Height restriction laws

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New building regulations that came in force in 2020, limited the height of buildings on cities depending on population in China. Cities with less than 3{{nbsp}}million population cannot have structures rising above {{convert|250|m|abbr=on}}; cities with populations greater than 3{{nbsp}}million can have buildings up to a height of {{convert|500|m|abbr=on}}.

Buildings are capped at {{convert|400|m|abbr=on}} on the Shenzhen Bay area due to its proximity to Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport. A similar height restriction also applies in Wuhan, with buildings limited to {{convert|476|m|abbr=on}} on its central areas due to runway approaches paths to Wuhan Tianhe International Airport crossing it.

Buildings in the Petaling Jaya suburb of Kelana Jaya were previously capped at 15 floors (around {{convert|50-60|m|abbr=on}} in height) because of the close proximity to Subang International Airport, less than {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} away. The height restriction was lifted in 1998 when commercial jet operations were relocated to the Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Sepang, and this saw higher buildings being erected, notably the 33-floor Ascent and New World Hotel towers at Paradigm Mall (the tallest in the area today, with heights of around {{convert|150|m|abbr=on}}).

Israel and Jordan inherited laws from the days of the British Mandate that prevent buildings from rising more than four stories above the ground except by special government permission. In Amman, these regulations have been credited with maintaining the city's architectural and urban heritage, but have also been accused of inflating housing prices and causing unsustainable urban sprawl.{{Cite web|url=http://www.venturemagazine.me/2015/01/low-rise-high-rise/|title=Venture Magazine Low Rise To High Rise?}}

Most of the tallest buildings are located in Yangon where zoning regulations restrict the maximum height of buildings to {{cvt|127|m}} above sea level,https://www.lincolnmyanmar.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/4-August-2016-Seminar-land-law-stamp-duty.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}} in order to prevent buildings from overtaking the Shwedagon Pagoda. The first ever attempt to build a skyscraper in the country—a {{cvt|195|m}} tower in downtown Yangon faced intense opposition by local conservationists and was cancelled in 2014.

A structural height restriction applies to buildings within Intramuros, Manila, where most structures cannot be higher than {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}} from street level, and towers cannot exceed {{convert|35|m|abbr=on}}.

Davao City's zoning ordinance as of 2019 imposes a height restriction on buildings in its central area due to its proximity to Francisco Bangoy International Airport, with buildings not allowed to exceed {{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} above mean sea level.{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2019 |title=AN ORDINANCE ON BUILDING HEIGHT LIMITS AMENDING ARTICLE VIII SECTIONS 3 TO 6 OF THE AMENDED 2013 COMPREHENSIVE ZONING ORDINANCE OF DAVAO CITY |url=https://r11.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PUBLIC-SCOPING-REPORT-Azuela-Parcel-2.pdf |pages=4–17}}

To protect the ridge line along Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon, height restrictions are imposed according to the location of the buildings or structures.{{Cite web |url=http://www.hkip.org.hk/En/Content.asp?Bid=7&Sid=22&Id=134 |title=HKIP's Position on Building Height Restrictions for Kwun Tong and Kowloon Bay Business Areas |access-date=2010-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612035445/http://www.hkip.org.hk/En/Content.asp?Bid=7&Sid=22&Id=134 |archive-date=2017-06-12 |url-status=dead }}

Prior to the 1998 closure of the Kai Tak Airport, many places in Kowloon had a stricter building height restriction due to its proximity to the airport.

