Happy Ned

Elizabeth Harriet Davies was born in 1831 in Penketh, Borough of Warrington, Lancashire, England to Eliza (née Stone) and Peter Davies.{{sfn|Sherwood|2022}}{{sfn|UK Census|1841|pp=3–4}}{{sfn|Marriage records|1825|p=104}} Peter was a shoemaker and farmer.{{sfn|UK Census|1841|pp=3–4}}{{sfn|UK Census|1861|p=14}} He and Eliza's children included Rozillah, Mary, (Elizabeth) Harriet, Sarah, John, and Lydia in 1841.{{sfn|UK Census|1841|pp=3–4}}{{#tag:ref|Peter's tombstone includes inscriptions for his wife, his daughter Lydia, and also Edward James Davies, and Ellen Davies.{{sfn|Lancashire OnLine Parish Clerks|2024}}|group="Note"}} Davies married Peter Taylor on 25 April 1850 in Farnworth, and they lived in Cuerdley.{{sfn|Marriage records|1850|p=220}} According to Craig Sherwood, of the Warrington Museum & Art Gallery, her husband worked as a farm labourer and after a brief time they separated after a dispute.{{sfn|Sherwood|2022}} She told the court in Warrington during an 1875 arrest, that her husband had been killed around 1854,{{sfn|Galveston Daily News|1875|p=4}} but in an earlier arrest the same year, she said he was killed in Speke in 1852. She reported to the court that they had a child who died and that her husband had worked as a contractor in Moore prior to his death.{{sfn|The Warrington Examiner|1875|p=3}} She married for the second time with Thomas Boydell (also shown as Boydall{{sfn|Marriage records|1866|p=214}} and Boydel{{sfn|UK Census|1861|p=15}}) on 17 December 1855 at Great Sankey,{{sfn|Marriage records|1855|p=220}} but was widowed soon after the marriage.{{sfn|UK Census|1861|p=15}}

By 1856, as Lizzie Taylor or Lizzie-poor-Jack, she was wearing men's clothes and working as a miner. She frequently visited fairs, traveling with the United All-England Eleven cricket team, and engaged in Cornish wrestling. In October of that year, she threw the cricketer John Lillywhite in a wrestling match at Clowance.{{sfn|The Cornishman|1887|p=6}}{{sfn|The Cornish Telegraph|1856|p=3}} In the early 1860s, she worked as a house keeper using the name Harriet Boydel and lived with her parents.{{sfn|UK Census|1861|p=15}} When the American Civil War broke out, the Confederate ship CSS Alabama was commissioned to be built at Birkenhead on the River Mersey. It was intended to capture and destroy commerce ships taking supplies to the Union states of the north.{{sfn|Sherwood|2022}} The ship was completed in the spring of 1862 and commanded by captain Raphael Semmes.{{sfn|Wilson|McKay|2012|pp=78–79}} Sherwood stated that Taylor, using the name Ned Davies, signed up as a sailor aboard the Alabama and made several trips on the vessel before it was destroyed in 1864.{{sfn|Sherwood|2022}} This information was also reported in period newspaper reports,{{sfn|Liverpool Daily Post|1876|p=5}}{{sfn|Widnes Examiner|1876|p=4}} but at least one article in the Warrington Evening Post disputed the information.{{sfn|Warrington Evening Post|1877|p=2}}

