Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien
{{IPA key|H:IPA-TAIWAN}}
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Taiwanese Hokkien (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.
Note that the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) applied in this page is Ernest Tipson's version, while Chinese Examples are pronounced with literary reading with Taiwanese Romanization System (TL) spelling in default unless specified.
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Consonants
| class="wikitable"
! colspan=6| Consonants | |||||
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|p}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | p | style="text-align:center;" | ㄅ | style="text-align:center;" | 布 (pòo) | span | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʰ|pʰ}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | ph | style="text-align:center;" | ㄆ | style="text-align:center;" | 普 (phóo) | pan | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|b}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | b | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 明 (bîng) | timber {{efn|name=bg|[{{IPA link|b}}] and [{{IPA link|g}}] are sometimes transcribed as [{{IPA link|◌̃|b̃}}] and [{{IPA link|◌̃|g̃}}] respectively.}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | {{IPA link|m}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | m- | style="text-align:center;" | ㄇ | style="text-align:center;" | 媽 (má) | moon | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | am, om, im
| style="text-align:center;" | 11px, 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 暗 (àm), 參 (som){{efn|name=chiangchiu|In Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.}}, 心 (sim) | rim | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|t}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | t | style="text-align:center;" | ㄉ | style="text-align:center;" | 端 (tuan) | stop | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʰ|tʰ}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | th | style="text-align:center;" | ㄊ | style="text-align:center;" | 透 (thò) | top | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|l}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | l | style="text-align:center;" | ㄌ | style="text-align:center;" | 來 (lâi) | lime {{efn|name=dl|In most varieties of Hokkien, {{IPA|/l/}} is pronounced as an alveolar tap {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. Although the IPA symbol {{angbr IPA|l}} represents a lateral approximants, {{angbr IPA|l}} is widely used instead of {{angbr IPA|ɾ}} in broad transcriptions of Hokkien.}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | {{IPA link|n}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | n | style="text-align:center;" | ㄋ | style="text-align:center;" | 泥 (nî) | rowspan=2 | noon | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | -n
| style="text-align:center;" | ㄣ, ㄢ | style="text-align:center;" | 因 (in), 安 (an) | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|k}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | k | style="text-align:center;" | ㄍ | style="text-align:center;" | 見 (kiàn) | skin | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʰ|kʰ}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | kh | style="text-align:center;" | ㄎ | style="text-align:center;" | 溪 (khe) | kin | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | g | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 義 (gī) | finger {{efn|name=bg}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | {{IPA link|ŋ}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | ng- | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 吳 (ngôo) | singer | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | eng, ang, ong
| style="text-align:center;" | ing, ang, ong | style="text-align:center;" | ㄥ, ㄤ, 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 櫻 (ing), 幫 (pang), 王 (ông) | song | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|h}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | h | style="text-align:center;" | ㄏ | style="text-align:center;" | 曉 (hiáu) | hit | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʔ}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=3 | ∅ | style="text-align:center;" | 影 (íng, [{{IPA|ʔiə̯ŋ˥˩}}]) | uh-oh | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|t͡s}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | ch {{efn|name=ts-ch|In some POJ variants, ch and chh are written as ⟨ts⟩ and ⟨tsh⟩ respectively.}} | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | ts | style="text-align:center;" | ㄗ | style="text-align:center;" | 走 (tsáu) |cats, usually retracted in most cases | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | ㄐ | style="text-align:center;" | 精 (tsing) | like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).{{efn|name=sj|[{{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}], [{{IPA link|ʰ|t͡ɕʰ}}], [{{IPA link|ɕ}}], and [{{IPA link|ʑ}}] are pronounced as [{{IPA link|t͡s}}], [{{IPA link|ʰ|t͡sʰ}}], [{{IPA link|s}}], and [{{IPA link|z}}] in some accents.}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʰ|t͡sʰ}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | chh {{efn|name=ts-ch}} | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | tsh | style="text-align:center;" | ㄘ | style="text-align:center;" | 菜 (tshài) | cats | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʰ|t͡ɕʰ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | ㄑ | style="text-align:center;" | 市 (tshī) | like cheap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).{{efn|name=sj}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|s}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | s | style="text-align:center;" | ㄙ | style="text-align:center;" | 三 (sam) | same | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɕ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | ㄒ | style="text-align:center;" | 審 (sím) | like sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).{{efn|name=sj}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|d͡z}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=4 colspan=2 | j | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | 11px | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | 熱 (jua̍h) | pads {{efn|name=dz}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|z}}
| zoo {{efn|name=zj}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | 11px | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | 日 (ji̍t) | like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).{{efn|name=dz|[{{IPA link|d͡z}}] and [{{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}] are used in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent; they are pronounced as [{{IPA link|l}}] in some sub-accents.}}{{efn|name=sj}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʑ}}
| like {{IPA link|z}}ip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).{{efn|name=zj|[{{IPA link|z}}] and [{{IPA link|ʑ}}] is used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent, while [{{IPA link|ʑ}}] is pronounced as [{{IPA link|ɡ}}] mainly in Taiwanese {{interlanguage link multi|Hok-Ló-Kheh|zh|3=福佬客}} sub-accents.}}{{efn|name=sj}} | |||||
| colspan=9 |Note: Alveolo-palatal consonants ([{{IPA|t͡ɕ}}], [{{IPA|t͡ɕʰ}}], [{{IPA|ɕ}}], and [{{IPA|d͡ʑ / ʑ}}]) always precede [{{IPA|i}}] ⟨i / e⟩ as ⟨chi (tsi) / che⟩, ⟨chhi (tshi) / chhe⟩, ⟨si / se⟩, and ⟨ji⟩. | |||||
| colspan=6 | Syllabic consonants | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|m̩}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | -m | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 姆 (ḿ) | rhythm | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ŋ̍}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | -ng | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 光 (kng){{efn|name=choanchiu|In Taiwanese Choan-chiu accent.}} | song {{efn|name=ng|⟨-ng⟩ [{{IPA link|ŋ̍}}] is pronounced as [{{IPA|ũĩ}}] mainly in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.}} | |||||
| colspan=6 | Stop consonant finals | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|◌̚|p̚}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | -p | style="text-align:center;" | ◌ㄅ | style="text-align:center;" | 合 (ha̍p) | like sip, but no audible release; apt | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|◌̚|t̚}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | -t | style="text-align:center;" | ◌ㄉ | style="text-align:center;" | 七 (tshit) | like sit, but no audible release | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|◌̚|k̚}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | -k | style="text-align:center;" | ◌ㄍ | style="text-align:center;" | 角 (kak) | like sick, but no audible release | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʔ}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | -h | style="text-align:center;" |◌ㄏ | style="text-align:center;" | 桌 (toh) | uh-oh |
Vowels
| class="wikitable"
!colspan=6| Vowels | |||||
