Harald Malmgren#cite ref-54

Harald Malmgren was born in Boston, Massachusetts on July 13, 1935 to Swedish immigrants{{cite news |title=Magda H. Malmgren, 100, Swedish-born seamstress |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2004/04/12/magda-h-malmgren-100-swedish-born-seamstress/ |access-date=May 21, 2025 |work=Baltimore Sun |date=April 12, 2004}} Berndt Birger Malmgren and Magda Malmgren (née Nilsson).{{cite news |title=England Setting of Ceremony |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/701291870 |access-date=May 21, 2025 |work=Van Nuys News |date=July 2, 1959}}{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=105–107}} He spent a year at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute before transferring to Yale University.{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=105–107}}{{Cite news |date=1959-05-23 |title=Patricia A. Nelson to Wed in England |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/valley-times-marriage-of-nelson-malmgr/171060747/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |work=Valley Times |page=8|via=Newspapers.com}} He earned an undergraduate degree in economics from Yale in 1957, summa cum laude.{{Sfn|Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship|1960}} While at Yale, Malmgren worked as a research assistant to Thomas Schelling, who encouraged him to go to Oxford University for his doctorate of philosophy.{{Sfn|Arena|2011|pp=224–225}} From 1957 to 1959 Malmgren had a fellowship from the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation, allowing him to do research at Harvard University.{{Sfn|Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship|1960}} In October 1957, he matriculated as a DPhil student at The Queen's College, Oxford.{{Cite journal |date=15 November 1957 |title=Matriculations: 21 October: Queen's College |url=https://portal.sds.ox.ac.uk/articles/online_resource/1957-1958_-_Vol_88/25352314?file=44896285 |journal=Oxford University Gazette |volume=88 |issue=2948 |at=276 Supplement |url-access=subscription}} His thesis was to be on "the concept of an industrial process," supervised by Philip Andrews.{{Cite journal |date=30 September 1959 |title=Board of the Faculty of Social Studies: IV. Students for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy |url=https://portal.sds.ox.ac.uk/articles/online_resource/1959-1960_-_Vol_90/25352338?file=44896309 |journal=Oxford University Gazette |volume=90 |issue=3017 |page=266 |url-access=subscription}} He also studied under J.R. Hicks while at Oxford.{{Sfn|Arena|2011|p=26}} By 1960, Malmgren had transferred to Nuffield College,{{Cite journal |date=3 February 1960 |title=Board of the Faculty of Social Studies: IV. Students for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy |url=https://portal.sds.ox.ac.uk/articles/online_resource/1959-1960_-_Vol_90/25352338?file=44896309 |journal=Oxford University Gazette |volume=90 |issue=3031 |at=625 Supplement (5) |url-access=subscription}} and by July 1961 he had submitted his DPhil thesis.{{Cite journal |date=6 July 1961 |title=Examinations for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy |url=https://portal.sds.ox.ac.uk/articles/online_resource/1960-1961_-_Vol_91/25352341?file=44896312 |journal=Oxford University Gazette |volume=91 |issue=2089 |url-access=subscription}} Malmgren received a DPhil from Nuffield in February 1962.{{Cite journal |date=March 1962 |title=University Acts: 1. Degrees |url=https://portal.sds.ox.ac.uk/articles/online_resource/1961-1962_-_Vol_92/25352344?file=44896315 |journal=Oxford University Gazette |volume=92 |issue=3112 |page=735 |url-access=subscription}}

While at Oxford, Malmgren published the article "Information, expectations, and the theory of the firm" in The Quarterly Journal of Economics. In 1996, the scholar Nicolai J. Foss wrote that the article was "a strikingly original paper that, had it been duly recognized, could have changed the course of the theory of economic organization", arguing that it anticipated later developments in the theory of the firm and "complementarities between stocks of knowledge."{{Sfn|Foss|1996|pp=349; 364}}

