Guinness World Records#Change in business model
{{short description|British reference book listing world records}}
{{Redirect|Guinness Records|the record label|Guinness Records (record label)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| image = Guinness World Records logo.svg
| caption = Guinness World Records Limited
| language =
| country = United Kingdom{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/guinness-world-records |website=LinkedIn}}
| publisher = Jim Pattison Group
| english_pub_date = 27 August 1955–present
| media_type = {{hlist|Book|television}}
| oclco =
| website = {{official URL}}
}}
Guinness World Records, known from its inception in 1955 until 1999 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records, is a British reference book published annually, listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world. Sir Hugh Beaver created the concept, and twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter co-founded the book in London in August 1955.
The first edition topped the bestseller list in the United Kingdom by Christmas 1955. The following year the book was launched internationally, and as of the 2025 edition, it is now in its 70th year of publication, published in 100 countries and 40 languages, and maintains over 53,000 records in its database.
The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums. The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international source for cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records. The organisation employs record adjudicators to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records.
Following a series of owners, the franchise has been owned by the Jim Pattison Group since 2008, with its headquarters moved to South Quay Plaza, Canary Wharf, London, in 2017. Since 2008, Guinness World Records has orientated its business model away from selling books, and towards creating new world records as publicity exercises for individuals and organisations, which has attracted criticism.
History
On 10 November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, then the managing director of the Guinness Breweries,{{Cite web |title=The History of the Book |url=http://guinness.book-of-records.info/history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225172648/http://guinness.book-of-records.info/history.html |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=10 February 2012 |website=Guinness Record Book Collecting}} went on a shooting party in the North Slob, by the River Slaney in County Wexford, Ireland. After missing a shot at a golden plover, he became involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe, the golden plover or the red grouse (the plover is faster, but neither is the fastest game bird in Europe).{{Cite book |last=Fionn Davenport |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfL3QnPMi9oC&pg=PA193 |title=Ireland |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2010 |isbn=9781742203508 |page=193 |access-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513022833/https://books.google.com/books?id=RfL3QnPMi9oC&pg=PA193 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}} That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europe's fastest game bird.{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Early History of Guinness World Records |url=http://freespace.virgin.net/james.robertson/history2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701200438/http://freespace.virgin.net/james.robertson/history2.htm |archive-date=1 July 2007 |page=2}}{{Cite journal |last=Cavendish |first=Richard |date=August 2005 |title=Publication of the Guinness Book of Records: 27 August 1955 |journal=History Today |volume=55}} Beaver knew that there must have been numerous other questions debated nightly among the public, but there was no book in the world with which to settle arguments about records.{{Cite news |title=Why Was the Guinness World Records Book First Published? |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/9/why-was-the-guinness-world-records-book-first-published-714607 |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=Guinness World Records}} He realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful.{{Cite book |title=Guinness World Records 2005 |publisher=Guinness; 50th Anniversary edition |year=2004 |isbn=1892051222 |page=6}}
{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Norris McWhirter (1977).jpg
| image2 = Ludgate House, Ludgate Circus EC4 - geograph.org.uk - 1272076.jpg
| footer = Norris McWhirter co-founded the book with his twin brother Ross in August 1955 at Ludgate House, 107 Fleet Street, London
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Beaver's idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended university friends Norris and Ross McWhirter, who had been running a fact-finding agency in London.{{Cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Adam |date=21 April 2004 |title=Norris McWhirter Dies; 'Guinness Book' Co-Founder |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2004/04/21/norris-mcwhirter-dies/278c9125-e98d-4bd4-94df-90720769fddd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220155522/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2004/04/21/norris-mcwhirter-dies/278c9125-e98d-4bd4-94df-90720769fddd/ |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=20 February 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}} The twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of (Superlatives and now) Records, in August 1954. A thousand copies were distributed for free to pubs across Britain and Ireland as a promotional asset for the Guinness brand, and they became immensely popular with customers.{{Cite web |title=Guinness Book History 1950 – Present |url=http://spyhunter007.com/spy_guinness_book_history.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513093133/http://spyhunter007.com/spy_guinness_book_history.htm |archive-date=13 May 2006 |access-date=5 July 2006 |website=spyhunter007.com}}