An article which appeared widely in newspapers in England, Australia, and the United States, like the Liverpool Journal of Commerce, Texas Galveston Daily News and Georgia Savannah Morning News, and The Sydney Morning Herald in 1875, reported that Navvy Ned had been a sailor, who was based in South Wales and sailed from there to the United States to supply the Alabama and other blockade-runners with coal.{{sfnm|1a1=Liverpool Journal of Commerce|1y=1875|1p=5|2a1=Galveston Daily News|2y=1875|2p=4|3a1=Savannah Morning News|3y=1875|3p=1|4a1=The Sydney Morning Herald|4y=1875|4p=3}} These newspapers reported that when Elizabeth Harriet's husband, who had been a sea captain, died she decided to live solely as a man from 1862.{{sfn|Savannah Morning News|1875|p=1}}{{sfn|The Opelousas Journal|1877|p=3}} In an 1875 newspaper report from Warrington, Neddie Davies, who was also known as Elizabeth Taylor or Rowntree, told the Warrington magistrate that his service had been on the Bootle, which supplied coal from North Wales to vessels running the American blockade.{{sfn|The Warrington Examiner|1875|p=3}} When the war ended, Ned, who had been living in Liverpool, working as a dock hand,{{sfn|Runcorn Examiner|1886|p=8}} moved to Warrington and began to work in the area as a farm labourer. He broke horses, drove the plough,{{sfn|The Opelousas Journal|1877|p=3}} and assisted in butchering livestock{{sfn|Savannah Morning News|1875|p=1}} at farms in Penketh, Burtonwood, Winwick and Croft.{{sfn|The Warrington Examiner|1875|p=3}} Newspapers reported that at one farm Ned carried on a love affair for some time with one of the servants, which caused his gender to become known and he was dismissed.{{sfn|Sherwood|2022}}{{sfn|The Opelousas Journal|1877|p=3}} On 31 December 1866, at St Helen's Church in Prescot, Elizabeth Harriet Boydell married Andrew Rennie Ormiston (also given as Ormaston).{{sfn|Sherwood|2022}}{{sfn|Marriage records|1866|p=214}} The couple did not live together after their marriage, as Andrew was a sailor and Elizabeth Harriet continued to work as a male farm labourer.{{sfn|The Liverpool Weekly Albion|1878|p=2}}

In the 1870s, Ned began to have trouble with alcohol and was arrested numerous times.{{sfn|The Opelousas Journal|1877|p=3}} Each time he appeared before the magistrates as a man, but when questioned he revealed his identity, sometimes stating that he was Elizabeth Taylor,{{sfn|Galveston Daily News|1875|p=4}}{{sfn|The Warrington Examiner|1875|p=3}} sometimes Eliza Davies,{{sfn|Edinburgh Evening News|1873|p=2}} sometimes Harriet Davies,{{sfn|The Cheshire Observer|1876|p=7}} or Harriet Taylor,{{sfn|Runcorn Examiner|1886|p=8}} and other times Harriet Ormiston.{{sfn|The Liverpool Weekly Albion|1878|p=2}} After a public commotion arose, when it was discovered that Ned was a woman, he was arrested in Widnes in 1873, and charged with breaching the peace and sentenced to a week in prison.{{sfn|Edinburgh Evening News|1873|p=2}} In May 1875, he was arrested and charged with cross-dressing. Because he could not pay the five shilling charge, Ned was sent to gaol for seven days.{{sfn|The Warrington Examiner|1875|p=3}} He was charged with being drunk and disorderly the next month and fined five shillings and court costs.{{sfn|Galveston Daily News|1875|p=4}}{{sfn|Savannah Morning News|1875|p=1}} He was arrested in 1876 and charged with drunkenness after being found on the street surrounded by a mob of around a hundred people who were taunting him for cross-dressing.{{sfn|Sherwood|2022}}{{sfn|The Cheshire Observer|1876|p=7}} Unable to pay the fines, he was remanded to gaol for a week.{{sfn|The Cheshire Observer|1876|p=7}} Ned was arrested for the same charge in May 1877, when a police officer feared Ned would be killed by a jeering crowd of five hundred people in Horsemarket Street, Warrington. Ned claimed not to be drunk, but said he was agitated. He was released and the charges dismissed.{{sfn|Warrington Evening Post|1877|p=2}} In September newspapers reported that he was found "surrounded by a crowd of a thousand people, who were pelting [him] with stones, and shouting at [him] 'Man-Woman'".{{sfn|The Opelousas Journal|1877|p=3}} The court released him with a caution, upon Ned's promise to reform his behaviour.{{sfn|Sherwood|2022}}{{sfn|The Opelousas Journal|1877|p=3}}