Malmgren lectured at Cornell University, where in 1962 he was an assistant professor of economics.{{Cite news |date=1962-06-06 |title=Cornell Alumni Face Busy Weekend |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/elmira-star-gazette/171015055/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=Elmira Star-Gazette |pages=7 |via=Newspapers.com}} Malmgren moved to Washington, D.C., in mid-1962. Initially Malmgren worked for the Institute for Defense Analyses.{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=105–107}}{{cite news |last1=McGee |first1=Harry |title=Meet the Malmgrens: the extraordinary family US presidents turned to |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/meet-the-malmgrens-the-extraordinary-family-us-presidents-turned-to-1.3284559 |access-date=April 23, 2025 |work=Irish Times |date=November 8, 2017}} He moved to the office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) in 1964 during the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson, where he was a senior economic advisor. That year he also taught at Georgetown University. In 1965, Malmgren was hired as an adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies. He would hold that post until 1971.{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=105–107}}

In early 1967 he was involved in the final set of negotiations during the Kennedy Round of work towards the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Malmgren worked on mathematical analysis aimed at predicting the impact of lessening tariffs on the American economy. Economist Francis M. Bator used the numbers that Malmgren generated to conclude that the trade agreement would negatively impact American trade surpluses, but that signing an agreement was still in the US's best interest. Johnson agreed, and approved an agreement.{{Sfn|Dryden|1995|pp=106–109}} That summer Malmgren led an American delegation in negotiations over the International Grains Agreement.{{Cite news |date=1968-02-22 |title=Record Turnout Seen For Tobacco Meeting |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-durham-sun/171057075/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |work=The Durham Sun |page=15 |via=Newspapers.com}}

Malmgren left the USTR's office after Carl J. Gilbert became trade representative in 1969—the two reportedly had a "falling out".{{Sfn|Dryden|1995|pp=155, 164–165}}{{Sfn|Corbet|2018|p=20}} By this point he was the director of operations for the department.{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=105–107}} According to scholar Steve Dryden, some of the USTR workers "found Malmgren too self important and not that much of a team player, [and] wished he would stay away from the office for good."{{Sfn|Dryden|1995|pp=155, 164–165}}

After this Malmgren traveled around the world, particularly to Europe, studying non-tariff barriers to trade.{{Sfn|Dryden|1995|pp=155, 164–165}} He was also a senior fellow at the Overseas Development Council (ODC).{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=105–107}}

By late 1970 he was working in London with William R. Pearce, a lobbyist who worked for Cargill, with Dryden writing that Malmgren also "it seemed, advis[ed] half the Nixon administration and Congress on trade policy." Around this time, Malmgren worked with William Denman Eberle on a trade study. When Eberle was named trade representative in late 1971, Malmgren became involved again with the office and recommended that Pearce be hired to fill the empty role of trade deputy.{{Sfn|Dryden|1995|pp=155, 164–165}} That year Malmgren also founded "Malmgren, Inc.", a lobbying company active in Washington, D.C.{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=105–107}}

While away from the government, Malmgren's research projects included several published works.{{Sfn|Dryden|1995|p=164}} He edited the 1972 book Pacific Basin Development: The American Interests, for the ODC.{{Cite journal |last=Mendel |first=Douglas H. |date=1974 |title=Review of Pacific Basin Development: The American Interests |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1041016 |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=411 |pages=182–183 |doi=10.1177/000271627441100121 |jstor=1041016 |issn=0002-7162}}{{Cite journal |last=Hellmann |first=Donald C. |date=1976 |title=Review of Pacific Basin Development: The American Interests |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1960358 |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=221–222 |doi=10.2307/1960358 |jstor=1960358 |issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription }} That year he also wrote the book International Economic Peacekeeping in Phase II, sponsored by the Atlantic Council of the United States. A revised and slightly expanded version would be published in 1973.{{Cite web |last=Messieh |first=Nancy |date=2021-11-09 |title=What the Atlantic Council was like in its early years |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/the-atlantic-council-at-60/what-the-atlantic-council-was-like-in-its-early-years/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}{{Cite journal |last=Isaak |first=Robert A. |date=1974 |editor-last=Calleo |editor-first=David P. |editor2-last=Rowland |editor2-first=Benjamin M. |editor3-last=Malmgren |editor3-first=Harald B. |title=American Policy and the World Economic Crisis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24356809 |journal=Journal of International Affairs |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=91–95 |jstor=24356809 |issn=0022-197X}} Dryden writes that International Economic Peacekeeping laid out the USTR's agenda for future trade negotiations. Malmgren felt that economic power, and particularly trade agreements, could become what Dryden calls "the dynamic force" in international affairs.{{Sfn|Dryden|1995|pp=164–165}}

