Haskell Wexler

Wexler was born to a Jewish family in Chicago in 1922.{{cite web|url=http://haskellwexler.com/WP/?page_id=485|title=Haskell Wexler: The Hollywood Interview|website=Haskell Wexler's personal blog|access-date=January 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202180524/http://haskellwexler.com/WP/?page_id=485|archive-date=February 2, 2014|url-status=dead}} His parents were Simon and Lottie Wexler, whose children included Jerrold, Joyce (Isaacs) and Yale. He attended the progressive Francis Parker School, where he was best friends with Barney Rosset.

After a year of college at the University of California, Berkeley, he volunteered as a seaman in the U.S. Merchant Marine in 1941, as the U.S. was preparing to enter World War II. He became friends with fellow sailor Woody Guthrie, who later gained fame as a folk singer. While in the Merchant Marine, Wexler advocated for the desegregation of seamen.Current Biography Yearbook 2007, H. W. Wilson Co. (2007) pp. 594-596 In November 1942, his ship was torpedoed by a German submarine and sank off the coast of South Africa. He spent 10 days on a lifeboat before being rescued. After the war, Wexler received the Silver Star and was promoted to the rank of second officer.{{cite web|url=http://haskellwexler.com/WP/?page_id=28|title=About|website=Haskell Wexler's personal blog|access-date=17 Jan 2014}}

He returned to Chicago after his discharge in 1946 and began working in the stockroom at his father's company, Allied Radio. He decided he wanted to become a filmmaker, although he had no experience, and his father helped him set up a small studio in Des Plaines, Illinois. He began by shooting industrial films at Midwest factories. When his studio lost too much money, it was eventually shut down, but the business served as an unofficial film school for Wexler.

He later took freelance jobs as a cameraman, joining the International Photographers Guild in 1947. He worked his way up to more technical positions after beginning as an assistant cameraman on various projects. He made a number of documentaries, including The Living City, which was nominated for an Academy Award.

Wexler briefly made industrial films in Chicago, then in 1947 became an assistant cameraman. Wexler worked on documentary features and shorts; low-budget docu-dramas such as 1959's The Savage Eye, television's The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet and TV commercials (he would later found Wexler-Hall, a television commercial production company, with Conrad Hall). He made ten documentary films with director Saul Landau, including Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang, which aired on PBS and won an Emmy Award and a George Polk Award. Other notable documentaries shot and co-directed (with Landau) by Wexler included Brazil: A Report on Torture and The CIA Case Officer and The Sixth Sun: A Mayan Uprising in Chiapas.

In 1963 Wexler self-funded, produced and photographed the documentary The Bus in which a group of Freedom Riders are followed as they make their way from San Francisco to Washington D.C.{{Cite web |title=NFPF Grant Recipient: Haskell Wexler's The Bus (1965) |work=Archive UCLA Film & Television |date= 26 July 2019|access-date=25 November 2019 |url= https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/blogs/archive-blog/2019/07/26/haskell-wexler-the-bus}} That same year he served as the cinematographer on his first big-budget film, Elia Kazan's America America. Kazan was nominated for a Best Director Academy Award. Wexler worked steadily in Hollywood thereafter. George Lucas, then 20, met Wexler who shared his hobby of auto racing. Wexler pulled a few strings to help Lucas get admitted to the USC Film School.[https://www.nytimes.com/1976/09/12/archives/from-american-graffiti-to-outer-space.html "From ‘American Graffiti’ To Outer Space"], New York Times, Sept. 12, 1976 Wexler would later work with Lucas as a visual consultant for THX 1138 and American Graffiti (1973).