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ä|a}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | a | style="text-align:center;" | ㄚ | style="text-align:center;" | 鴨 (ah) | father | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|e}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | e | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 家 (ke) | day | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɤ}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | o | style="text-align:center;" | o/or{{efn|name=accent|⟨o⟩ in TL can present both southern accent and northern accent, while ⟨or⟩ in TL is used to specify southern accent for differentiation.}} | style="text-align:center;" | ㄜ | style="text-align:center;" | 高 (kor) | Roughly like bird {{efn|name=or|⟨or⟩ [{{IPA|ɤ}}], also transcribed as [{{IPA|ə}}], is used in Taiwanese southern accent and sometimes transcribed as [{{IPA link|ɤ}}].}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|o}}
| style="text-align:center;" | o | style="text-align:center;" | ㄛ | style="text-align:center;" | 高 (ko) | story {{efn|name=o|⟨o⟩ [{{IPA link|o}}] is used in Taiwanese northern accent.}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | {{IPA link|ɔ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | o͘ {{efn|⟨o͘⟩ [{{IPA link|ɔ}}] is sometimes written as ⟨ou⟩ in POJ as the dot is barely visible for readers.}} | style="text-align:center;" | oo | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 烏 (oo) | rowspan=2 | off | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | ong, om, op, ok | style="text-align:center;" | 11px, 11px, | style="text-align:center;" | 福 (hok) | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|i}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | i | style="text-align:center;" | ㄧ {{efn|name=rotate|In horizontal writing, it might be written in 90 degrees rotated.}} | style="text-align:center;" | 一 (it) | see {{efn|name=small_i|[{{IPA link|i̯}}] can be transcribed as [{{IPA link|ɪ}}] in ⟨-ai, -ia, -io, -iau⟩.}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|u}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | u | style="text-align:center;" | ㄨ | style="text-align:center;" | 武 (bú) | cool {{efn|name=small_u|[{{IPA link|u̯}}] can be transcribed as [{{IPA link|ʊ}}] in ⟨-au⟩}} | |||||
| colspan=6| Diphthongs | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ai̯}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | ai | style="text-align:center;" | ㄞ | style="text-align:center;" | 愛 (ài) | fight {{efn|name=small_i}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|au̯}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | au | style="text-align:center;" | ㄠ | style="text-align:center;" | 交 (kau) | out {{efn|name=small_u}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|i̯a}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2| ia | style="text-align:center;" | ㄧㄚ | style="text-align:center;" | 射 (siā) | Russia | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|i̯ɛ}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | ian, iat | style="text-align:center;" | ㄧㄢ, ㄧㄚㄉ | style="text-align:center;" | 電 (tiān), 結 (kiat) | yes {{efn|name=ian_iat|⟨ian⟩ is pronounced as either [{{IPA|i̯ɛn}}], [{{IPA|ɛn}}], or [{{IPA|en}}] depending on accents. | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|iə̯}}
| style="text-align:center;" | eng, ek | style="text-align:center;" | ing, ik | style="text-align:center;" | ㄧㄥ, ㄧㄍ | style="text-align:center;" | 英 (ing), 色 (sik) | rowspan=2 | eon {{efn|name=ing_ik|⟨ing⟩ is pronounced as either [{{IPA|iə̯ŋ}}], [{{IPA|iŋ}}] or [{{IPA|eŋ}}], depending on accents. | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|i̯ə}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | io | style="text-align:center;" | ior | style="text-align:center;" | ㄧㄜ | style="text-align:center;" | 腰 (ior){{efn|name=or}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|i̯o}}
| style="text-align:center;" | io | style="text-align:center;" | ㄧㄛ | style="text-align:center;" | 腰 (io){{efn|name=o}} | Leo | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|i̯ɔ}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2| iong, iok | style="text-align:center;" | ㄧ11px, ㄧ11pxㄍ | style="text-align:center;" | 中 (tiong), 欲 (io̍k) | kiosk | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|i̯u}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2| iu | style="text-align:center;" | ㄧㄨ | style="text-align:center;" | 手 (tshiú) | dew | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|u̯a}}
| style="text-align:center;" | oa | style="text-align:center;" | ua | style="text-align:center;" | ㄨㄚ | style="text-align:center;" | 化 (huà) | like suave | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|u̯e}}
