Hadrut
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = Town
| official_name = Hadrut
| native_name = Hadrüt
| image_skyline = Hadrout001.JPG
| image_caption = General view of Hadrut before the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war
| image_size = 300px
| pushpin_map = Azerbaijan
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
| subdivision_type1 = District
| subdivision_name1 = Khojavend
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_total = 4,100
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = UTC
| utc_offset = +4
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coordinates = {{coord|39|31|00|N|47|01|48|E|region:AZ|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 720
| area_code =
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}}
Hadrut ({{small|{{Audio|Az-Hadrut.ogg|(listen)|help=no}}}}, {{langx|hy|Հադրութ}}) is a town in the Khojavend District of Azerbaijan, in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh.
The town had an ethnic Armenian-majority population prior to the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.{{cite web |url=https://drugoivzgliad.com/karabach-mir-i-voina-a-zubov/ |title=Андрей Зубов. Карабах: Мир и Война |author=Андрей Зубов |date= |website=drugoivzgliad.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150302/https://drugoivzgliad.com/karabach-mir-i-voina-a-zubov/ |url-status=dead }} Numerous Armenian civilians were killed in and around Hadrut by Azerbaijani forces during or after the battle.{{Cite web|last1=Synovitz|first1=Ron|last2=Mansuryan|first2=Harutyun|date=30 October 2020|title='This Is A Different War': Nagorno-Karabakh Refugee Shudders At Video Showing Neighbors' Execution|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/nagorno-karabakh-refugee-execution-video/30921794.html|access-date=11 February 2022|website=RFE}} Subsequently, Azerbaijani soldiers vandalized Armenian-owned property, including the local church and cemetery, obliterating its gravestones.
Toponymy
The name Hadrut is of Persian origin and means "between two rivers". This is explained by the fact that the older part of the settlement was located between two streams, Guney-chay and Guzey-chay. Hadrut later expanded beyond the two rivers to the east and west.{{cite book |last=Davidbekov |first=I. |title=Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племён Кавказа. Вып. 6 |publisher=Tipografīia Kantseliarīi Glavnonachalʹstvuiushchago grazhdanskoiu chastīiu na Kavkazie |year=1888 |location=Tiflis |page=153 |language=ru |trans-title=Collection of materials for the description of localities and tribes of the Caucasus․ 6th ed. |chapter=Село Гадрут Елисаветпольской губернии Джебраильского уезда}}{{cite book |last=Mkrtchyan |first=Shahen |url=https://artsakhlib.am/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Mkrtchyan-Shahen-Lernayin-Karabaghi-hushardzannery-1.pdf |title= |date=1980 |publisher=Hayastan publishing house |location=Yerevan |pages=91–95 |language=hy |script-title=hy:Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի պատմա-ճարտարապետական հուշարձանները |trans-title=The historical-architectural monuments of Mountainous Karabakh |chapter= |script-chapter=hy:Հադրութի ձորակի հուշարձանները |trans-chapter=Monuments of Hadrut valley}}
The town is also infrequently called {{Transliteration|hy|Getahat}} ({{Langx|hy|Գետահատ|label=none}}) by Armenians.{{Cite web|last=Dashtents|first=Anush|date=November 17, 2020|title=Հադրութ․ ինչպես եղավ, եւ ինչ հարցեր ունեն հադրութցիները Հարությունյանին|url=https://hraparak.am/post/558ffb54aaebe5db1347cbcd58252362|website=hraparak.am}}{{Cite web|last=Jalalyan|first=Lusane|date=October 8, 2020|title=Հադրութի մասին…|url=https://www.vnews.am/culture/hadruti-masin/|website=vnews.am}}{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=May 24, 2021|title=Ինչպես են ադրբեջանցիները ներկայացնում Հադրութի անկումը "Ռիա Նովոստի"-ին|url=https://www.panorama.am/am/news/2021/05/24/Նովոստի-Հադրութ/2507452|website=www.panorama.am}} In Azerbaijan, the town is also called {{Transliteration|az|Aghoghlan}} ({{langx|az|Ağoğlan|label=none}}).