is-green-hydrogen-and-how-is-it-made/ |access-date=2021-12-20 |language=en-US}} From 2020 to 2024, the program aims to decarbonize existing hydrogen production. From 2024-2030 green hydrogen would be integrated into the energy system. From 2030 to 2050 large-scale deployment of hydrogen would occur. Goldman Sachs estimated hydrogen to 15% of the EU energy mix by 2050.{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=Green Hydrogen: The Next Transformational Driver of the Utilities Industry |url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/pages/green-hydrogen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602165602/https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/pages/green-hydrogen.html |archive-date=2021-06-02 |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=Goldman Sachs |language=en}}

Six European Union member states: Germany, Austria, France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, requested hydrogen funding be backed by legislation.{{Cite news |date=2020-06-15 |title=Six EU countries lead push for clean hydrogen support |work=Reuters |url=https://mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN23M18G |access-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929092723/https://mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN23M18G |archive-date=2020-09-29}} Many member countries have created plans to import hydrogen from other nations, especially from North Africa.{{Cite web |last1=Burgess |first1=James |last2=Elliott |first2=Stuart |date=2021-06-14 |editor-last=Loades-Carter |editor-first=Jonathan |title=Morocco eyes green hydrogen exports with IRENA renewables collaboration |url=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/coal/061421-morocco-eyes-green-hydrogen-exports-with-irena-renewables-collaboration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614143859/https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/coal/061421-morocco-eyes-green-hydrogen-exports-with-irena-renewables-collaboration |archive-date=2021-06-14 |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=S&P Global |language=en}} These plans would increase hydrogen production, but were accused of trying to export the necessary changes needed within Europe.{{Cite news |last=Graré |first=Luc |date=2021-06-08 |title=Europe cannot simply rely on third countries for its green hydrogen |work=Euractiv |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/opinion/europe-cannot-simply-rely-on-third-countries-for-its-green-hydrogen/ |access-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616160621/https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/opinion/europe-cannot-simply-rely-on-third-countries-for-its-green-hydrogen/ |archive-date=2021-06-16}} The European Union required that starting in 2021, all new gas turbines made in the bloc must be ready to burn a hydrogen–natural gas blend.{{Cite web |last=Fairley |first=Peter |date=2020-02-21 |title=Solar and Wind Power Could Ignite a Hydrogen Energy Comeback |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/solar-and-wind-power-could-ignite-a-hydrogen-energy-comeback/ |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210126061944/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/solar-and-wind-power-could-ignite-a-hydrogen-energy-comeback/ |archive-date=2021-01-26 |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=Scientific American |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |issn=0036-8733}}

In November 2020, Chile's president presented the "National Strategy for Green Hydrogen," stating he wanted Chile to become "the most efficient green hydrogen producer in the world by 2030".{{Cite news|last=O'Ryan|first=Francisca|date=2020-11-03|title=Presidente Piñera: "Nuestro objetivo es convertirnos en el productor de hidrógeno verde más eficiente del mundo" para 2030|language=es|trans-title=President Piñera: "Our goal is to become the most efficient green hydrogen producer in the world" by 2030|work=La Tercera|url=https://www.latercera.com/pulso/noticia/presidente-pinera-nuestro-objetivo-es-convertirnos-en-el-productor-de-hidrogeno-verde-mas-eficiente-del-mundo-para-2030/FDMJ6QUHR5EIDAOCNXPOFFGFSA/|access-date=2021-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104124052/https://www.latercera.com/pulso/noticia/presidente-pinera-nuestro-objetivo-es-convertirnos-en-el-productor-de-hidrogeno-verde-mas-eficiente-del-mundo-para-2030/FDMJ6QUHR5EIDAOCNXPOFFGFSA/|archive-date=2020-11-04}} The plan includes HyEx, a project to make solar based hydrogen for use in the mining industry.{{Cite web |date=2021-03-31 |title=6 países que lideran la producción de hidrógeno verde, una de las "energías del futuro" (y cuál es el único latinoamericano) |trans-title=6 countries that lead production of green hydrogen, one of the future energies (and which of those countries is the only one in Latin America) |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-56531777 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331105736/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-56531777 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=BBC News |language=es }}

In the European Union, certified 'renewable' hydrogen, defined as produced from non-biological feedstocks, requires an emission reduction of at least 70% below the fossil fuel it is intended to replace.{{Cite web |date=13 February 2023 |title=Questions and Answers on the EU Delegated Acts on Renewable Hydrogen |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=European Commission |language=en}} This is distinct in the EU from 'low carbon' hydrogen, which is defined as made using fossil fuel feedstocks.{{Cite web |last1=Oyarzabal |first1=Rosa |last2=Mertenskötter |first2=Paul |last3=García |first3=Cándido |date=2022-01-07 |title=New Definitions for Blue and Green Hydrogen: The European Commission's Package on Hydrogen and Decarbonized Gas Markets |url=https://www.insideenergyandenvironment.com/2022/01/new-definitions-for-blue-and-green-hydrogen-the-european-commissions-package-on-hydrogen-and-decarbonized-gas-markets/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Inside Energy & Environment |language=en-US}} For it to be certified, low carbon hydrogen must achieve at least a 70% reduction in emissions compared with the grey hydrogen it replaces.

In the United Kingdom, just one standard is proposed, for 'low carbon' hydrogen. Its threshold GHG emissions intensity of 20gCO2 equivalent per megajoule{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=UK Low Carbon Hydrogen Standard: emissions reporting and sustainability criteria |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-low-carbon-hydrogen-standard-emissions-reporting-and-sustainability-criteria |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}} should be easily met by renewably-powered electrolysis of water for green hydrogen production, but has been set at a level to allow for and encourage other 'low carbon' hydrogen production, principally blue hydrogen.{{Cite web |date=September 2022 |title=Global Hydrogen Review 2022 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/c5bc75b1-9e4d-460d-9056-6e8e626a11c4/GlobalHydrogenReview2022.pdf |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=IEA |page=89 }} Blue hydrogen is grey hydrogen with added carbon capture and storage, which to date has not been produced with carbon capture rates in excess of 60%.{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}} To meet the UK's threshold, its government has estimated that an 85% carbon capture rate would be necessary.{{Cite web |date=April 2023 |title=UK Low Carbon Hydrogen Standard. Guidance on the greenhouse gas emissions and sustainability criteria. Version 2 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1151288/uk-low-carbon-hydrogen-standard-v2-guidance.pdf |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=GOV.UK |page=14}}

In the United States, planned tax credit incentives for green hydrogen production are to be tied to the emissions intensity of 'clean' hydrogen produced, with greater levels of support on offer for lower greenhouse gas intensities.{{Cite web |title=Financial Incentives for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Projects |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/financial-incentives-hydrogen-and-fuel-cell-projects |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}

== See also ==

• Alternative fuel
• Carbon-neutral fuel
• Combined cycle hydrogen power plant
• Fossil fuel phase-out
• Hydrogen economy
• Green methanol fuel

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Sister project links|auto=y|d=y}}

• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEByrL5a27c Green hydrogen explainer video] from Scottish Power
• {{Cite web |last=Barnard |first=Michael |date=2025-02-24 |title=Hydrogen Electrolysis Cost Projections from Major Organizations Low by 60% to 300% |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2025/02/24/hydrogen-electrolysis-cost-projections-from-major-organizations-low-by-60-to-300/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=CleanTechnica |language=en-US}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Green hydrogen}}

Category:Emissions reduction