| style="text-align:center;" | oe | style="text-align:center;" | ue | style="text-align:center;" | ㄨ11px | style="text-align:center;" | 尾 (bué){{efn|name=chiangchiu}} | question | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|u̯i}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2| ui | style="text-align:center;" | ㄨㄧ | style="text-align:center;" | 水 (suí) | we | |||||
| colspan=6| Triphthongs | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|i̯au̯}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | iau | style="text-align:center;" | ㄧㄠ | style="text-align:center;" | 妖 (iau) | meow {{efn|name=small_i}}{{efn|name=small_u}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|u̯ai̯}}
| style="text-align:center;" | oai | style="text-align:center;" | uai | style="text-align:center;" | ㄨㄞ | style="text-align:center;" | 怪 (kuài) | quiet {{efn|name=small_i}} | |||||
| colspan=6| Nasal vowels | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|◌̃}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | m◌, n◌, ng◌ | style="text-align:center;" | ㄇ◌, ㄋ◌, 11px◌ | 鰻 (muâ), 梁 (niû), 迎 (ngiâ) | Nasalized vowel(s) {{efn|name=nasal_vowel|The combination of a nasal consonant preceding vowel(s) represents nasal vowel(s) due to a natural process of assimilation.}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ã}}
| style="text-align:center;" | an | style="text-align:center;" | ann | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 衫 (sann) | like naive; nasalized [{{IPA link|a}}] | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ẽ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | en | style="text-align:center;" | enn | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 青 (tsenn){{efn|name=chiangchiu}} | like next; nasalized [{{IPA link|e}}] {{efn|name=cchiu}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ĩ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | in | style="text-align:center;" | inn | style="text-align:center;" | 11px {{efn|name=rotate}} | style="text-align:center;" | 圓 (înn) | like niece; nasalized [{{IPA link|i}}] | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɔ̃}}
| style="text-align:center;" | on | style="text-align:center;" | onn | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 否 (hónn) | French: son; nasalized [{{IPA link|ɔ}}] | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ãĩ̯}}
| style="text-align:center;" | ain | style="text-align:center;" | ainn | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 載 (tsáinn) | like nine; nasalized [{{IPA|ai̯}}] | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ĩ̯ã}}
| style="text-align:center;" | ian | style="text-align:center;" | iann | style="text-align:center;" | ㄧ11px | style="text-align:center;" | 兄 (hiann) | roughly like civilian; nasalized [{{IPA|i̯a}}] | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ĩ̯ũ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | iun | style="text-align:center;" | iunn | style="text-align:center;" | ㄧ11px | style="text-align:center;" | 羊 (iûnn){{efn|name=choanchiu}} | like new; nasalized [{{IPA|i̯u}}] {{efn|name=iunn|[{{IPA|ĩ̯ũ}}] is only used in Choân-chiu accent.}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ũ̯ã}}
| style="text-align:center;" | oan | style="text-align:center;" | uann | style="text-align:center;" | ㄨ11px | style="text-align:center;" | 官 (kuann) | roughly like squander; nasalized [{{IPA|u̯a}}] | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ũ̯ĩ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | uin | style="text-align:center;" | uinn | style="text-align:center;" | ㄨ11px | style="text-align:center;" | 快 (khuìnn){{efn|name=choanchiu}} | roughly like twin; nasalized [{{IPA|u̯i}}] | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ĩ̯ãũ̯}}
| style="text-align:center;" | iaun | style="text-align:center;" | iaunn | style="text-align:center;" | ㄧ11px | style="text-align:center;" | 喓 (iaunn) | like meow; nasalized [{{IPA|i̯au̯}}] | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ũ̯ãĩ̯}}
| style="text-align:center;" | oain | style="text-align:center;" | uainn | style="text-align:center;" | ㄨ11px | style="text-align:center;" | 關 (kuainn){{efn|name=chiangchiu}} | roughly like wine; nasalized [{{IPA|u̯ai̯}}] {{efn|name=uainn| [{{IPA|ũ̯ãĩ̯}}] is pronounced as [{{IPA|ũ̯ĩ}}], [{{IPA|ũ̯ã}}], and [{{IPA|u̯ai̯}}] mainly in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent.}} | |||||
| colspan=9 |Note: ⟨◌n⟩ in POJ is sometimes written as ⟨◌N⟩ when superscript ⟨n⟩ is not supported. |
Tones
| class="wikitable"
! colspan=9 | Tones | ||||||