After the founding of The Guinness Book of Records office at the top of Ludgate House, 107 Fleet Street, London, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British bestseller list by Christmas.{{Cite news |title=Guinness World Records History |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/60/through_the_years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113002351/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/60/through_the_years.html |archive-date=13 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |work=Guinness World Records}} The following year, it was introduced into the United States by New York publisher David Boehm and sold 70,000 copies.{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=10 February 2000 |title=David Boehm, 86, Record-Keeper to the World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/10/arts/david-boehm-86-record-keeper-to-the-world.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213045808/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/10/arts/david-boehm-86-record-keeper-to-the-world.html |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} Since then, Guinness World Records has sold more than 150 million copies in 100 countries and 40 languages.{{Cite news |title=Here's How the Guinness World Records Went from a Way to Settle Pub Arguments to a Worldwide Phenomenon |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/guinness-world-records-surviving-age-of-internet-and-social-media-2023-6 |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Business Insider}}{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records Corporate – Home |url=http://corporate.guinnessworldrecords.com/index.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821044202/http://corporate.guinnessworldrecords.com/index.aspx |archive-date=21 August 2015 |website=Guinness World Records}}
File:Kobayashi Takeru, Japanese competitive eater 2.jpg Takeru Kobayashi with two Guinness World Record certificates]]
Because the book became a surprise hit, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October, in time for Christmas.{{Cite news |title=Guinness Is Good for You at Christmas - but Not for Publishers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2011/dec/02/guinness-christmas-publishers-sales |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=The Guardian}} The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years. Both brothers had an encyclopedic memory; on the British children's television series Record Breakers, based upon the book, which was broadcast on the BBC from 1972 to 2001, they would take questions posed by children in the audience on various world records and were able to give the correct answer.{{Cite book |last=Sheridan |first=Simon |title=The A-Z of Classic Children's Television: From Alberto Frog to Zebedee |date=2004 |publisher=Reynolds & Hearn Ltd |isbn=1903111277 |pages=217–221}} Ross McWhirter was assassinated by two members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975, in response to offering a £50,000 reward for information that would lead to capture of members of the organisation.{{Cite news |date=20 April 2004 |title=Record Breakers' McWhirter Dies |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3643039.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227122349/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3643039.stm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=9 June 2014 |work=BBC News}} Following Ross's assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot. Norris carried on as the book's sole editor.
File:Where’s Wally World Record (5846729480).jpg Guinness World Record event in Dublin, Ireland. Setting a record for 3,872 people dressed as Wally, the total was surpassed in 2017 with 4,626 people in Japan.{{Cite web |date=30 October 2017 |title=Where's Wally? 4,626 People Dressed As Waldo Break a Record in Japan |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/commercial/2017/10/wheres-wally-4-626-people-dressed-as-waldo-break-a-record-in-japan-498860 |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}]]
Guinness Superlatives, later Guinness World Records Limited, was incorporated in London in 1954 to publish the first book.{{Cite news |title=Guinness World Records Limited |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00541295 |access-date=1 June 2024 |agency=Companies House.gov.uk}} Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades until it was repurchased by Guinness in 1989 after an 18-month long lawsuit. The group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment for £45.5 million ($65 million).{{Cite web |date=1 July 2001 |title=Gullane Entertainment to Acquire Guinness World Records |url=http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/010701/hssu011.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010820144727/http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/010701/hssu011.html |archive-date=20 August 2001 |access-date=12 June 2019 |website=PRNewswire |publisher=Cision |via=Yahoo.com}} Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002. In 2006, Apax Partners purchased HIT and subsequently sold Guinness World Records in early 2008 to the Jim Pattison Group, the parent company of Ripley Entertainment, which is licensed to operate Guinness World Records' Attractions. With offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records' global headquarters remain in London, specifically South Quay Plaza, Canary Wharf,{{Cite web |last=Michal |date=March 2017 |title=A Peek Inside Guinness World Records' London Headquarters |url=https://www.officelovin.com/2017/03/peek-inside-guinness-world-records-london-headquarters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122145329/https://www.officelovin.com/2017/03/peek-inside-guinness-world-records-london-headquarters/ |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=Officelovin' |quote=Having outgrown their existing space in Warren Street GWR appointed CBRE to start an extensive building search, which ultimately led to the selection of South Quay, Canary Wharf.}} while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida.
=Evolution=
File:Lucky Diamond Rich face.jpg is "the world's most tattooed person", and has tattoos covering his entire body. He holds the Guinness World Records title {{As of|2006|lc=y}}.]]