File:Ambassador Harald B. Malmgren with Harry B. Caldwell and Brantley DeLoatche.jpg

In 1972, Eberle picked Malmgren to become his second deputy.{{Sfn|Dryden|1995|p=164}} In May 1972 he was confirmed by the Senate as deputy special representative for trade negotiations. In this capacity, with the rank of ambassador,{{Cite news |date=1972-05-09 |title=Senate Approves Malmgren |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/09/archives/senate-approves-malmgren.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} he was involved in negotiations on Article XXIV, as well as the Tokyo Round.{{Sfn|Dryden|1995|pp=167–171}}{{Sfn|Swinbank|2023|p=830}} Malmgren also worked on writing of the Trade Act of 1974, which granted the US President fast track authority in trade negotiations.{{Cite news |title=Debate revs up over fast-track trade measures |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1029/p17s1-wmgn.html |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=Christian Science Monitor |issn=0882-7729}}

After Eberle resigned as trade representative in December 1974 during the administration of president Gerald Ford, Malmgren campaigned hard to be nominated as his successor. The White House included him on a long list of potential candidates, but he was not nominated, which Dryden attributes to his "reputation for abrasiveness" and affiliation with the Democratic Party. Malmgren remained at the office, serving as the acting trade representative until February 19, 1975, when he resigned.{{Sfn|Dryden|1995|pp=184–188, 191}}{{Cite news |date=1975-02-20 |title=Malmgren Resigns |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star/170999469/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The Indianapolis Star |page=38 |via=Newspapers.com}}{{cite archive |item=President Accepts Resignation of Harold B. Malmgren as Deputy Special Representative for Trade Negotiations [Position Appointments and Resignations] |item-url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7338101 |type=Press release |item-id=NAID: 7338101 |date=February 19, 1975 |series=White House Press Releases 1974–1977 |box=8 |collection=GRF-0248 |collection-url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/653576 |institution=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan}} He later worked as a staff analyst for United States Senate Committee on Finance member Abraham Ribicoff. Malmgren was a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Spring 1975 and 1976,{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=105–107}} and from 1976 to 1977, he was on the faculty of George Washington University.{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=105–107}}{{Cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7ZWAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Harald+B.+Malmgren%22+%22george+washington+university%22 |title=National Journal Reports |date=February 1977 |journal=National Journal Group Incorporated |page=256 |language=en}}

After 1977, Malmgren primarily worked in lobbying and consulting. Many of his clients were Japanese business interests.{{Sfn|Cigler|2006}} According to the San Francisco Chronicle, Malmgren was part of "Japan's propaganda effort in the United States"; during the decade of the 1980s, he was "cited in 76 stories about trade issues, frequently criticizing tough legislation making its way through Congress. Yet none of the stories mentioned that Malmgren was working for Japanese clients at the time".{{cite news |date=October 5, 1990 |title=Author Explores Tactics, Effects of Japanese Propaganda in the U.S. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-flint-journal/171061165/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |work=The Flint Journal|agency=The San Francisco Chronicle |via=Newspapers.com}}

From the 1970s to at least 1990, he was a consultant for the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) and was one of a number of American lobbyists and advisors who, according to Newhouse News Service, "hampered ... the United States' effort to reduce its huge trade deficit with Japan".{{cite news |last1=Benson |first1=Miles |date=February 4, 1990 |title=U.S. Insiders Hired as Lobbyists for Japan |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-star-ledger/171061099/ |access-date=April 23, 2025 |work=Star-Ledger |pages=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-star-ledger/171061133/ 28] |agency=Newhouse News Service|via=Newspapers.com}} During this period, according to the Center for Public Integrity, "Malmgren never acknowledged his relationship [with JETRO] in his filings at Justice".{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|p=29}} He was paid more than $700,000 by JETRO.{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|p=29}}