Wexler was cinematographer of Mike Nichols' screen version of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), for which he won the last Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black & White) handed out.Beginning the next year, the Academy eliminated a separate category for awards for Black and White and Color in Art Direction, Cinematography, and Costume Design. Source: {{cite book|last1=Clooney|first1=Nick|author-link1=Nick Clooney|title=The Movies That Changed Us: Reflections on the Screen|date=November 2002|publisher=Atria Books, a trademark of Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=0-7434-1043-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/moviesthatchange00cloo/page/79 79]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/moviesthatchange00cloo/page/79}} The following year had Wexler as the cinematographer for the Oscar-winning detective drama, In the Heat of the Night (1967), starring Sidney Poitier. His work was notable for being the first major film in Hollywood history to be shot in color with proper consideration for a person of African descent. Wexler recognized that standard lighting tended to produce too much glare on that kind of dark complexion making the actors look bad. Accordingly, Wexler toned it down to feature Poitier with better photographic results.{{cite book|author=Harris, Mark|title=Pictures at a Revolution: Five Films and the Birth of a New Hollywood|url=https://archive.org/details/picturesatrevolu00harr_0|url-access=registration|publisher=Penguin Press|year= 2008|page= [https://archive.org/details/picturesatrevolu00harr_0/page/221 221]|isbn=9781594201523}}

Wexler was fired as cinematographer during filming of Francis Ford Coppola's The Conversation and replaced by Bill Butler. He was also fired from Miloš Forman's 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and again replaced by Bill Butler. Wexler believed his dismissal on Cuckoo's Nest was due to his radical left political views as highlighted by his concurrent work on the documentary Underground, in which the left-wing urban guerrilla group The Weather Underground were being interviewed while hiding from the law. However, Forman said he had terminated Wexler over mere artistic differences. Both Wexler and Butler received Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, though Wexler later said there was "only about a minute or two minutes in that film I didn't shoot.”{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/28/movies/haskell-wexler-oscar-winning-cinematographer-dies-at-93.html|title=Haskell Wexler, Oscar-Winning Cinematographer, Dies at 93|first=John|last=Anderson|work=The New York Times |date=December 27, 2015|via=NYTimes.com}}

However, he won a second Oscar for Bound for Glory (1976), a biography of Woody Guthrie, whom Wexler had met during his time in the Merchant Marine. Bound for Glory was the first feature film to make use of the newly invented Steadicam, in a famous sequence that also incorporated a crane shot. Wexler was also credited as additional cinematographer on Days of Heaven (1978), which won a Best Cinematography Oscar for Néstor Almendros. Wexler was featured on the soundtrack of the film Underground (1976), recorded on Folkways Records in 1976.{{Cite web |title=Underground: Emile de Antonio, Mary Lampson, and Haskell Wexler with the Weather Underground |url=https://folkways.si.edu/emile-de-antonio-mary-lampson-and-haskell-wexler-with-the-weather-underground/american-history-documentary-soundtracks-musicals-struggle-protest/album/smithsonian |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Smithsonian Folkways Recordings |language=en-US}}

He worked on documentaries throughout his career. The documentary Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang (1980) earned an Emmy Award; Interviews with My Lai Veterans (1970) won an Academy Award. His later documentaries included; Bus Riders' Union (2000), about the modernization and expansion of bus services in Los Angeles by the organization and its founder Eric Mann, Who Needs Sleep? (2006),{{cite web |date=2015-12-27 |title=Haskell Wexler, Oscar-Winning Cinematographer, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/28/movies/haskell-wexler-oscar-winning-cinematographer-dies-at-93.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=The New York Times}} the Independent Lens documentary Good Kurds, Bad Kurds: No Friends But the Mountains (2000),{{cite web |title=Good Kurds, Bad Kurds |url=https://cmeslibrary.sbs.arizona.edu/video/good-kurds-bad-kurds |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=The University of Arizona CMES Video and Book Library}} Tell Them Who You Are (2004) Bringing King to China (2011),{{Cite web |title=BRINGING KING TO CHINA |url=https://www.docnyc.net/film/bringing-king-to-china/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=DOC NYC |language=en-US}} and From Wounded Knee to Standing Rock: A Reporter's Journey (2019).{{Cite web |title=New film: From Wounded Knee to Standing Rock |url=https://www.independent.com/events/new-film-from-wounded-knee-to-standing-rock/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=The Santa Barbara Independent |language=en}}