Recent editions have focused on record feats by individuals. Competitions range from obvious ones such as Olympic weightlifting to the longest egg tossing distances, or for longest time spent playing Grand Theft Auto IV or the largest number of hot dogs consumed in three minutes.{{Cite web |title=Most Hot Dogs Eaten in 3 Minutes |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/24214-most-hot-dogs-eaten-in-3-minutes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119160744/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/24214-most-hot-dogs-eaten-in-3-minutes |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Guinness World Records}} Besides records about competitions, it contains such facts such as the heaviest tumour,{{Cite web |date=October 1991 |title=Largest Tumour – Removed Intact |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/67567-largest-tumour-removed-intact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120161133/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/67567-largest-tumour-removed-intact |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Guinness World Records}} the most poisonous fungus,{{Cite web |title=Most Poisonous Fungus |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/66477-most-poisonous-fungus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824012923/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/66477-most-poisonous-fungus |archive-date=24 August 2018 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Guinness World Records}} the longest-running soap opera{{Cite news |title=Longest-Running TV Soap Opera |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-running-tv-soap-opera |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123185453/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-running-tv-soap-opera |archive-date=23 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019 |work=Guinness World Records}} and the most valuable life-insurance policy,{{Cite web |date=13 March 2014 |title=Mystery Billionaire Takes Out Historic $201 Million Life Insurance Policy |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2014/3/mystery-billionaire-takes-out-historic-$201-million-life-insurance-policy-56096 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112152038/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2014/3/mystery-billionaire-takes-out-historic-$201-million-life-insurance-policy-56096 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Guinness World Records}} among others. Many records also relate to the youngest people to have achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, currently held by Maurizio Giuliano.{{Cite book |title=Guinness Book of World Records |year=2006 |edition=UK |page=126}}
Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness World Records database, as well as select new records, with the criteria for inclusion changing from year to year.{{Cite web |last=Glenday |first=Craig |date=18 December 2014 |title=r/IAmA – I Am Craig Glenday, Editor-in-Chief at Guinness World Records – the World's Best-Selling Annual Book – AMA! |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2ppbdz/i_am_craig_glenday_editorinchief_at_guinness/cmywf2e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807182909/https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2ppbdz/i_am_craig_glenday_editorinchief_at_guinness/cmywf2e/ |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=reddit}} The latest edition is the 70th, published on 15 September 2023. It is the fourth and last installment featuring Rod Hunt's illustrations on the cover with the topic of 'The ocean and the water'.{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records Archive |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/products/books/history-of-the-book/book-cover-archive |website=Guinness World Records}}
The retirement of Norris McWhirter from his consulting role in 1995 and the subsequent decision by Diageo Plc to sell The Guinness Book of Records brand have shifted the focus of the books from text-oriented to illustrated reference. A selection of records are curated for the book from the full archive but all existing Guinness World Records titles can be accessed by creating a login on the company's website. Applications made by individuals for existing record categories are free of charge. There is an administration fee of £5 (or $5) to propose a new record title.{{Cite web |title=The Application Process |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/the-application-process/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109082310/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/the-application-process/ |archive-date=9 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Guinness World Records}}
File:Can you see the surfer? (33988985575).jpg, Portugal), listed on the Guinness World Records for the biggest waves ever surfed]]
A number of spin-off books{{Cite web |title=Guinness Record Book Collecting |url=https://guinness.book-of-records.info/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227142638/http://book-of-records.info/ |archive-date=27 December 2018 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=guinness.book-of-records.info}} and television series have also been produced. Guinness World Records bestowed the record of "Person with the most records" on Ashrita Furman of Queens, New York, in April 2009; at that time, he held 100 records.{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records Honors One Man's Historic Milestone – 100 Records Broken! – Guinness World Records Blog Post |url=http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Guinness-World-Records-honors-one-mans-historic-milestone-100-Records-Broken/blog/241933/7691.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612221225/http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Guinness-World-Records-honors-one-mans-historic-milestone-100-Records-Broken/blog/241933/7691.html |archive-date=12 June 2009 |access-date=29 December 2009 |publisher=community.guinnessworldrecords.com}}
In 2005, Guinness designated 9 November as International Guinness World Records Day to encourage breaking of world records.{{Cite web |title=Records Shatter Across the Globe in Honor of Guinness World Records Day 2006 |url=http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20061106005761&newsLang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718032729/http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20061106005761&newsLang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=29 April 2007}} In 2006, an estimated 100,000 people participated in over 10 countries. Guinness reported 2,244 new records in 12 months, which was a 173% increase over the previous year. In February 2008, NBC aired The Top 100 Guinness World Records of All Time and Guinness World Records made the complete list available on their website.{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records Live: Top 100 |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2008/01/080128.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610215601/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2008/01/080128.aspx |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=6 November 2008 |website=Guinness World Records}}