| rowspan=2 | Tone Number | rowspan=2 | IPA (WP) | rowspan=2 | POJ | rowspan=2 | TL | rowspan=2 | Phonetic Symbols | rowspan=2 | Chinese Example | colspan=3 | Dialect values (IPA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaohsiung | Taipei | Lukang | ||||
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | ◌ | style="background-color: darkgray" | | style="text-align:center;" | 後日 （āu--ji̍t） | style="text-align:center;" colspan=3 | (varying) | ||||||
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|˦}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | a | style="text-align:center;" | ㄚ | style="text-align:center;" | 東 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˥]}} 55 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˦]}} 44 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˧]}} 33 | ||||||
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|˥˩}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | á | style="text-align:center;" | ㄚˋ | style="text-align:center;" | 黨 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˥˩]}} 51 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˥˧]}} 53 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˥]}} 55 | ||||||
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|˧˩}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | à | style="text-align:center;" | ㄚ˪ | style="text-align:center;" | 棟 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˧˩]}} 31 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˨˩]}} 21 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˧˩]}} 31 | ||||||
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ʔ˧˨}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | a◌ | style="text-align:center;" | ㄚ◌ | style="text-align:center;" | 督 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˧]}} 3 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˨]}} 2 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˥]}} 5 | ||||||
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|˨˦}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | â | style="text-align:center;" | ㄚˊ | style="text-align:center;" | 同 | style="text-align:center;" colspan=3 | {{IPA|[˨˦]}} 24 | ||||||
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|˨}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | ǎ | style="text-align:center;" | ㄚˋ | style="text-align:center;" | 動 | style="text-align:center; background-color: darkgray" colspan=2 | | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˨]}} 22 | ||||||
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|˧}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | ā | style="text-align:center;" | ㄚ˫ | style="text-align:center;" | 洞 | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | {{IPA|[˧]}} 33 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˧˩]}} 31 | ||||||
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ʔ˦}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | a̍◌ | style="text-align:center;" | ㄚ◌˙ | style="text-align:center;" | 毒 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˥]}} 5 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˦]}} 4 | style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|[˧˥]}} 35 | ||||||
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|˧˥}} | style="background-color: darkgray" | | style="text-align:center;" | a̋ | style="background-color: darkgray" | | style="text-align:center;" | 引擎 | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | {{IPA|[˧˥]}} 35 | style="text-align:center;" | | ||||||
| colspan=9 | Note: ◌ can be any of the four stop consonant finals in Taiwanese as listed in the above. |
Dialectal segments
=[[Quanzhou|Choân-chiu]] Dialect=
| class="wikitable" | |||||
| colspan=6| Consonants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=4 | j | style="text-align:center;" | j | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | 字 (jī / lī) | like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).{{efn|name=dz}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | {{IPA link|l}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | l | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | ㄌ | rowspan=2| lap | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | 熱 (jua̍h / lua̍h) | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|d͡z}}
| style="text-align:center;" | j | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | pads {{efn|name=dz}} | |||||
| colspan=6| Vowels | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ə}}