Wexler also directed fictional movies. Medium Cool (1969), a film written by Wexler and shot in a cinéma vérité style, is studied by film students all over the world for its breakthrough form. It influenced more than a generation of filmmakers. In DVD commentary for Criterion Collection, Wexler recalled that the studio execs were flabbergasted the film, "an edgy, Godardian tale that ricocheted from one hot-button topic to the next (poverty, racism, civil rebellion, the war in Vietnam, the Kennedy and King assassinations)."{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=J.R. |date=2013-07-10 |title=The lost Chicago of Medium Cool |url=http://chicagoreader.com/film/the-lost-chicago-of-medium-cool/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Chicago Reader |language=en-US}} The making of Medium Cool was the subject of a BBC documentary by Paul Cronin, Look Out Haskell, It's Real: The Making of Medium Cool (2001).{{cite web |last=French |first=Philip |date=2015-09-13 |title=Medium Cool review – a landmark fusion of fiction and documentary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/sep/13/medium-cool-dvd-review-haskell-wexler-philip-french |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=The Guardian}} "Medium Cool" was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2003.{{Cite web |last1=McLellan |first1=Dennis |last2=Dolan |date=2015-12-28 |title=Haskell Wexler dies at 93; two-time Oscar-winning cinematographer and lifelong activist |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-me-ln-haskell-wexler-93-obituary-20151227-story.html |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}

Produced by Lucasfilm and uncredited George Lucas, Wexler's film Latino (1985) was chosen for the 1985 Cannes Film Festival. He both wrote and directed the work. Another directing project was From Wharf Rats to Lords of the Docks (2007), an intimate exploration of the life and times of Harry Bridges, an extraordinary labor leader and social visionary described as "a hero or the devil incarnate--it all depends on your point of view."{{cite web|url=http://www.theharrybridgesproject.org/film.html|title=From Wharf Rats to the Lords of the Docks: The Life and Times of Harry Bridges|work=The Harry Bridges Project|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212102730/http://www.theharrybridgesproject.org/film.html|archive-date=2009-12-12}}

In 1988, Wexler won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography for the John Sayles film Matewan (1987), for which he was also nominated for an Academy Award. His work with Billy Crystal in the HBO film 61* (2001) was nominated for an Emmy.

In 2021, filmmakers Joan Churchill and Alan Barker released a 26-minute documentary, Shoot From the Heart, about Wexler's life and career.{{Cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Tara |date=2022-02-03 |title=A Candid Look at Haskell Wexler |url=https://ascmag.com/articles/shoot-from-the-heart |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=American Cinematographer}} Churchill described her intention in making the film this way: “We were making a film about a man who was a passionate activist, who never gave up hope for the world.”{{Cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Tara |date=2022-02-03 |title=Behind the Legend: A Candid Look at Haskell Wexler, ASC in Shoot From the Heart – The American Society of Cinematographers |url=https://ascmag.com/articles/shoot-from-the-heart |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=American Cinematographer}}

A "lifelong liberal activist," during the final years of his life, Wexler trained his focus on raising awareness of sleep deprivation and long hours in the film industry, culminating in the documentary Who Needs Sleep? (2006), which "examined the routine overworking of Hollywood film crews." In a first-person article in HuffPost, Wexler wrote, "There's nothing I love more than making films. But the health of my fellow film workers and citizens is more important than anything on the silver screen."{{Cite web |last=Wexler |first=Haskell |date=2012-03-29 |title=Sleepless in Hollywood: A Threat to Health and Safety |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/film-industry-hours-sleep_b_1385766 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}

Wexler married the American actress Rita Taggart in 1989. He had two sons, a daughter, four grandchildren; and one great-granddaughter.

Wexler died in his sleep at the age of 93 on December 27, 2015, at his home in Santa Monica, California.{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/haskell-wexler-dead-93-cinematographer-1201668018/|title=Haskell Wexler, Oscar-Winning Cinematographer and Documentary Filmmaker, Dies at 93|publisher=Variety.com|access-date=December 27, 2015|date=December 27, 2015|author=Richard Natale}}{{cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/haskell-wexler-legendary-cinematographer-dead-at-93-20151227|title=Haskell Wexler, Legendary Cinematographer, Dead at 93|publisher=Indie Wire.com|access-date=December 27, 2015|date=December 27, 2015|author=Matt Brenan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229223135/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/haskell-wexler-legendary-cinematographer-dead-at-93-20151227|archive-date=December 29, 2015|url-status=dead}}