The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records.{{Cite news |title=Midlands World Record Breakers |url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2012-09-13/midlands-world-record-breakers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015212647/https://www.itv.com/news/central/2012-09-13/midlands-world-record-breakers |archive-date=15 October 2022 |access-date=15 October 2022 |publisher=ITV News |quote=The Guinness World Records, the global authority on record breaking achievements}}{{Cite news |title=Metallica Earns Spot in 'Guinness World Records' 2015 Edition |url=https://blabbermouth.net/news/metallica-earns-spot-in-guinness-world-records-2015-edition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015212646/https://blabbermouth.net/news/metallica-earns-spot-in-guinness-world-records-2015-edition |archive-date=15 October 2022 |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=Blabbermouth |quote=Guinness World Records (GWR) is the universally recognized global authority on record-breaking achievement.}}{{Cite news |title=Lewandowski Enters Guinness World Record Books |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/noblmd14-lewandowski-enters-guinness-world-record-books.jsp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923040826/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/noblmd14-lewandowski-enters-guinness-world-record-books.jsp |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=5 August 2020 |publisher=Bundesliga |quote=Guinness World Records is the world's authority on record-breaking achievements.}}{{Cite news |title=Guinness World Records: How the Irish Brewer Became an Authority on Firsts, Feats and Pub Trivia |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/guinness-world-records-new-edition-history-origins-brewer-ireland-a8523941.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818203722/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/guinness-world-records-new-edition-history-origins-brewer-ireland-a8523941.html |archive-date=18 August 2020 |access-date=5 August 2020 |work=The Independent |quote=The book recounting record-breaking achievements from all manner of disciplines across the world is now in its 63rd edition and continues to be a bestseller, the place to go for anyone interested in finding out who is the world's most tattooed man or who built the fastest jet-powered go-kart.}}
=List of discontinued Guinness World Records=
Over its history, numerous world record categories have been discontinued. This list may include that the record poses a threat to health or the environment.{{incomplete list|date=October 2023}}
Defining records
{{multiple image
| footer = Chandra Bahadur Dangi from Nepal,
measuring 1 ft 9 1⁄2 in (54.6 cm), is recognised as the world's shortest man ever, while the tallest is Robert Wadlow from the US, at {{convert|8|ft|11|in|m}}, both verified by Guinness World Records.
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For many records, Guinness World Records is the effective authority on the exact requirements for them and with whom records reside, the company providing adjudicators to events to determine the veracity of record attempts. The list of records which the Guinness World Records covers is not fixed, records may be added and also removed for various reasons. The public is invited to submit applications for records, which can be either the bettering of existing records or substantial achievements which could constitute a new record.{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/faq.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124172127/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/faq.aspx |archive-date=24 January 2012 |access-date=10 February 2012 |publisher=Guinness World Records}} The company also provides corporate services for companies to "harness the power of record-breaking to deliver tangible success for their businesses."{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records Corporate |url=http://corporate.guinnessworldrecords.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512021154/http://corporate.guinnessworldrecords.com/ |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=10 May 2012 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}
=Ethical and safety issues=
Guinness World Records states several types of records it will not accept for ethical reasons, such as those related to the killing or harming of animals.{{Cite web |title=Is Your Proposal a Potential Guinness World Records™ Achievement? |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/is-it-a-record/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504015421/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/is-it-a-record/ |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=10 May 2012 |website=Guinness World Records}} In the 2006 Guinness Book of World Records, Colombian serial killer Pedro López was listed as the "most prolific serial killer", having murdered at least 110 people (with Lopez himself claiming he murdered over 300 people) in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru in the late 1960s to 1980s.{{Cite web |title=Most Prolific Serial Killer |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-prolific-serial-killer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216093053/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-prolific-serial-killer |archive-date=16 February 2015 |website=Guinness World Records}} This was removed after complaints that the listing and category made a competition out of murder.{{Cite book |last=Regier |first=Willis Goth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5FY0LJL6NkC |title=In Praise of Flattery |date=November 2007 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0803239692 |via=Google Books}}
File:Guinness Beer Record 1977.jpg}} Petrosino set record times for 250 ml, 500 ml and 1.5 litres as well, but Guinness accepted only the record for one litre. They later dropped all alcohol records from their compendium in 1991, then reinstated the records in 2008.]]
Several world records that were once included in the book have been removed for ethical reasons, including concerns for the well-being of potential record breakers. For example, following publication of the "heaviest pet" record, many owners overfed their pets beyond the bounds of what was healthy, and therefore such entries were removed.{{Cite news |title=Junk Food Diet Fuels Epidemic of Pet Obesity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jul/20/animalwelfare.animalbehaviour |access-date=31 May 2024 |work=The Guardian}} The Guinness Book also dropped records within their "eating and drinking records" section of Human Achievements in 1991 over concerns that potential competitors could harm themselves and expose the publisher to potential litigation. These changes included the removal of all spirit, wine and beer drinking records, along with other unusual records for consuming such unlikely things as bicycles and trees.{{Cite book |title=Guinness Book of World Records |year=1990 |page=464}} Other records, such as sword swallowing and rally driving (on public roads), were closed from further entry as the current holders had performed beyond what are considered safe human tolerance levels.