Ned faced a more serious charge in 1878, when he was accused of arson. The cottage in which he was living burned to the ground.{{sfn|The Liverpool Weekly Albion|1878|p=2}} Neighbours testified that Ned had removed his belongings and said that before he moved out there would be a fire.{{sfn|Edinburgh Evening News|1878|p=4}}{{sfn|Stockport Advertiser and Guardian|1878|p=3}} The local publican stated that Ned had asked him for matches, but was not given any.{{sfn|Stockport Advertiser and Guardian|1878|p=3}} Ned refuted the charges and said that he had lighted a fire to make tea{{sfn|Leigh Chronicle and Weekly District Advertiser|1878|p=5}} and suggested the culprit might be a man named Travis who was working in a nearby field.{{sfn|Liverpool Daily Post|1878|p=5}} Ned was convicted and sentenced to fifteen months hard labour.{{sfn|The Liverpool Weekly Albion|1878|p=2}}

When Ned's prison term was over in October 1879, he resumed the name of Harriet Ormiston. She reunited with her husband and they moved into the home of Harriet's sister, Sarah (née Davies, formerly Young) McLoughlin. The couple lived with Sarah, her husband Edward McLoughlin, and Sarah's children, Joseph and Annie Young, and another daughter at 11 Parr Street, in Parr, St Helens.{{sfn|Liverpool Daily Post|1880|p=7}}{{sfn|Manchester Evening News|1880b|p=3}} The couple were known to drink heavily and were violent toward each other. On at least one occasion, Ormiston threatened Andrew with a knife and he hit her, blackening both of her eyes, which required her hospitalisation.{{sfn|Liverpool Daily Post|1880|p=7}}{{sfn|Manchester Evening News|1880a|p=4}} In May 1880, Ormiston was accused by her nephew Joseph Young of setting their house on fire by lighting a pile of clothes ablaze with a candle.{{sfn|Manchester Evening News|1880a|p=4}} Ormiston was arrested and held over for trial. Her sister testified that after a night of heavy drinking on 24 April, the couple got into a fight and Ormiston went to her room and continued drinking. Ormiston was angry and before falling asleep had threatened to burn the house down. According to Sarah, Annie Young went to bed around midnight and left a candle burning on the floor, but there were no clothes near the candle. When Joseph prepared to go to bed at half-past twelve, he smelled smoke, saw the clothing on fire, and put the fire out. Sarah then stated that upon going upstairs, her sister said "they did not blaze half bad enough" and she called a constable to arrest Ormiston.{{sfn|Liverpool Daily Post|1880|p=7}}

Joseph's testimony was that when he was preparing for bed at twelve thirty on 25 April, he entered the room of Ormiston and her husband. They were asleep, but a lit candle was on the floor, which he blew out. When he entered his sisters' bedroom, he found clothing and bed hangings on fire and grabbed the burning pile, carrying it downstairs where he doused it with water, while yelling 'fire' to alert the occupants in the house.{{sfn|Manchester Evening News|1880a|p=4}} Annie testified that she went to bed at ten minutes past midnight, leaving a candle burning on the floor.{{sfn|Manchester Evening News|1880b|p=3}} She said she and her sister left their clothes on a box which was about a yard (approximately 1 metre) away from the candle.{{sfn|Widnes Examiner|1880|p=5}} Annie said she was awoken a short time later when Ormiston entered her room, carrying a lit candle. Annie told her to leave and Ormiston did so immediately without moving any clothing.{{sfn|Manchester Evening News|1880b|p=3}} Another occupant of the home, Ellen Houlton, was called and testified that in the past Ormiston had threatened to burn the house down.{{sfn|Manchester Evening News|1880a|p=4}}{{sfn|Runcorn Examiner|1880|p=5}} Ormiston denied lighting the blaze and said that when the police came to the house, she believed they were there to take her into protective custody because she had been beaten so badly. They took her to a hospital, where she spent six weeks, and Ormiston said she had no idea she was being charged with a crime at the time.{{sfn|Manchester Evening News|1880a|p=4}}{{sfn|Runcorn Examiner|1880|p=5}} She further said that everyone in the house was drunk, and her sister was trying to protect her children from being charged.{{sfn|Liverpool Daily Post|1880|p=7}} Ormiston said Houlton would "say anything for a glass of beer".{{sfn|Runcorn Examiner|1880|p=5}} She was acquitted in July 1880 by the jury for lack of direct evidence,{{sfn|Liverpool Weekly Courier|1880|p=5}} but the judge warned her that because of her prior conviction for arson, any further arson convictions would result in a prison sentence.{{sfn|Widnes Examiner|1880|p=5}}