In Bali, Indonesia, a building cannot be taller than a coconut tree, which is about {{cvt|15|m}}.{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/01/26/in-bali-trumps-planned-six-star-hotel-risks-angering-the-gods.html|date=2017-01-26|title=In Bali, Trump's planned six-star hotel risks angering the Gods|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=2017-02-15}}{{cite news|url=http://travel.kompas.com/read/2011/11/29/1151379/dikhawatirkan.bali.terus.quotdilahapquot.bangunan.tinggi|title=Dikhawatirkan, Bali Terus "Dilahap" Bangunan Tinggi|work=Kompas|language=id|date=2011-11-29}}[http://www.bappeda.baliprov.go.id/files/subdomain/bappeda/Foto%20dan%20berita%20Web%20terbaru/RPJMD%20KAB/DAU/Peraturan%20Daerah%20Provinsi%20Bali%20Nomor%2016%20Tahun%202009%20tentang%20Rencana%20Tata%20Ruang%20Wilayah%20(RTRW)%20Provinsi%20Bali%20Tahun%202009-2029.pdf Bali Regional Regulation 16 of 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024041931/http://www.bappeda.baliprov.go.id/files/subdomain/bappeda/Foto%20dan%20berita%20Web%20terbaru/RPJMD%20KAB/DAU/Peraturan%20Daerah%20Provinsi%20Bali%20Nomor%2016%20Tahun%202009%20tentang%20Rencana%20Tata%20Ruang%20Wilayah%20(RTRW)%20Provinsi%20Bali%20Tahun%202009-2029.pdf |date=2018-10-24 }}, Art. 95 The only building that is higher than a coconut tree is the Bali Beach Hotel because the hotel was built before the height restriction was announced.{{Cite web |url=http://www.indonesiaphoto.com/destinations/bali/item/66-sanur |title=Sanur - Indonesia images |access-date=2010-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614050443/http://www.indonesiaphoto.com/destinations/bali/item/66-sanur |archive-date=2011-06-14 |url-status=usurped }} The restriction was enforced by a regional regulation, however, how much this is enforced is in question.{{Cite web |url=http://baliapartments.org/bali-apartments-bali-real-estate/ |title=Bali Apartments And The Evolving Bali Real Estate Market |access-date=2010-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220025517/http://baliapartments.org/bali-apartments-bali-real-estate/ |archive-date=2010-12-20 |url-status=dead }}

Buildings in Raffles Place, Marina Centre, Marina Bay Sands, Bugis and Kallang have height restrictions of up to {{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} because of the proximity of Paya Lebar Air Base until 2030 as planned.Discover Singapore: The City's History & Culture Redefined By Susan Tsang, Edward Hendricks; {{ISBN|981-261-365-X}}, 9789812613653

In Europe, there is no official general law restricting the height of structures. There are however height restriction laws in many cities, often aimed to protect historic skylines.

In Athens, buildings are not allowed to surpass twelve floors so as not to block views of the Parthenon. There are several exceptions though, such as the Athens Tower, the Atrina center and the OTE central building which all exceed that level. This is due to them either being built far away from the centre, or to the fact that they were constructed during periods of political instability. The city's tallest structure is the Athens Tower, reaching {{convert|103|m|abbr=on}} and comprising 25 floors.

In the central area of Rome, delimited by the Aurelian Walls, no building can exceed the height of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica ({{convert|136|m|abbr=on}}). A skyscraper called Torre Eurosky (Eurosky Tower), built in 2012 in EUR neighbourhood (outside the ban area) exceeds this limit being {{convert|155|m|abbr=on}} high.

There is however a height restriction for new onshore wind turbines in the European Union, which set their total height to {{cvt|200|m}}.{{Cite web |url=http://www.energiekeuze.nl/nieuws.aspx?id=954 |title=Wieringerwerf will receive the highest wind turbine in the Netherlands | lang = NL |access-date=2012-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070848/http://www.energiekeuze.nl/nieuws.aspx?id=954 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}{{cn|date=December 2022|reason=Existing citation does not state actual law, it just mentions there is an agreement with no actual detail}}

Canada has no national height restrictions, but many individual cities do have height restriction bylaws and building is restricted by the national aviation authority (Transport Canada) near airports. Some examples:

• Edmonton: Buildings in downtown Edmonton were limited to {{convert|150|m|abbr=on}} above ground level due to its proximity to Blatchford Field (City Centre Airport). The height restriction was lifted in 2013 with the airport's closure, and the first building in Edmonton to exceed 150{{nbsp}}m, JW Marriott Edmonton Ice District & Residences was topped out in 2018 and opened in 2019.
• Hamilton: No buildings may exceed the height of the Niagara Escarpment, to preserve views of Lake Ontario from the Escarpment, and vice versa.{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/downtown-secondary-plan-1.4623787|title=Hamilton approves new rule saying buildings can't be higher than the escarpment {{!}} CBC News|work=CBC|access-date=2018-06-09|language=en-CA}}
• Montreal: until the late 1920s, all buildings were limited to ten storeys.{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120729090634/http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=city&lng=3&id=montreal-canada Emporis]}} Currently buildings are limited to a height of {{cvt|200|m}} and are subject to not contrasting the view of Mount Royal, the city's central green space, with the only exception being antennas and communication towers, that are allowed to reach {{cvt|223|m}} above mean sea level. The downtown today possesses only one building exceeding 200{{nbsp}}m, the 1000 de la Gauchetière tower, which was built as a special project in 1992.
• Ottawa-Gatineau: Until 1973, buildings in downtown Ottawa were limited to {{cvt|45.5|m}} so that the Peace Tower, part of the parliament buildings, could dominate the skyline.{{Cite web |title=Ottawa |first1=Serge |last1=Barbe |url=http://photo.pds.org:5005/student/article?id=ar407880 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120726214805/http://photo.pds.org:5005/student/article?id=ar407880 |archive-date=26 July 2012 |website=Student World Book}}
• Saskatoon: continues to limit building heights to a maximum of {{cvt|76|m}} due to a flight path that bisects the downtown core,{{Cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=9f6fe694-d619-44e3-a7d3-c3b78be6b95e&sponsor= |title=Archaic to limit downtown area building height |date=August 25, 2008 |agency=The StarPhoenix |website=canada.com |access-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110154056/http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=9f6fe694-d619-44e3-a7d3-c3b78be6b95e&sponsor= |archive-date=2012-11-10 |url-status=dead }} however, the recent proposal of a {{convert|90|to|100|m|abbr=on}} tower could potentially lead to the lifting of this height limit.[http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=63198 "Nutrien Tower, Saskatoon" - SkyscraperPage.com].
• Vancouver: maintains "view corridors" that protect views of the North Shore Mountains.{{cite web |url=http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/COMMSVCS/Guidelines/H005.pdf |title=General policy for higher buildings |publisher=City of Vancouver |date=May 6, 1997 |access-date=2010-01-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001193939/http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/COMMSVCS/Guidelines/H005.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-01 }} It also has a density bank that allows developers to exceed maximum building height restrictions in exchange for preserving heritage buildings.
• Whitehorse: No buildings should be taller than four stories due to the nearby fault line. The Whitehorse Chamber of Commerce said that maintaining the height restriction of four stories would discourage businesses from coming to the city. In 2007, the city rejected the proposal to increase the height limit to eight stories. In order to exceed height limit, the developer would have to apply for an amendment to the city's official community plan.{{cite news| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/whitehorse-puts-brakes-on-highrise-rule-change-1.640981?ref=rss | work=CBC News | title=Whitehorse puts brakes on highrise rule change | date=2007-04-24}}

Both the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) have a rebuttable presumption not to build any antennae over {{convert|2,000|ft|m|abbr=on}} above ground level. This is to prevent those structures from being a hazard to air navigation.{{cite web |date=January 4, 2017 |title=70/7460-1L Advisory Circular Marking and Lighting FAQs |url=https://oeaaa.faa.gov/oeaaa/external/searchAction.jsp?action=malFAQs |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |access-date=February 18, 2017}}{{cite book |last=Timmerman |first=Jerianne |year=2014 |title=NAB Legal Guide to Broadcast Law and Regulation |page=120 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781136030987 |oclc=864753069 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5G_ZBAAAQBAJ |via=Google Books |access-date=February 18, 2017}} In recent years, the FAA has requested that height limits within {{convert|10,000|ft|m|abbr=on}} of an airport runway be lowered from {{convert|250|ft|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|160|ft|m|abbr=on}}, as development near airports has increased.{{cite news |date=June 26, 2014 |title=FAA wants to lower building height limit near airports |url=https://nypost.com/2014/06/26/faa-wants-to-lower-building-height-limit-near-airports/ |work=New York Post |agency=Associated Press |access-date=February 18, 2017}}

For airports, sometimes there are exceptions for height restrictions made for important infrastructure equipment, as radio towers or for structures older than the airport. These structures have to be marked with red and white paint, have flight safety lamps on top, or both. Often red and white paint and flight safety lamps have to be installed on high structures (taller than {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}) far away from airports. Height restriction laws are not always kept strictly.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

Several cities in the United States have local height limits, for example:

• Orlando, Florida: Due to Downtown Orlando's close proximity to Orlando Executive Airport, the maximum allowable height of buildings there is {{convert|450|ft|m|abbr=on}}.{{Cite web|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking-news/os-downtown-orlando-skyline-20150125-story.html|title=No Space Needle or Gateway Arch: What defines Orlando's skyline?|last=Schlueb|first=Mark|website=Orlando Sentinel |date=January 25, 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102621/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking-news/os-downtown-orlando-skyline-20150125-story.html |archive-date= Dec 6, 2018 }}
• Bellevue, Washington: maximum of {{convert|450|ft|m|abbr=on}} in Downtown Bellevue, set in the late 1990s.{{cite news |last=Singer |first=Natalie |date=July 3, 2005 |title=A towering new identity in Bellevue |url=http://old.seattletimes.com/html/eastsidenews/2002356444_lincolnnew.html |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=February 18, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219174902/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/eastsidenews/2002356444_lincolnnew.html |archive-date= Feb 19, 2017 }}
• Madison, Wisconsin: No building located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of the Wisconsin State Capitol (its dome is {{convert|287|ft|m|abbr=on}} high) may be higher than it (set in 1966).{{cite web |date=April 27, 1990 |title=1989 Wisconsin Act 222 |url=http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/1989/related/acts/222.pdf |publisher=Wisconsin State Legislature |access-date=February 18, 2017}}{{cite news |last=Ivey |first=Mike |date=April 9, 2014 |title=By design, Madison has no tall buildings |url=http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/writers/mike_ivey/by-design-madison-has-no-tall-buildings/article_64e73570-b5e1-11e3-9e53-0019bb2963f4.html |work=The Capital Times |location=Madison, Wisconsin |access-date=February 18, 2017}}
• San Jose, California: Due to Downtown San Jose's close proximity to San Jose International Airport, no buildings within city limits surpass {{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}}.
• Portland, Oregon: Height limits vary between {{convert|75|and|460|ft|m|abbr=on}} throughout the city, with the primary intent being to protect views of Mount Hood and the West Hills.{{Cite web|url=https://www.portland.gov/bps/planning/maps|title=Planning maps | Portland.gov|website=www.portland.gov}}
• Washington, DC: buildings are limited to a height equal to the width of the adjacent street plus {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}} up to a maximum of {{convert|90|ft|m|abbr=on}} on residential streets, {{convert|130|ft|m|abbr=on}} on commercial streets, and {{convert|160|ft|m|abbr=on}} on a small portion of Pennsylvania Avenue. The height limit was passed by the United States Congress in 1889 as the Height of Buildings Act of 1899 and later amended by the Height of Buildings Act of 1910.{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Roger K. |date=April 23, 1994 |title=Testing the Upper Limits of D.C. Building Height Act |page=F3 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/facts/lewis042494.htm |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=February 18, 2017}}{{cite news |last=Yglesias |first=Matthew |author-link=Matthew Yglesias |date=April 18, 2012 |title=Legalize Skyscrapers: D.C.'s height restrictions on buildings are hurting America. |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2012/04/d_c_s_height_restrictions_on_buildings_are_hurting_america_.html |work=Slate |access-date=February 18, 2017}}
• Boston, Massachusetts: Due to the city's proximity to Logan International Airport, building height is restricted to around {{convert|800|ft|m|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, buildings in Downtown Boston are capped even lower than {{convert|700|ft|m|abbr=on}}. This is in order to prevent shadows from being cast on both significant historic landmarks and public parks, such as the Boston Common.
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: For many years, the city had a gentlemen's agreement not to build taller than the statue of William Penn that graced the Philadelphia City Hall. Philadelphia sports fans blamed the failure of their teams at the turn of the 21st century on the violation of this rule. The first building to exceed the height of City Hall was the Liberty One tower.{{Cite journal |last=Gerber |first=Benjamin M. |date=2006 |title=22nd Smith-Babcock-Williams Student Writing Competition Winner: "No-Law" Urban Height Restrictions: A Philadelphia Story |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27895609 |journal=The Urban Lawyer |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=111–161 |jstor=27895609 |issn=0042-0905}}

{{Reflist}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20061003094624/http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Mass_Media/Databases/documents_collection/65-455.pdf FCC policy statement concerning tower heights near airports]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Height Restriction Laws}}

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Category:Urban planning

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