There have been instances of closed categories being reopened. For example, the sword swallowing category was listed as closed in the 1990 Guinness Book of World Records, but has since been reopened with Johnny Strange breaking a sword swallowing record on Guinness World Records Live.{{Cite news |last=Pengelly |first=Emma |date=29 February 2020 |title=Surrey's Wackiest World Records and How You Can Set Your Own |url=https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/weird-wacky-surrey-guinness-world-17824947 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301215007/https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/weird-wacky-surrey-guinness-world-17824947 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020 |work=Surreylive}}{{Cite web |date=30 January 2017 |title=Daring Record Holder Johnny Strange Adds to His Collection of Titles with Scary Sword Swallowing Feat |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2017/1/daring-record-holder-johnny-strange-adds-to-his-collection-of-titles-460468 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903200732/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2017/1/daring-record-holder-johnny-strange-adds-to-his-collection-of-titles-460468 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}} Similarly, the speed beer drinking records which were dropped from the book in 1991, reappeared 17 years later in the 2008 edition, but were moved from the "Human Achievements" section of the older book{{Cite web |date=11 June 2004 |title=Guinness World Record Book Entry |url=http://www.beerrecord.com/guinnessbook.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112083811/http://www.beerrecord.com/guinnessbook.htm |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=10 February 2012 |website=Guinness World Beer Record}} to the "Modern Society" section of the newer edition.{{Cite web |date=11 June 2004 |title=Guinness World Record Book Entry 2008 |url=http://www.beerrecord.com/guinnessbook_2008.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112083947/http://www.beerrecord.com/guinnessbook_2008.htm |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=10 February 2012 |website=Guinness World Beer Record}}
{{As of|2011}}, it is required in the guidelines of all "large food" type records that the item be fully edible, and distributed to the public for consumption, to prevent food wastage. Chain letters are also not allowed: "Guinness World Records does not accept any records relating to chain letters, sent by post or e-mail."{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/faqs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322040209/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/faqs |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}} After Roger Guy English set the record for sleeplessness in 1974, the category was discontinued for being too dangerous.{{Cite web |last=Brandt |first=Angela |date=18 November 2021 |title=Poway Man Who Relishes a Challenge, No Matter How Crazy, Inspires Documentary and a Beer |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/pomerado-news/news/story/2021-11-17/poway-man-inspires-documentary-beer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118033629/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/pomerado-news/news/story/2021-11-17/poway-man-inspires-documentary-beer |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=Pomerado News |language=en-US}} At the request of the U.S. Mint, in 1984, the book stopped accepting claims of large hoardings of pennies or other currency.{{Cite book |title=Guinness Book of World Records |year=1984 |page=428}} Environmentally unfriendly records (such as the releasing of sky lanterns and party balloons) are no longer accepted or monitored, in addition to records relating to tobacco or cannabis consumption or preparation.{{Cite web |title=Record Policies |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/record-policies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512085629/https://guinnessworldrecords.com/records/record-policies |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=18 May 2021}}
In 2024, Guinness World Records was accused of laundering the reputation of the oppressive governments as it set world records for the UAE's police forces and Egypt's military. By 2024, the UAE achieved 526 records, of which 21 were credited to the Emirates' police force. Matthew Hedges, a British academic who was forced to sign a false confession, asked the records body to take down the Abu Dhabi police department's certificate for "most signatures on a scroll", along with other such titles. Concerns were also raised around the activities around Egypt, which moved from 22 records to 110 within a decade until 2024. James Lynch, co-founder of FairSquare, said the records were legitimising Abdel Fattah el-Sisi's regime. The Guinness World Records stated that its record titles "cannot be purchased".{{Cite news |last1=Malvern |first1=Jack |last2=Willoughby |first2=George |date=24 March 2024 |title=Guinness World Records Accused of Whitewashing Repressive Regimes' Images |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/guinness-world-records-accused-of-whitewashing-repressive-regimes-images-9bmrg9p6c |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=The Sunday Times}}
Guinness World Records has been accused of romanticising diseases, such as Grave's Disease and Pica.{{cite web |last1=Yudin |first1=Eli |title=5 Guinness World Records That Are Just Diseases |url=https://www.cracked.com/article_39392_5-guinness-world-records-that-are-just-diseases.html |website=Cracked.com |language=en |date=7 September 2023}}
=Difficulty in defining records=
For some potential categories, Guinness World Records has declined to list some records that are too difficult or impossible to determine. For example, its website states: "We do not accept any claims for beauty as it is not objectively measurable."