Malmgren worked as a consultant to the European Community's trade negotiation arm in early 1979, as the Tokyo Round was ending. For this work he was paid $90,000.{{Sfn|Dryden|1995|p=251}}{{Sfn|Choate|1991|p=70}} He also represented the Japan Whaling Association and was paid $300,000 to help Japanese TV manufacturers avoid import duties for dumping their merchandise in the U.S. market.{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|p=30}}{{cite magazine |last1=Shapiro |first1=Walter |title=Ethics: Is Washington in Japan's Pocket? |url=https://time.com/archive/6716018/ethics-is-washington-in-japans-pocket/ |access-date=April 23, 2025 |magazine=Time |date=October 1, 1990|quote=Choate never talked to Harald Malmgren, a top trade official with the Nixon and Ford administrations, whom the book describes as the trailblazer in working for the Japanese. In 1977 Malmgren received a $300,000 payment from Japanese TV manufacturers for helping them avoid crippling import duties for selling their sets below the cost of production. This dumping case, Choate argues, hastened the death of the American electronics industry. Malmgren now calls his fee “a reasonable salary for my time but not what I would have gotten had I gone into investment banking.”}} According to Pat Choate, the results of Malmgren's work contributed to the demise of the American electronics industry.{{cite news |last1=Cook |first1=Robin |title=Japan is Taking U.S. to the Cleaners |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-mercury/171061326/ |access-date=April 23, 2025 |work=Manhattan Mercury |date=January 31, 1992|via=Newspapers.com}} Dryden argues that while Malmgren's lobbying did not substantially impact US policy, he set a precedent for exorbitant fees to be paid in trade lobbying.{{Sfn|Dryden|1995|pp=215–218, 251}} Toshio Obi, in his 1980 book The Japan Lobby, wrote that Japan's lobbying in the U.S. was "next to idiotic" as Malmgren's fees were "out of order" with the standard fees lobbyists were then charging.{{Sfn|Obi|1980|p=46}}{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|p=30}}

In 1978, according to the New York Times, Malmgren and his business partner circulated an ad for their consulting business which claimed they enjoyed "access to power" that could be leveraged for the commercial interests of potential clients, citing Malmgren's previous Senate work with United States Senator Abraham Ribicoff.{{cite news |last1=Chalton |first1=Linda |title=Lobbyists Find Directness Can Be 'Awful Mistake' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/11/archives/lobbyists-find-directness-can-be-awful-mistake.html |access-date=April 23, 2025 |work=New York Times |date=April 11, 1978}} In reporting on the affair, the Associated Press (AP) wrote that Malmgren "tried to use his connection with Sen. Abraham Ribicoff to solicit corporate clients at $200,000 each".{{cite news |date=April 11, 1978 |title=Ribicoff Friend Rues Mistake |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/danville-register-and-bee/171061031/ |access-date=April 23, 2025 |work=Danville Register |via=Newspapers.com |agency=Associated Press}}

Ribicoff told the New York Times he was "shocked" at the solicitation. He noted that Malmgren and his partner "have absolutely no special relationship with me and are completely out of line to make such a representation". According to a person close to Ribicoff interviewed by The Washington Post, "if they had any access to Ribicoff, they've lost it".{{cite news |last1=Lardner |first1=George |date=April 10, 1978 |title=Ribicoff's Ex-Aides Offer to Sell Influence to Firms |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-huntsville-times/171060968/ |access-date=April 23, 2025 |work=Huntsville Times |pages=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-huntsville-times/171061006/ 2] |via=Newspapers.com |agency=Washington Post News Service}} Malmgren said that the advertisement was "an awful mistake" and "not a good thing to do" in retrospect.

From 1982 to 1986 he was an adjunct professor at Georgetown University.{{Sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=105–107}} In 1983 he was a director of the Atlantic Council of the United States.{{Cite news |date=1983-04-11 |title=Presidential aide to speak at Moravian |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-call/171060877/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |work=The Morning Call |page=16 |via=Newspapers.com}}

Economist Pat Choate wrote in 1991 that Malmgren was "in the eyes of many...America's foremost trade authority", attributing Malmgren's later move into lobbying as signaling a change in acceptability of that profession: "[his] shift onto the payroll of foreign interests ... showed those trade experts who were still in government how much money could be made by lobbying for foreign interests" and prompted a "jealous, somewhat frantic competition to serve Japan".{{Sfn|Choate|1991|pp=70-71}}