Six of the films he worked on have been preserved by the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant": Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf (inducted in 2013), Days of Heaven (2007), Medium Cool (2003), In the Heat of the Night (2002), American Graffiti (1995) and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1993).{{Cite web |title=Cinema with the Right Stuff Marks 2013 National Film Registry |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-13-216/2013-national-film-registry/2013-12-18/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}{{Cite web |title=Haskell Wexler dies at 93; two-time Oscar-winning cinematographer and lifelong activist |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/la-me-ln-haskell-wexler-93-obituary-20151227-story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104220344/https://www.baltimoresun.com/la-me-ln-haskell-wexler-93-obituary-20151227-story.html |archive-date=2022-11-04 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Baltimore Sun}}{{Cite web |title=Complete National Film Registry Listing {{!}} Film Registry {{!}} National Film Preservation Board {{!}} Programs {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}

In September 2016, George Lucas created the Haskell Wexler Endowed Chair in Documentary at the USC School of Cinematic Arts. The first holder of the Wexler Chair is Michael Renov, Vice Dean of Academic Affairs at SCA and a professor in the Bryan Singer Division of Cinema & Media Studies.

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• Wexler received two Academy Awards for Best Cinematography: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and Bound for Glory. He was additionally nominated for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Matewan, and Blaze.
• In 1970, Wexler was nominated for a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film for Medium Cool.
• In 1977, Wexler was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.
• In 1988, Wexler won an Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography for Matewan.
• In 1993, Wexler won a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society of Cinematographers, the first active cameraman to be awarded.{{Cite web |title=Haskell Wexler |url=https://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/haskell-wexler/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en}}
• In 1996, he was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, the first cinematographer in 35 years to be so honored.
• In 2001, Wexler was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie for the made-for-television film 61*.
• In 2004, Wexler was the subject of a documentary, Tell Them Who You Are, directed by his son, Mark Wexler.{{Cite web |date=2006-06-02 |title=Tell Them Who You Are |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/jun/02/documentary |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}
• In 2007, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Independent Documentary Association and the same from the Society of Operating Cameramen.{{Cite web |date=2014-12-06 |title=PAST SOC LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS |url=https://socawards.com/past-soc-lifetime-achievement-awards/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=SOC Awards |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=Where Are They Now? IDA Documentary Award Winners |url=https://www.documentary.org/feature/where-are-they-now-ida-documentary-award-winners |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=International Documentary Association |language=en}}
• In 2014, the Location Managers Guild of America awarded Wexler the Humanitarian Award at its inaugural awards show.{{cite web |date=15 April 2014 |title=HUMANITARIAN AWARD: CINEMATOGRAPHER HASKELL WEXLER |url=http://locationmanagers.org/haskell-wexler-honored-with-lmga-humanitarian-award/ |access-date=29 June 2016 |website=Location Managers Guild of America}}

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• {{Official website|http://haskellwexler.com/}}
• {{IMDb name|0005549|Haskell Wexler}}
• [http://www.thestickingplace.com/projects/projects/mediumcool/ A documentary about Wexler's 1969 film Medium Cool]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050515082444/http://www.cameraguild.com/interviews/chat_wexler/wexler_matewan.htm Haskell Wexler, ASC, Focuses on the Making of Matewan]
• [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1787921,00.html John Patterson, "Through a lens darkly"], The Guardian, interview, 2 June 2006
• [https://archive.today/20130707205012/http://www.folkways.si.edu/albumdetails.aspx?itemid=1083/ Underground Album Details] at Smithsonian Folkways
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140921011508/http://www.vice.com/vice-special/vice-and-the-criterion-collection-present-haskell-wexler-on-medium-cool Video interview] of Wexler about the film Medium Cool
• [http://www.democracynow.org/2015/12/28/haskell_wexler_dead_at_93_legendary Haskell Wexler Dead at 93: Legendary Cinematographer, Activist Captured the Struggles of Our Times], Democracy Now!, 28 December 2015
• [https://www.npr.org/2015/12/29/461380742/remembering-oscar-winning-cinematographer-haskell-wexler Radio interview] with Haskell Wexler on Fresh Air (17 mins, 1993)

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