On 10 December 2010, Guinness World Records stopped accepting submissions for the "dreadlock" category after investigation of its first and only female title holder, Asha Mandela, determining it was impossible to judge this record accurately.{{Cite web |title=Longest Dreadlock Record – Rested |url=http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Longest-Dreadlock-Record-Rested/BLOG/3083932/7691.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005033245/http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Longest-Dreadlock-Record-Rested/BLOG/3083932/7691.html |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=4 November 2011 |publisher=Community.guinnessworldrecords.com}}
Change in business model
Traditionally, the company made a large amount of its revenue via book sales to interested readers, especially children. The rise of the Internet began to cut into book sales starting in the 2000s, part of a general decline in the book industry. According to a 2017 story by Planet Money of NPR, Guinness began to realise that a lucrative new revenue source to replace falling book sales was the would-be record-holders themselves.{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2017/09/20/552203402/episode-795-is-record-breaking-broken |title=Is Record Breaking Broken? |date=20 September 2017 |last=Smith |first=Stacey Vanek |last2=Saakashvili |first2=Eduard |publisher=National Public Radio |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013134317/https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2017/09/20/552203402/episode-795-is-record-breaking-broken |archive-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=live}} While any person can theoretically send in a record to be verified for free, the approval process is slow. Would-be record breakers that paid fees ranging from US$12,000 to US$500,000 would be given advisors, adjudicators, help in finding good records to break as well as suggestions for how to do it, prompt service, and so on. In particular, corporations and celebrities seeking a publicity stunt to launch a new product or draw attention to themselves began to hire Guinness World Records, paying them for finding a record to break or to create a new category just for them. As such, they have been described as a native advertising company, with no clear distinction between content and advertisement.{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Phil |date=6 March 2015 |title=Guinness World Records Is No Longer Just a Book Company. It's a Branded Experience. |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/3/6/8157639/guinness-world-record-business |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206052120/https://www.vox.com/2015/3/6/8157639/guinness-world-record-business |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Vox |language=en}}
Guinness World Records was criticised by television talk show host John Oliver on the program Last Week Tonight with John Oliver in August 2019.{{Cite magazine |title=John Oliver Bakes Very Large Cake to Annoy Turkmenistan |url=https://time.com/5648682/john-oliver-turkmenistan-cake |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814150445/https://time.com/5648682/john-oliver-turkmenistan-cake/ |archive-date=14 August 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019 |magazine=Time |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=11 August 2019 |title=Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9QYu8LtH2E |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815170404/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9QYu8LtH2E&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=31 March 2022 |publisher=YouTube}} Oliver criticised Guinness for taking money from authoritarian governments for pointless vanity projects as it related to the main focus of his story, President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow. Oliver asked Guinness to work with Last Week Tonight to adjudicate a record for "Largest cake featuring a picture of someone falling off a horse", but according to Oliver, the offer did not work out after Guinness insisted on a non-disparagement clause. Guinness World Records denied the accusations and stated that they declined Oliver's offer to participate because "it was merely an opportunity to mock one of our record-holders," and that Oliver did not specifically request the record for the largest marble cake.{{Cite web |date=12 August 2019 |title=Guinness World Records on Last Week Tonight with John Oliver |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/8/guinness-world-records-on-last-week-tonight-with-john-oliver-586398/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813023105/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/8/guinness-world-records-on-last-week-tonight-with-john-oliver-586398/ |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}} As of 2021, the Guinness World Record for "Largest marble cake" remains with Betty Crocker Middle East in Saudi Arabia.{{Cite web |title=Largest Marble Cake |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/94531-largest-marble-cake/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927203006/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/94531-largest-marble-cake |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=Guinness World Records}} Following Oliver's episode, Guinness World Records
Museums
File:6764 Guinness.JPG in Hollywood, California]]
In 1976, a Guinness Book of World Records museum opened in the Empire State Building. Speed shooter Bob Munden then went on tour promoting The Guinness Book of World Records by performing his record fast draws with a standard weight single-action revolver from a Western movie-type holster. His fastest time for a draw was 0.02 seconds.{{Cite web |title=Bob Munden • Six-Gun Magic Custom Gunsmithing – Bob & Becky Munden – Six-Gun Magic Gunwork |url=http://www.bobmunden.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509080154/http://www.bobmunden.com/ |archive-date=9 May 2008 |access-date=15 March 2008 |website=bobmunden.com}} Among exhibits were life-size statues of the world's tallest man, Robert Wadlow, and world's largest earthworm, an X-ray photo of a sword swallower, repeated lightning strike victim Roy Sullivan's hat complete with lightning holes and a pair of gem-studded golf shoes on sale for $6,500.{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=John |title=The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge |year=2011 |chapter=In Praise of Facts}} The museum closed in 1995.{{Cite web |title=Travel & Outdoors – The Good, The Bad, The Ugly: A 1995 Travel Retrospective – Seattle Times Newspaper |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19951231/2160261/the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-a-1995-travel-retrospective |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114033446/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19951231&slug=2160261 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |access-date=14 April 2012 |website=nwsource.com}}
In more recent years, the Guinness company has permitted the franchising of small museums with displays based on the book, all currently ({{As of|2010|lc=y}}) located in towns popular with tourists: Tokyo, Copenhagen, San Antonio.