Ormiston reformed her ways after the incident, and moved to 3 Wainwrights Yard, in Warrington, where she lived with a female companion. In 1886, she reported to the Warrington Borough Police Court that she had saved up money and earned £1 per week.{{sfn|Runcorn Examiner|1886|p=8}} She was in court having accused Margaret Killala (or Kilalee) of stealing her purse which contained around £4.{{sfn|St. Helens Examiner|1886|p=6}}{{sfn|Liverpool Daily Post|1886|p=7}} Ormiston said that she had brought food to Killala, who claimed to be starving and that the woman had then stolen her purse.{{sfn|Runcorn Examiner|1886|p=8}}{{sfn|Liverpool Daily Post|1886|p=7}} When asked to identify herself, Ormiston stated, that she had never used her birth name, was never christened, and was called 'Elizabeth Harriet'. When pressed for her surname, Ormiston replied, "It is Urmston now, but it formerly was, in my younger days, Taylor".{{sfn|Runcorn Examiner|1886|p=8}} Although the police searched the accused and the home of Ormiston, the purse was not found. Lacking direct evidence, the Mayor advised that while they believed Killala had taken the money, there was no evidence.{{sfn|Runcorn Examiner|1886|p=8}}{{sfn|Liverpool Daily Post|1886|p=7}} He discharged Killala on her own recognisance, but required her to pay a bond of £20 and appear if later called upon.{{sfn|Liverpool Daily Post|1886|p=7}}

Happy Ned died in Warrington in 1887, and his obituary appeared in newspapers from Australia to the United States.{{sfn|The West Australian|1887|p=3}}{{sfn|St. Louis Post-Dispatch|1887|p=1}} He was buried as 'Harriet Ormaston' on 5 September 1887, in St. Mary's Cemetery at Great Sankey, Lancashire County, England.{{sfn|Sherwood|2022}}{{sfn|Burial record|1887}} In Ned's lifetime, he gained notoriety for dressing and working as a man, but was always reported to be a woman in media coverage.{{sfn|Widnes Examiner|1876|p=4}}{{sfn|The Opelousas Journal|1877|p=3}}{{sfn|Runcorn Examiner|1886|p=8}} Despite always acknowledging his various female names, he was most commonly known as Happy Ned.{{sfn|Runcorn Examiner|1886|p=8}} In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, gender studies scholars like Elisabeth Krimmer and historian Julie Wheelwright have included brief mention of Elizabeth Taylor in books dealing with women who cross-dressed to serve in the military.{{sfn|Wheelwright|1989|p=42}}{{sfn|Krimmer|2004|pp=103, 218}} Wheelwright stated that a ballad "immortalised" Taylor's life story.{{sfn|Wheelwright|1989|p=42}} Two different ballads tell her story{{sfn|Notes and Queries|1887|p=536}}{{sfn|Hampshire Telegraph & Sussex Chronicle|1887|p=11}} and were reprinted in newspapers for decades after her death.{{sfn|Croydon Observer|1901|p=6}} One, in which the first two stanzas were printed in 1887 as:

{{blockquote|My name was Elizabeth Taylor,

but, bless you, I've long been a man;

I served in the fleet as a sailor

When the war o’ Secession began;