Malmgren continued to work as a consultant in Washington, D.C. until at least 2015.See, for example:

• {{cite news |last=Solomon |first=Hyman |date=February 11, 1984 |title=New threat to our exports from U.S. protectionism |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/national-post-new-threat-to-our-exports/171259310/ |work=National Post |via=Newspapers.com |pages=1, 2}}
• {{cite news |last=Flanigan |first=James |date=December 12, 1999 |title=Amid Turmoil, Change Is Real This Time in Japan |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/171259360/ |work=The Los Angeles Times |via=Newspapers.com |pages=C1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/171259352/ C6]}}
• {{cite news |last=Francis |first=David R. |date=July 22, 2008 |title='Wild West' lending too risky |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-daily-sun/171259376/ |work=The Arizona Daily Sun |via=Newspapers.com |agency=The Christian Science Monitor |page=A5}}
• {{cite book |last=Hart |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syusmJ_w9v0C |title=Decision at Midnight: Inside the Canada-US Free Trade Negotiations |date=2011 |publisher=UBC Press |page=45|isbn=978-0-7748-4272-3 }}
• {{cite book |last=O'Regan |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uea9CgAAQBAJ |title=Financial Information Analysis: The Role of Accounting Information in Modern |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |page=120|isbn=978-1-317-90668-1 }}

In 2024, Malmgren publicly claimed that decades prior, he had been briefed on "otherworld technologies" by CIA officer Richard Bissell.{{cite news |last1=Chung |first1=Frank |title='Otherworld technologies': Former presidential aide's CIA claim |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/space/otherworld-technologies-former-presidential-aides-cia-claim/news-story/382a4345d70e89cf412442bced17b0f3 |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=News.com.au |date=August 21, 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Curl |first1=Joseph |title=Former Top Presidential Aide Claims He Was Briefed on 'Otherworld Technologies' by CIA |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/former-top-presidential-aide-claims-he-was-briefed-on-otherworld-technologies-by-cia |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=The New York Sun |date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240823142227/https://www.nysun.com/article/former-top-presidential-aide-claims-he-was-briefed-on-otherworld-technologies-by-cia |archive-date=23 August 2024 |url-status=live}} In a later recording made prior to his death by podcaster Jesse Michels, Malmgren claimed to have also held a Q clearance granted by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC); had been recruited into national security work by McGeorge Bundy; and that he had investigated, on behalf of John Kennedy, an alien object recovered by the AEC during a nuclear test.{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Douglas Dean |date=May 20, 2025 |title=Ex-ambassador's astonishing UFO tales of 1962 wither under scrutiny |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/op-eds/3415987/harald-malmgren-ufo-tales-1962-wither-under-scrutiny/ |access-date=May 20, 2025 |work=Washington Examiner}} Malmgren also stated he personally confronted Curtis LeMay during the Cuban Missile Crisis, thereby averting nuclear war. Malmgren, as part of his story, said he formed part of an "inner circle" of the Kennedy Administration centered on Sargent Shriver, with whom he claimed to have been close.

A 20,000-word investigative report{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Douglas Dean |date=2025-05-20 |title=Harald Malmgren: real-world history vs. grandiose fantasy |url=https://douglasjohnson.ghost.io/harald-malmgren-history-vs-fantasy/ |url-status=live |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Mirador |language=en}} by independent journalist Douglas Dean Johnson incorporated embedded declassified FBI background reports on Malmgren from 1970 and 1971, and federal job applications Malmgren signed and certified in 1963 and 1964, that disproved many of Malmgren's key claims, including claims to have been a McNamara-NSC aide and to have held an Atomic Energy Commission clearance. Johnson also interviewed multiple historians, and biographers of those named by Malmgren, who disputed the veracity of his assertions, as did Shriver's son Mark Kennedy Shriver. Johnson concluded that Malmgren "hijacked the personas of real people to serve as characters in his self-glorifying fantasies" while Jason Colavito opined that Johnson's investigation showed that Malmgren "spent a long time inflating his resume".{{cite web |last1=Colavito |first1=Jason |title=In Brief: Harald Malmgren's History of Serial Fabrication Revealed |url=https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-harald-malmgrens-history-of-serial-fabrication-revealed |date=May 20, 2025|website=jasoncolavito.com |access-date=May 20, 2025}} A 12,000-word follow up article by Douglas Dean Johnson quoted leading experts on the Cuban Missile Crisis, including Sheldon Stern, Sir Lawrence Freedman, and Philip Zelikow, along with contemporary documents, to show that Malmgren's story of confronting General LeMay was historically untenable for multiple reasons.{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Douglas Dean |date=2025-06-09 |title=Harald Malmgren saves the world: a fantasy set during the Cuban Missile Crisis |url=https://douglasjohnson.ghost.io/harald-malmgren-saves-the-world/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Mirador |language=en}}