There were once Guinness World Records museums and exhibitions at the London Trocadero, Bangalore, San Francisco, Myrtle Beach, Orlando,{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Robert H. |title=The Guinness World Records Experience: one of Florida's Lost Tourist Attractions |url=http://www.lostparks.com/guinness.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222060444/http://www.lostparks.com/guinness.html |archive-date=22 December 2008 |access-date=1 February 2009}} Atlantic City, New Jersey,{{Cite web |last=Ripley Entertainment, Inc |title=Guinness World Records Experience Locations |url=http://www.guinnessattractions.com/locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120225858/http://guinnessattractions.com/locations.aspx |archive-date=20 January 2009 |access-date=1 February 2009}} and Las Vegas, Nevada. The Orlando museum, which closed in 2002, was branded The Guinness Records Experience; the Hollywood, Niagara Falls, Copenhagen, and Gatlinburg, Tennessee museums also previously featured this branding.{{Cite web |last=Ripley Entertainment, Inc. |date=20 November 2002 |title=Guinness World Records Experience Locations |url=http://www.guinnessattractions.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021120040920/http://www.guinnessattractions.com/ |archive-date=20 November 2002 |access-date=1 February 2009 |website=Internet Archive Wayback Machine}}
==Retail and merchandise==
Guinness World Records operates an official online shop, the Guinness World Records Store,{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records Store |url=https://gwrstore.com/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=Guinness World Records}} which offers items related to record-breaking achievements, including certificates of participation, apparel, and the annual Guinness World Records book.
The shop provides record-holders and the general public with access to official Guinness World Records materials. Merchandise is part of the organisation's broader engagement efforts beyond its publications and events.{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records Books |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/products/books |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=Guinness World Records}}
Television series
Guinness World Records has commissioned various television series documenting world record breaking attempts, including:
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||||
| Country | Name | Network | Broadcast | Hosts |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arab World
| {{lang|ar|العرب في موسوعة جينيس}} | Al Dar 1 | 2021 | Turki Al Omari | ||||
| rowspan="2" | Australia
| Australia's Guinness World Records | rowspan=2|Seven Network | 2005 | ||||
| Australia Smashes Guinness World Records
| 2010 | ||||
| Bulgaria
| {{lang|bg|Световните рекорди Гинес}} | bTV | 2006–2007 | Krasimir Vankov | ||||
| China
| The day of Guinness in China | CCTV | 2006–2014 | Wang Xuechun | ||||
| rowspan="5" | France
| {{lang|fr|L'émission des records}} {{small|(1999–2002)}} | TF1 | 1999–2002 | ||||
| {{lang|fr|L'été de tous les records}} {{small|(2003–2005)}} 50 ans, 50 records {{small|(2004)}} | France 3 | 2003–2005 | Pierre Sled | ||||
| {{lang|fr|La nuit des records}}
| France 2 | 2006 | ||||
| {{lang|fr|Le monde des records}}
| W9 | 2008–2010 | Alexandre Devoise | ||||
| {{lang|fr|Les trésors du livre des records}}
| Gulli | 2015 | ||||
| Germany
| {{lang|de|Guinness World Records – Die größten Weltrekorde}} | 2004–2008 | Oliver Welke (2004) | ||||
| Greece
| Guinness World Records | 2009–2011 | Katerina Stikoudi (2009–2010) | ||||
| India
| Guinness World Records – Ab India Todega | 2011 | ||||
| rowspan="2" | Italy
| {{lang|it|Lo show dei record}} | Canale 5 | 2006 (pilot) | Barbara D'Urso (2006–2009) | ||||
| {{lang|it|La notte dei record}}
| TV8 | 2018 | ||||
| New Zealand
| NZ Smashes Guinness World Records | TV2 | 2009 | ||||
| rowspan="2" | Philippines
| Guinness Book of World Records Philippine Edition | ABC | 2004 | Cookie Calabig | ||||
| The Best Ka!