I fought for the North like a good un

Though I wasn't a Yankee myself;{{#tag:ref|Regardless of whether he served on the Alabama,{{sfn|Sherwood|2022}} or supplied it,{{sfn|Galveston Daily News|1875|p=4}}{{sfn|The Warrington Examiner|1875|p=3}} Ned Davies could not have "fought for the North" as the Alabama was a Confederate raiding vessel and supplying it would have assisted the South.{{sfn|Sherwood|2022}}{{sfn|The Warrington Examiner|1875|p=3}}|group="Note"}}

And why it all ended so sudden

I'm dash'd if I ever could tell!{{sfn|Notes and Queries|1887|p=536}}

}}

and another, which appeared in newspapers in 1887 and 1888:

{{blockquote|Peace to the shade of Happy Ned,

Who was by trade a sailor;

She dressed like a man, but she was a maid,

And her name was Betty Taylor.

Hunger and love were the reasons twain

Why she did not pass for a female;

She got rid of them both when she went afloat

In the rig of a jolly sea-male.

The moral of this instructive tale

Is so plain that we all can read it;

But it most concerns the ladies, who

Much more than the men will need it.

When a lady is hungry—alas, the day!—

And the pangs of love assail her,

Her dress-improver she'd better doff,

And go to sea like Bet Taylor.{{sfn|Hampshire Telegraph & Sussex Chronicle|1887|p=11}}{{sfn|Ally Sloper's Half Holiday|1888|p=7}}