{{cite web |url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/blogs/83772/posts/50545 |title=Надо вселить азербайджанцев в Агоглан (бывш. Гадрут) и провести там референдум |trans-title=It is necessary to move Azerbaijanis to Agoglan (formerly Hadrut) and hold a referendum there |date=12 September 2020 |access-date=30 October 2021 |language=ru |work=Caucasian Knot }}{{cite web |url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/photo_albums/2751 |title=Гадрут: город без жителей |trans-title=Hadrut: a city without inhabitants |date=25 December 2020 |access-date=30 October 2021 |language=ru |work=Caucasian Knot }}{{cite web |url=https://teleqraf.com/news/qarabagh/264555.html |title=Polemika: Hadrut, yoxsa Ağoğlan? - Tarixçinin şərhi |trans-title=Controversy: Hadrut or Aghoghlan? - Historian's comment |date=12 October 2020 |access-date=30 October 2021 |language=az |work=Teleqraf.az }}{{cite web |url=https://aqreqator.az/az/siyaset/1056428 |title=Hadrutun Ağoğlan adlandırılması ən doğru qərar olar |trans-title=It would be the right decision to call Hadrut Agoghlan |date=15 October 2020 |access-date=30 October 2021 |language=az |work=Aqreqator.az }}
History
File:Hadruth, Spitak Khach (White Cross) church - panoramio.jpg
The date of Hadrut's foundation is unknown. Fragments of monuments and historical artifacts dated to pre-Christian, early Christian and medieval times have been found in and around Hadrut. There are several ruins of ancient fortresses and walls in the valley surrounding Hadrut. From medieval times until the early 19th century, Hadrut was a part of the Armenian Principality of Dizak, one of the five Melikdoms of Karabakh. In the 15th and 16th century, many of the fortifications, churches and settlements around Hadrut were destroyed by Ottoman and Safavid forces as they fought for control of the South Caucasus. A small number of these structures were rebuilt under the rule of the meliks of Dizak. The Melikdom of Dizak was subordinated to the Karabakh Khanate before the Russian conquest of Karabakh.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
During the Russian period, Hadrut was governed as part of different administrative divisions: first as a part of Karabakh Province (1822–1840), then in the Shusha uezd of the Caspian Oblast (1840–1846), then in the Shusha uezd of the Shemakha Governorate (1846–1859), then of the Shusha uezd of the Baku Governorate (1859–1868), and finally, of the Shusha uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate (1868–1873) and later the Jebrail uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate (1873–1917) successively.
In the Soviet period, Hadrut became the centre of the Hadrut District of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast within Azerbaijan SSR and was given the urban settlement status in 1963.{{Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia|10|127|Һадрут}} Some of the earliest activities of the Karabakh movement occurred in Hadrut, beginning with the collection of petitions in 1986 for the transfer of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast to the Armenian SSR and culminating in a demonstration of one thousand people in Hadrut in February 1988, which then spread to the capital of the NKAO, Stepanakert.{{cite book |last=Hakobyan |first=Tatul |author-link= |date=2010 |title=Karabakh Diary: Green and Black: Neither War Nor Peace |url= |location=Antelias, Lebanon |publisher= |pages=23–25 |isbn=978-9953-0-1816-4}} Following the Armenian victory in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, Hadrut became the administrative center of the Hadrut Province of the Republic of Artsakh.