| 2022 | ||||
| Poland
| {{lang|pl|Światowe Rekordy Guinnessa}} | Polsat | 2009–2011 | Maciej Dowbor | ||||
| Portugal
| Guinness World Records Portugal | SIC | 2014 | Rita Andrade | ||||
| rowspan="3" | Spain
| {{lang|es|El show de los récords}} | Antena 3 | 2001–2002 | ||||
| Guinness World Records
| rowspan="2" |Telecinco | 2009 | Carmen Alcayde | ||||
| La noche de los récords
| 2025–present | ||||
| Sweden
| {{lang|sv|Guinness rekord-TV}} | TV3 | 1999–2000 | Mårten Andersson (1999) | ||||
| rowspan="7" | United Kingdom
| BBC1 | 1972–2001 | Roy Castle (1972–1993) | ||||
| Guinness World Records (UK)
| ITV | 1999–2001 | Ian Wright | ||||
| Ultimate Guinness World Records
| 2004 | ||||
| Guinness World Records Smashed
| Sky1 | 2008–2009 | ||||
| Totally Bonkers Guinness Book of Records
| ITV2 | 2012–2015 | ||||
| Officially Amazing
| CBBC | 2013–2018 | ||||
| Guinness World Records Cymru
| S4C (Wales) | 2020–present | {{Unknown}} | ||||
| rowspan="3" | United States
| Syndicated | 1979–1980 | ||||
| Guinness World Records Primetime
| Fox | 1998–2001 | ||||
| Guinness World Records Unleashed / Gone Wild
| truTV | 2013–2014 |
Specials:
- Guinness World Records: 50 Years, 50 Records – on ITV (UK), 11 September 2004
- Guinness World Records Live: Top 100 – on NBC (USA), February 2008
Gamer's edition
{{Distinguish|Guinness World Records: The Videogame}}
In 2008, Guinness World Records released its gamer's edition, a supplement that keeps records for popular video game high scores, codes and feats in association with Twin Galaxies. The Gamer's Edition used to contain 258 pages, over 1,236 video game related world records and four interviews including one with Twin Galaxies founder Walter Day.{{Cite web |last=Daultrey |first=Stephen |date=15 October 2015 |title=Stephen Daultrey: Our Gamer's Edition Editor Shares His Favourite Records from the New Book |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/10/stephen-daultrey-our-gamers-edition-editor-shares-his-favourite-records-from-th-400538 |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=Guinness World Records}} Editions were published for the years 2008 through 2020, with the 2009 edition in hardcover. The 2025 edition is the first since 2020, returning after a five-year hiatus. Since 2020, the supplement had 192 pages.
''The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles''
{{Main|British Hit Singles & Albums}}
The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles was a music reference book first published in 1977. It was compiled by BBC Radio 1 DJs Paul Gambaccini and Mike Read with brothers Tim Rice and Jonathan Rice. It was the first in a number of music reference books that were to be published by Guinness Publishing with sister publication The Guinness Book of British Hit Albums coming in 1983. After being sold to Hit Entertainment, the data concerning the Official Chart Company's singles and albums charts were combined under the title British Hit Singles & Albums, with Hit Entertainment publishing the book from 2003 to 2006 (under the Guinness World Records brand). After Guinness World Records was sold to The Jim Pattison Group, it was effectively replaced by a series of books published by Ebury Publishing/Random House with the Virgin Book of British Hit Singles first being published in 2007 and with a Hit Albums book following two years later.{{Cite book |title=Amazon page for VBBHS |id={{ASIN|0753515377|country=uk}}}}{{Cite web |title=The Virgin Book of British Hit Albums by Martin Roach | Waterstones |url=https://www.waterstones.com/book/the-virgin-book-of-british-hit-albums/martin-roach/martin-roach/9780753517000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815142058/https://www.waterstones.com/book/the-virgin-book-of-british-hit-albums/martin-roach/martin-roach/9780753517000 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |access-date=9 March 2021}}The Virgin Book of British Hit Albums by Martin Roach (Ebury Publishing/Random House {{ISBN|9780753517000}})
Other media and products
=Board game=
In 1975, Parker Brothers marketed a board game, The Guinness Game of World Records, based on the book.{{Cite news |date=November 1975 |title=[untitled] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVJ5aoLUxpAC |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=Boys' Life |pages=51 |via=Google Books}} Players compete by setting and breaking records for activities such as the longest streak of rolling dice before rolling doubles, stacking plastic pieces, and bouncing a ball off alternating sides of a card, as well as answering trivia questions based on the listings in the Guinness Book of World Records.
=Video games=
A video game, Guinness World Records: The Videogame, was developed by TT Fusion and released for Nintendo DS, Wii and iOS in November 2008.{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/guinness-world-records-the-videogame-review?page=2 |title=Guinness World Records: The Videogame Review |publisher=Eurogamer |last=Parkin |first=Simon |date=19 December 2008 |accessdate=21 May 2025}}
=Film=
In 2012, Warner Bros. announced the development of a live-action film version of Guinness World Records with Daniel Chun as scriptwriter. The film version will apparently use the heroic achievements of record holders as the basis for a narrative that should have global appeal.{{Cite news |date=8 June 2012 |title=Guinness Book of World Records Could Be Next Big Brand Name to Hit Cinemas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jun/08/guinness-book-world-records-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715090535/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jun/08/guinness-book-world-records-film |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=18 December 2012 |work=Guardian}}
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Records}}
{{Jim Pattison Group}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:1955 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:1955 non-fiction books
Category:Articles containing video clips
Category:Book series introduced in 1955
Category:Gullane Entertainment
Category:Publications established in 1955