}}

{{reflist|group=Note}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Ally Sloper's Half Holiday|1888}}|author= |title=A Cure for Love and Hunger |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002165/18880512/035/0007 |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=Ally Sloper's Half Holiday |issue=211 |volume=5 |date=12 May 1888 |location=London, England |page=7 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Hampshire Telegraph & Sussex Chronicle|1887}}|author= |title=A Cure for Love and Hunger |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000069/18870924/047/0011 |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=Hampshire Telegraph & Sussex Chronicle |issue=5544 |date=24 September 1887 |location=Portsmouth, Hampshire, England |page=11 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Notes and Queries|1887}} |last1=A. J. M. |title=Female Sailors |journal=Notes and Queries |date=December 1887 |volume=4 |issue=105 |page=536 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_notes-and-queries_1887-12-31_4_105/page/536/mode/1up |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=John Francis |location=London, UK |issn=0029-3970}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Widnes Examiner|1876}}|author= |title=A Male Impersonator at Warrington |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002601/18761125/068/0004 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Widnes Examiner |issue=397 |date=25 November 1876 |location=Widnes, Cheshire, England |page=4, column 5 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Warrington Evening Post|1877}}|author= |title=A Notorious Character |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002901/18770717/016/0002 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Warrington Evening Post |date=17 July 1877 |issue=53 |location=Warrington, Cheshire, England |page=2, column 3 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|The Liverpool Weekly Albion|1878}}|author= |title=A Peculiar Woman and Her Crime |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003115/18780803/021/0002 |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=The Liverpool Weekly Albion |issue=2665 |volume=LI |date=3 August 1878 |location=Liverpool, England |page=2, column 1 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|The Opelousas Journal|1877}}|author= |title=A Remarkable Man-Woman |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/arrest-clipping-sep-29-1877-4571365/ |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=The Opelousas Journal |date=29 September 1877 |location=Opelousas, Louisiana |page=3 |via=Newspaperarchive.com}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|The Sydney Morning Herald|1875}}|author= |title=A Strong-Minded Woman |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13358449?searchTerm=%22Happy%20Ned%22 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |issue=11612 |volume=LXXII |date=6 August 1875 |location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |page=3 |via=Trove}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Edinburgh Evening News|1873}}|author= |title=A Woman in Male Attire |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18730926/025/0002 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Edinburgh Evening News |issue=106 |date=26 September 1873 |location=Edinburgh, Scotland |page=2, column 5 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Savannah Morning News|1875}}|author= |title=A Woman Passing as a Man for Thirteen Years |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/arrest-clipping-jun-08-1875-4572113/ |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Savannah Morning News |date=7 June 1875 |location=Savannah, Georgia |page=1 |via=Newspaperarchive.com}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Croydon Observer|1901}}|author= |title=A Woman Sea Captain |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004080/19010726/102/0006 |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=Croydon Observer |date=26 July 1901 |location=London, England |page=6 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Runcorn Examiner|1880}}|author= |title=Alleged Incendiarism by a Woman at St. Helens |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002609/18800508/050/0005 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Runcorn Examiner |issue=58 |date=8 May 1880 |location=Runcorn, Cheshire, England |page=5, column 7 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|St. Helens Examiner|1886}}|author= |title=Alleged Robbery of Money |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002610/18861106/058/0006 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=St. Helens Examiner |issue=421 |date=6 November 1886 |location=St Helens, Merseyside, England |page=6, column 4 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Liverpool Daily Post|1876}}|author= |title=An Alabama Female Sailor: Extraordinary Case |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000197/18761124/135/0005 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Liverpool Daily Post |issue=6668 |date=24 November 1876 |location=Liverpool, England |page=5, column 4 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Stockport Advertiser and Guardian|1878}}|author= |title=An Extraordinary Character |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001282/18780802/003/0003 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Stockport Advertiser and Guardian |issue=3941 |volume=LVII |date=2 August 1878 |location=Stockport, Cheshire, England |page=3, column 7 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Liverpool Daily Post|1878}}|author= |title=Arson at Newton-le-Willows |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000197/18780727/005/0005 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Liverpool Daily Post |issue=7191 |date=27 July 1878 |location=Liverpool, England |page=5, column 7 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite web |ref={{harvid|UK Census|1841}}|author= |title=Census Returns of England and