In the midst of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, heavy fighting took place in Hadrut, marked by the usage of cluster munitions by the Azerbaijani Army.{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Azerbaijan: Cluster Munitions Used in Nagorno-Karabakh|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/23/azerbaijan-cluster-munitions-used-nagorno-karabakh|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}} Azerbaijan captured Hadrut on or around 9 October 2020.{{Cite news |url=https://apa.az/en/nagorno_garabagh/President-of-Azerbaijan:-%22Hadrut-settlement-and-several-villages-liberated-from-occupation%22-332509 |title=President of Azerbaijan: 'Hadrut settlement and several villages liberated from occupation' |website=APA.az |access-date=9 October 2020 |date=9 October 2020 |language=en |quote=Azerbaijan's Hadrut settlement and several villages were liberated from Armenian aggressors, President Ilham Aliyev said this in his address to the nation, APA reports. |archive-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010123613/https://apa.az/en/nagorno_garabagh/President-of-Azerbaijan:-%22Hadrut-settlement-and-several-villages-liberated-from-occupation%22-332509 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web|date=2020-10-19|title=Azerbaijani MoD shows soldiers who liberated Hadrut from Armenian occupation (PHOTO)|url=https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/karabakh/3319598.html|access-date=2020-11-14|website=Trend.Az|language=en}} Although most of the civilian population was evacuated, Armenian authorities reported that a number of civilians were killed by Azerbaijani forces in Hadrut and the surrounding area during or after the battle.{{Cite news |url=https://www.aysor.am/en/news/2020/10/08/artak-beglaryan/1754260 |title=Artsakh Ombudsman: The Azerbaijani actions aiming at deepening humanitarian disaster in Artsakh, causing 20 casualties, 93 wounded and over 5800 material losses |website=Aysor.am |access-date=18 October 2020 |date=8 October 2020 |language=en }}{{Cite news |url=https://www.aysor.am/en/news/2020/10/11/ceasefire-civilians/1755543 |title=The Azerbaijani Side Has Killed At Least Five Civilians since the Ceasefire Came into Force |website=Aysor.am |access-date=18 October 2020 |date=8 October 2020 |language=en }}{{Cite news |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1031275.html |title=At least 5 civilians killed by Azerbaijan in Artsakh following ceasefire|website=armenpress.am |access-date= 6 January 2021 |date=11 October 2020}} Following the battle, a video of an execution of two unarmed and bound Armenian men in the town by Azerbaijani soldiers spread online, prompting investigations.{{Cite web|title=An Execution in Hadrut|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/rest-of-world/2020/10/15/an-execution-in-hadrut-karabakh/|access-date=2020-10-16|website=Bellingcat|date=15 October 2020 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Atanesian |first1=Grigor |last2=Strick |first2=Benjamin |date=24 October 2020 |title=Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: 'Execution' video prompts war crime probe |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54645254 |work=BBC News |location= |access-date=5 January 2021}}
The town was vandalized and looted by Azerbaijani soldiers after its capture, with people's belongings strewn throughout the streets and the contents of homes upturned. The Armenian cemetery of the town's church was vandalized as well, with its gravestones having been kicked down and smashed.{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/uneasy-peace-takes-hold-in-contested-region-of-azerbaijan|title=Uneasy peace takes hold in contested region of Azerbaijan|publisher=PBS NewsHour|date=2020-11-30}} In January 2021, as part of the reconstruction work in Hadrut, new Azerbaijani-language street signs were erected in Hadrut with new street names based on the names of fallen Azerbaijani soldiers and historical Azerbaijani personalities.{{cite web |url=https://menafn.com/1101405994/Signs-and-plates-with-street-names-being-put-up-in-Azerbaijans-Hadrut-PHOTOS|title=Signs and plates with street names being put up in Azerbaijan's Hadrut (PHOTOS)|last=Ali |first=Samir |date=2021-01-08|publisher=MENAFN - Trend News Agency}} In June 2021, Azerbaijani authorities installed an "Iron Fist" monument in the town to celebrate the outcome of the 2020 war.{{Cite web|last1=Məmmədov|first1=www mrsadiq info {{!}} Sadiq|last2=Məmmədov|first2=www mrsadiq info {{!}} Sadiq|date=2021-06-26|title=Azerbaijan erects "Iron Fist" monument in liberated Hadrut (PHOTO)|url=https://news.az/news/azerbaijan-erects-iron-fist-monument-in-liberated-hadrut-photo|access-date=2021-08-20|website=News.az|language=en}}{{cite web|last= |first= |url= https://www.civilnet.am/news/625926/and-in-other-news-13/?lang=en|title= And In Other News|author= |date= 2021-07-12|website= |publisher= CivilNet|language= |access-date= 2021-12-23|archive-url= |archive-date= }}
Historical heritage sites