Malmgren married twice. His first wife was Patricia Malmgren (1934–2010), née Nelson, with whom he had three children (Erika, Pippa, and Britt).{{Cite news |date=2010-04-26 |title=Obituaries |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2010/04/26/obituaries/17573a4a-ac38-4c21-b16c-985710860b70/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}} He later married Linda Einberg and had three more children.{{Cite web |title=Harald B. Malmgren |url=https://www.fauquiernow.com/obituaries/harald-b-malmgren/article_4c43d37a-fe9b-11ef-a50b-2f41ff5ea850.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=FauquierNow |date=11 March 2025 |language=en}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/alumni/LSEConnect/articlesSummer2014/alumniAtLarge.aspx |title=Alumni at large: Pippa Malmgren - Summer 2014 - LSE Connect - Alumni - Home |access-date=2017-08-03 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803172116/http://www.lse.ac.uk/alumni/LSEConnect/articlesSummer2014/alumniAtLarge.aspx |url-status=dead }} Malmgren died on February 13, 2025.

{{reflist}}

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• {{cite book |last1=Cigler |first1=Alan |title=Interest Group Politics |date=2006 |publisher=CQ Press |isbn=1933116765 |url=https://www.americanstudies.uwo.ca/documents/political_science/CiglerLoomisch14.pdf}}
• {{Cite book |last=Choate |first=Pat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f4Skkf13U0C |title=Agents of Influence |date=1991 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-74339-0 |language=en}}
• {{Cite book |last=Corbet |first=Hugh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fzr3DwAAQBAJ |title=Trade Strategy and the Asian-Pacific Region |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-86616-6 |language=en}}
• {{cite book| title = Trade Warriors: USTR and the American Crusade for Free Trade | last= Dryden | first = Steve | publisher = Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/tradewarriorsust00dryd_0 | date = 1995 | isbn = 0-19-506752-5}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Foss |first=Nicolai J. |date=October 1996 |title=Harald B. Malmgren's Analysis of the Firm: lessons for modern theorists? |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09538259600000071 |journal=Review of Political Economy |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=349–366 |doi=10.1080/09538259600000071 |issn=0953-8259|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Charles |authorlink=Charles Lewis (journalist)|title=America's Frontline Trade Officials |publisher=Center for Public Integrity |url=https://cloudfront-files-1.publicintegrity.org/legacy_projects/pdf_reports/AMERICASFRONTLINETRADEOFFICIALS.pdf|date=1990}}
• {{cite book |last1=Obi |first1=Toshiro |location=Tokyo|title=The Japan Lobby |date=1980 |publisher=Yell Shuppansha |page=46}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Swinbank |first=Alan |date=2023-09-03 |title=British Perspectives on the GATT Article XXIV Negotiations Following the First EC Enlargement: 'Probably More Important and More Difficult than the Consideration of the Treaty of Rome Itself' |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2023.2220337 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=824–841 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2023.2220337 |issn=0707-5332|doi-access=free }}
• {{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015062781284&seq=227&q1=malmgren |title=Directory of fellowship awards for the academic years 1945/46-1959/60 |date=1960 |publisher=Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation |via=HathiTrust|ref={{harvid|Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship|1960}}}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malmgren, Harald}}

Category:1935 births

Category:2025 deaths

Category:People from Boston

Category:American chief executives of financial services companies

Category:American economists

Category:American people of Swedish descent

Category:Cornell University faculty

Category:Georgetown University faculty

Category:George Washington University faculty

Category:Johns Hopkins University faculty

Category:Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford

Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford

Category:Yale University alumni

Category:20th-century American economists

Category:21st-century American economists