Wales, Piece: 516; Book: 11; Civil Parish: Prescot; County: Lancashire; Enumeration District: 2: Peter Davies |url=https://www.ancestryinstitution.com/discoveryui-content/view/3574901:8978 |website=Ancestry.com |publisher=The National Archives of the UK |access-date=10 July 2024 |location=Kew, Surrey, England |pages=3–4 |date=1841}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite web |ref={{harvid|UK Census|1861}}|author= |title=Census Returns of England and Wales, Piece: 2790; Folio: 62; Page: 15; GSU roll: 543029 Civil Parish: Penketh; County: Lancashire; Enumeration District: 5: Peter Davies |url=https://www.ancestryinstitution.com/discoveryui-content/view/23418640:8767 |website=Ancestry.com |publisher=The National Archives of the UK |access-date=11 July 2024 |location=Kew, Surrey, England |pages=14–15 |date=1861}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Manchester Evening News|1880a}}|author= |title=Charge of Arson at St. Helens |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000272/18800507/061/0004 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Manchester Evening News |issue=3559 |date=7 May 1880 |location=Manchester, England |page=4, column 3 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Widnes Examiner|1880}}|author= |title=Charge of Setting a House on Fire at St. Helens |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002601/18800731/042/0005 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Widnes Examiner |issue=70 |date=31 July 1880 |location=Widnes, Cheshire, England |page=5, column 4 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Marriage records|1866}}|author= |title=Church of England Marriages and Banns: Andrew Rennie Ormiston/Elizabeth Harriett Boydall |volume=18: 1824-1830 |url=https://www.ancestryinstitution.com/discoveryui-content/view/19958923:2576 |website=Ancestry.com |publisher=Lancashire Anglican Parish Archives |access-date=11 July 2024 |location=Preston, Lancashire |page=214 |date=31 December 1866 |id=Record #428, image #107}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Marriage records|1825}}|author= |title=Church of England Marriages and Banns: Peter Davies/Eliza Stone |volume=18: 1824-1830 |url=https://www.ancestryinstitution.com/discoveryui-content/view/4494771:61409 |website=Ancestry.com |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office |access-date=10 July 2024 |location=Matlock, Derbyshire, England |page=104 |date=12 December 1825 |id=Reference Number: D 2402 A/PI 3/8, record #312}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|The Cornishman|1887}}|author= |title=Cornwall |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000331/18871229/042/0006 |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=The Cornishman |issue=495 |volume=X |date=29 December 1887 |location=Penzance, Cornwall, England |page=6, column 5 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|The Cornish Telegraph|1856}}|author= |title=Cricket – Twenty-two of Cornwall against the United Eleven |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0001617/18561001/025/0003 |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=The Cornish Telegraph |issue=300 |volume=VI |date=1 October 1856 |location=Penzance, Cornwall, England |page=3, column 5 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news|ref={{harvid|St. Louis Post-Dispatch|1887}}|author= |title=Death of 'Happy Ned' |url=https://archive.org/details/per_st-louis-post-dispatch_st-louis-post-dispatch_1887-09-06_38_56/mode/1up |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |issue=56 |volume=38 |date=6 September 1887 |location=St. Louis, Missouri |page=1, column 4}}
• {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Marriage records|1850}}|author= |title=England Marriages, 1538–1973: Peter Taylor/Elizabeth Davies |volume=18: 1824-1830 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9G8-391Y-P?i=540 |website=FamilySearch |publisher=Cheshire Record Office |access-date=11 July 2024 |location=Cheshire, England |page=220 |date=25 April 1850 |id=Microfilm Number: 1655236, Digital Folder Number: 004169213; Record 440, Image 541}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Marriage records|1855}}|author= |title=England Marriages, 1538–1973: Thomas Boydell/Elizabeth Harriet Taylor |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NKT3-B41 |website=Family Search |publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints |access-date=10 July 2024 |location=Salt Lake City, Utah |date=17 December 1855 |id=Microfilm Number: 93741, 93740, Digital Folder Number:8,8038861}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Edinburgh Evening News|1878}}|author= |title=Extraordinary Case of Fire Raising |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18780729/069/0004 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Edinburgh Evening News |issue=1619 |date=29 July 1878 |location=Edinburgh, Scotland |page=4, column 3 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Burial record|1887}}|author= |title=Great Sankey Parish Burials, 1878-1909: Harriet Ormaston |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QSQ-G92Z-Z9MW-4?view=index&action=view |website=FamilySearch |publisher=General Register Office |access-date=10 July 2024 |location=Southport, England |date=5 September 1887 |id=Film #255-0152, image #443, record #479}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Leigh Chronicle and Weekly District Advertiser|1878}}|author= |title=Happy Ned Again |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001442/18780727/079/0005 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Leigh Chronicle and Weekly District Advertiser |issue=1284 |date=27 July 1878 |location=Leigh, Lancashire, England |page=5, column 4 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Runcorn Examiner|1886}}|author= |title='Happy Ned' in Court |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002609/18861113/091/0008 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Runcorn Examiner |issue=396 |date=13 November 1886 |location=Runcorn, Cheshire, England |page=8, columns 