Historical heritage sites in and around the town include the 14th-century church of {{transliteration|hy|Spitak Khach’}} ('White Cross') located on a hill to the south of Hadrut, on the road towards the neighboring village of Vank,{{cite book|author=Давидбеков И.|title=Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племён Кавказа. Вып. 6|year=1888|url=https://rusneb.ru/catalog/001908_000036_457B8F29-662E-4BF6-86E3-EF3BF2B369B7/|pages=156–157}}{{cite web|url=https://monumentwatch.org/monument/spitak-khach-white-cross-monastery/|title=Spitak Khach (White Cross) Monastery|website=Monument Watch}} the 13th-century bridge of {{transliteration|hy|Tsiltakhach’}}, the Holy Resurrection Church ({{transliteration|hy|Surb Harut’yun Yekeghets’i}}) built in 1621, a cemetery from between the 17th and 19th centuries, as well as a 19th-century bridge, watermill and oil mill.{{Cite web|url=https://artsakhlib.am/en/2018/06/06/%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82-%D5%AC%D5%B2%D5%B0-%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6-%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8/|title=Directory of socio-economic characteristics of NKR administrative-territorial units (2015)|author=Hakob Ghahramanyan|work=ARTSAKH E-LIBRARY }}
Notable People
Sar Sargsyan, Armenian baritone singer
Economy
The town was home to the Mika-Hadrut Winery, which produced brandy, vodka, and wine.{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Mika-Hadrut at Spyur IS|url=https://www.spyur.am/en/companies/mika-hadrut/36275|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-13|website=Spyur.am}}
Demographics
According to the 1910 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, Hadrut—then known as {{Transliteration|ru|Gadrud}} in Russian—had a mostly Armenian population of 2,700 in 1908.{{Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1910}}
The earliest recorded census of the town of Hadrut showed a population of around 2,400 registered inhabitants in 1939, of which more than 90% was Armenian.Result of the Soviet census of 1939 of the Hadrut district {{cite web|title=/Census Hadrut (in Russian)|url=http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/gadrut39.html}} Hadrut kept an Armenian-majority population throughout the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, up until the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, during which the town was captured by Azerbaijani forces and the Armenian population was expelled.
Gallery
Hadrut003.jpg|The center of Hadrut
Հադրութ.JPG|Scenery
Hadrout081.JPG|Street
Hadrut006.jpg|View of Hadrut streets
Hadrut005.jpg|A hotel in Hadrut
Աղբյուր, քաղաք Հադրութ.jpg|Spring in Hadrut
Hadrout079.JPG|Playground
Hadruthos.jpg|Hadrut regional hospital
Climate
Hadrut has a Temperate climate with hot summers(Cfa) according to the Köppen climate classification.
{{Weather box
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|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
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|Jan high C = 4.5
|Feb high C = 5.4
|Mar high C = 9.2
|Apr high C = 16.4
|May high C = 20.2
|Jun high C = 25.2
|Jul high C = 28.3
|Aug high C = 29.2
|Sep high C = 23.7
|Oct high C = 18.3
|Nov high C = 11.6
|Dec high C = 7.1
|year high C=
|Jan low C = -2.9
|Feb low C = -2.3
|Mar low C = 0.8
|Apr low C = 6.5
|May low C = 10.8
|Jun low C = 14.9
|Jul low C = 18.0
|Aug low C = 16.9
|Sep low C = 13.9
|Oct low C = 8.8
|Nov low C = 3.7
|Dec low C = -0.4
|year low C=
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|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 22
|Feb precipitation mm = 28
|Mar precipitation mm = 42
|Apr precipitation mm = 54
|May precipitation mm = 79
|Jun precipitation mm = 59
|Jul precipitation mm = 25
|Aug precipitation mm = 24
|Sep precipitation mm = 31
|Oct precipitation mm = 44
|Nov precipitation mm = 34
|Dec precipitation mm = 23
|year precipitation mm =
|source 1 = http://en.climate-data.org/location/52897/
|date=October, 2016
}}
International relations
When the town was under Armenian control, Hadrut was twinned with the following cities:
- {{flagicon|ARM}} Vagarshapat, Armenia (2010–2020){{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=HADRUT|url=http://ejmiatsin.am/foreign-relations/sister-cities/977-hadrut.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415201050/http://ejmiatsin.am/foreign-relations/sister-cities/977-hadrut.html|archive-date=2017-04-15|access-date=2020-10-15|website=Էջմիածնի քաղաքապետարանի պաշտոնական կայք (Website of the City of Vagarshapat)}}
- {{flagicon|USA}} Burbank, United States (2014–2020){{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Նորություններ - yerkir.am|trans-title=Hadrut (NKR) and Burbank (USA) have become sister cities|url=http://www.yerkir.am/en/news/75999.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925132352/http://www.yerkir.am/en/news/75999.htm|archive-date=2017-09-25|access-date=2020-10-15|website=www.yerkir.am|url-status=dead}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Commons}}
- {{GEOnet2|771AD1C851DB27E2E040D6A415F7226F}}
{{Khojavend District}}
{{Hadrut Province}}
{{Administrative divisions of Artsakh}}
{{Portal bar|Geography}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Populated places in Khojavend District