| style="text-align:center;" | e | style="text-align:center;" | er | style="text-align:center;" | ㄜ | style="text-align:center;" | 火 (hér){{efn|name=lokkang|In Lo̍k-káng Choân-chiu accent}} | about {{efn|name=er|⟨er⟩ [{{IPA link|ə}}] is also transcribed as [{{IPA link|ɘ}}] by some scholars despite the slight difference. In addition, ⟨er⟩ is alternatively spelled as ⟨oe⟩ while its Phonetic Symbol is replaced with 11px in textbooks and academic publishing by {{interlanguage link multi|Ngoo Siu Le|zh|3=吳守禮}}.}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɨ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | i / u | style="text-align:center;" | ir | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 豬 (tir) | roughly like glasses; sometimes pronounced as [{{IPA link|ɯ}}] as goose (California){{efn|name=samkia}}{{efn|name=lokkang}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ɘ̯e}}
| style="text-align:center;" | oe | style="text-align:center;" | ere | style="text-align:center;" | ㄜ11px | style="text-align:center;" | 雞 (kere){{efn|name=samkia|In Sam-Kiap Choân-chiu accent}} | | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ɘ̯u}}
| style="text-align:center;" | io | style="text-align:center;" | eru | style="text-align:center;" | ㄜㄨ | style="text-align:center;" | 購 (kerù){{efn|name=lokkang}} | | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ɨ̯̃ĩ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | eng | style="text-align:center;" | irinn | style="text-align:center;" | 11px11px | style="text-align:center;" | 肩 (kirinn){{efn|In Po-tiong Choân-chiu Lâm-oaⁿ accent}} | |
=[[Zhangzhou|Chiang-chiu]] Dialect=
| class="wikitable" | |||||
| colspan=6| Consonants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɲ|ȵ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | n | style="text-align:center;" | gn | style="text-align:center;" | 14px | style="text-align:center;" | 耳 (gní){{efn|name=oldchiangchiu|In Taiwanese Éng-tsēng old Chiang-chiu accent.}} | like onion {{efn|name=cchiu|⟨gn⟩ [{{IPA|ȵ}}], (enn) [{{IPA|ẽ}}], ⟨ee⟩ [{{IPA|ɛ}}], ⟨eeh⟩ [{{IPA|ɛʔ}}], ⟨eenn⟩ [{{IPA|ɛ̃}}], ⟨ek⟩ [{{IPA|ɛk̚}}], ⟨eng⟩ [{{IPA|ɛŋ}}], ⟨ionn⟩ [{{IPA|ĩ̯ɔ̃}}], and ⟨ionnh⟩ [{{IPA|ĩ̯ɔ̃ʔ}}] of TL are used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.}}{{efn|name=gn_eenn|Note that ⟨gn⟩ [{{IPA|ȵ}}] and ⟨eenn⟩ [{{IPA|ɛ̃}}] are not listed in the Taiwanese Romanization System by Ministry of Education, but is featured in textbooks and dictionaries.}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʑ}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | j | style="text-align:center;" | j | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | 日 (ji̍t / gi̍t) | like {{IPA link|z}}ip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).{{efn|name=zj}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|g}}
| style="text-align:center;" | g | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | give {{efn|name=zj}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|z}}
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | j | style="text-align:center;" | 11px | style="text-align:center;" | 熱 (jua̍h) | zoo {{efn|name=zj}} | |||||
| colspan=6| Vowels | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | e | style="text-align:center;" | ee / ek / eng | style="text-align:center;" | ㄝ | style="text-align:center;" | 家 (kee) {{efn|name=oldchiangchiu}} | bet {{efn|name=cchiu}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɛ̃}}
| style="text-align:center;" | en | style="text-align:center;" | eenn | style="text-align:center;" | 14px | style="text-align:center;" | 青 (tsheenn) {{efn|name=oldchiangchiu}} | French: vin; nasalized [{{IPA link|ɛ}}] {{efn|name=cchiu}}{{efn|name=gn_eenn}} | |||||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|ĩ̯ɔ̃}}
| style="text-align:center;" | iun | style="text-align:center;" | ionn | style="text-align:center;" | ㄧ11px | style="text-align:center;" | 羊 (iônn) {{efn|name=tainanchiangchiu|In Taiwanese Tâi-lâm Chiang-chiu accent.}} | like neon; nasalized [{{IPA|i̯o}}] {{efn|name=cchiu}} | |||||
Notes
{{Notelist}}
References
- {{cite web|url=http://210.240.194.97/iug/Ungian/soannteng/chil/Taihoa.asp|title=Tai-Hoa Dictionary|website=Peh-oe-ji Tai-gu-bun Bang-cham - Written Taiwanese Southern-Min}}
- {{cite web|url=http://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/default.jsp|title=Dictionary for Common Vocabulary in Taiwanese Hokkien|publisher=Ministry of Education (Taiwan)}}
- {{cite web|url=http://www.ntcu.edu.tw/tailo/|title=Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization and Pronunciation Learning Network|website=National Taichung University of Education}}
See also
- {{Clc|Pages with Taiwanese Hokkien IPA|pages}}
{{IPA keys}}