5–6 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite book |last1=Krimmer |first1=Elisabeth |title=In the Company of Men: Cross-Dressed Women around 1800 |url=https://archive.org/details/incompanyofmencr0000krim/page/n7/mode/1up |date=2004 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |location=Detroit, Michigan |isbn=978-0-8143-3145-3}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|The West Australian|1887}}|author= |title=News and Notes: The Remains of a Woman Who Has Had a Remarkable Career |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3114340?searchTerm=%22Happy%20Ned%22 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=The West Australian |issue=537 |volume=3 |date=24 October 1887 |location=Perth, Western Australia |page=3, column 2 |via=Trove}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Liverpool Weekly Courier|1880}}|author= |title=Serious Charge of Arson |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003067/18800724/066/0005 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Liverpool Weekly Courier |issue=708 |date=24 July 1880 |location=Liverpool, England |page=5, columns 2–3 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Manchester Evening News|1880b}}|author= |title=Singular Charge of Arson |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000272/18800724/041/0003 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Manchester Evening News |issue=3626 |date=24 July 1880 |location=Manchester, England |page=3, column 4 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite web |last1=Sherwood |first1=Craig |title=The Ballad of Happy Ned |url=https://wmag.culturewarrington.org/2022/02/08/the-ballad-of-happy-ned/ |website=WMag |publisher=Warrington Museum & Art Gallery |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206001332/https://wmag.culturewarrington.org/2022/02/08/the-ballad-of-happy-ned/ |archive-date=6 December 2023 |location=Warrington, UK |date=8 February 2022 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Liverpool Journal of Commerce|1875}}|author= |title=Strange Career of a Woman |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004034/18750517/103/0005 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Liverpool Journal of Commerce |date=17 May 1875 |issue=4235 |volume=XIV |location=Liverpool, England |page=5, column 6 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Liverpool Daily Post|1880}}|author= |title=The Charge of Incendiarism at St. Helens |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000647/18800508/007/0007 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Liverpool Daily Post |issue=7749 |date=8 May 1880 |location=Liverpool, England |page=7, column 6 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Lancashire OnLine Parish Clerks|2024}}|author= |title=The Church of St Mary, Great Sankey in the County of Lancashire |url=https://www.lan-opc.org.uk/Penketh-and-Sankey/stmary/graves_1881-1915.html |website=Lancaster OnLine Parish Clerks |publisher=County of Lancashire |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710205739/https://www.lan-opc.org.uk/Penketh-and-Sankey/stmary/graves_1881-1915.html |archive-date=10 July 2024 |location=Lancashire County, UK |date=2024 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Galveston Daily News|1875}}|author= |title=The Warrington (England) Guardian Reports |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/arrest-clipping-jun-05-1875-4571123/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=Galveston Daily News |date=5 June 1875 |location=Galveston, Texas |page=4 |via=Newspaperarchive.com}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|The Cheshire Observer|1876}}|author= |title=Warrington: A Female Sailor in Trouble |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000157/18761202/037/0007 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=The Cheshire Observer |date=2 December 1876 |issue=1269 |volume=XXIV |location=Chester, Cheshire, England |page=7, column 5 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Liverpool Daily Post|1886}}|author= |title=Warrington Borough Court |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000647/18861109/167/0007 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Liverpool Daily Post |issue=9785 |date=9 November 1886 |location=Liverpool, England |page=7, column 3 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite book |last1=Wheelwright |first1=Julie |title=Amazons and Military Maids: Women Who Cross-Dressed in the Pursuit of Life, Liberty and Happiness |url=https://archive.org/details/amazonsmilitarym0000whee/page/42/mode/1up |date=1989 |edition=1st |publisher=Pandora Press |location=London, UK |isbn=978-0-04-440356-2}}
• {{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Walter E. |last2=McKay |first2=Gary L. |title=James D. Bulloch: Secret Agent and Mastermind of the Confederate Navy |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesdbullochsec0000wils/page/79/mode/1up |date=2012 |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=978-0-7864-6659-7}}
• {{cite news |ref={{harvid|The Warrington Examiner|1875}}|author= |title=Woman in Man's Clothing in Sankey Street: Curious History |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002597/18750515/028/0003 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=The Warrington Examiner |date=15 May 1875 |location=Warrington, Cheshire, England |page=3, column 3 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}{{subscription required}}

{{refend}}

• {{PD-old-text|title=Hampshire Telegraph & Sussex Chronicle|year=1887|author=James Graham Niven (ed)}}
• {{PD-old-text|title=Notes and Queries|year=1887|author=A. J. M.}}
• {{PD-old-text|title=Ally Sloper's Half Holiday|year=1888|author=Gilbert Dalziel (ed)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Happy Ned}}

Category:1831 births

Category:1887 deaths

Category:People from Warrington (district)

Category:British sailors

Category:Female-to-male cross-dressers

Category:Female wartime cross-dressers in the American Civil War

Category:Female sailors