Heo Hwang-ok#Controversy surrounding her existence

The legend of Heo is found in Garakguk-gi (the Record of Garak Kingdom) which is currently lost, but referenced within the Samguk Yusa.{{cite book |title=Samguk Yusa |author=Il-yeon (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) |publisher=Yonsei University Press |location=Seoul |isbn=89-7141-017-5 |year=1972}} According to the legend, Heo was a princess of the "Ayuta Kingdom". The extant records do not identify Ayuta except as a distant country. Written sources and popular culture often associate Ayuta with India but there are no records of the legend in India itself.

Byung-mo Kim, a professor and anthropologist at Hanyang University, linked Ayuta with Ayodhya in India based on phonetic similarity.{{cite book |author=Choong Soon Kim |title=Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Korea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b43pR3Z8zTcC&pg=PA34 |year=2011 |publisher=AltaMira |isbn=978-0-7591-2037-2 |page=34 }}

Another theory postulates that the Ayuta is a misinterpretation of the Ay Kingdom{{not in citation given|date=March 2025}} as a book called Beautiful Korea published in 1968 alludes to her coming from "the south of India".{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=If0DAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Ho+Hwang-Ok%22 |title=Beautiful Korea |publisher=Huimang Publishing Company |year=1968 |pages=619 |language=en |quote=Aboard the ship were Princess Ho Hwang-Ok of Ayut'a in the south of India.}} However unlike the Ayodhya theory, the claim is not widespread nor supported by any mainstream Korean historians.

Scholars such as Grafton K. Mintz and Tae-hung Ha theorized that Ayuta was the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Thailand. Mitz and Ha noted the phonetic similarities between Ayuta and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Thailand, but supported the aforementioned theory by translating "Ayuta" as Indian origin.{{cite book |author=Robert E. Buswell |title=Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EazRC28tdIIC&pg=PA74 |year=1991 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1427-4 |page=74 }} In addition, according to George Cœdès, the kingdom of Ayutthaya was not founded until the year 1350, which was after the publication of Samguk Yusa.{{cite book |author=Skand R. Tayal |title=India and the Republic of Korea: Engaged Democracies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGwwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 |year=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-34156-7 |page=23 |quote=Historians, however, believe that the Princess of Ayodhya is only a myth.}}

Despite numerous theories and claims, Queen Heo's true origin is yet to be discovered. In recent years, her origin is believed to be a religious symbol rather than a historical fact due to numerous inconsistencies (see Controversy surrounding her existence).

Her official name in Korea is "황옥 (Hwang-ok)" as was mentioned in the Samguk Yusa. Her family name "허 (Heo)" was given to her by King Suro when she naturalized, according to the legend. After becoming the queen, she was known as "허황후 (Empress Heo)" or "보주태후 (Empress Boju)".

Recently, she is commonly know as "Suriratna" in India. However contrary to popular belief, the name, "Suriratna" (an Indian name usually assigned to the queen) does not appear in the Samguk Yusa and is in fact from a comic book called "Sri Ratna Kim Suro - The Legend of an Indian Princess in Korea" (2015) by Indian author N. Parthasarathi. The name is based on the author's educated guess on the name "Hwang-ok" meaning Yellow Jade, making it "Suriratna", meaning Precious Stone in Hindi. In reality, there is no historical evidence that backs this claim, but regardless of its authenticity, the name was popularized in several news articles within Korea and India despite its contemporary origins and lack of mention in Samguk Yusa.{{Cite web|date=2020-09-08|title=Princess Suriratna of India marries King Suro of the Gaya Kingdom nearly 2,000 years ago|url=http://www.koreapost.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=21413|access-date=2021-01-21|website=The Korea Post|language=ko}}{{Cite web|title=The Legend of Princess Sriratna {{!}} Official website of Indian Council for Cultural Relations, Government of India|url=https://www.iccr.gov.in/media/photo-gallery/legend-princess-sriratna|access-date=2022-01-29|website=www.iccr.gov.in}}

File:Suriratna_2019_stamp_of_India.jpg 25.00 postage stamp of(Queen Heo Hwang-ok ) was issued by India in 2019.]]

After their marriage, Heo told King Suro that she was 16 years old.[http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T49/2039_002.htm No. 2039《三國遺事》CBETA 電子佛典 V1.21 普及版] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230845/http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T49/2039_002.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}, Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 49, CBETA Chinese Electronic Tripitaka V1.21, Normalized Version, T49n2039_p0983b14(07) She stated her given name as "Hwang-ok" ("Yellow Jade", 황옥, 黃玉) and her family name as "Heo" (허, or "Hurh" 許). She described how she came to Gaya as follows: the Heavenly Lord (Sange Je) appeared in her parents' dreams. He told them to send Heo to Suro, who had been chosen as the king of Gaya. The dream showed that the king had not yet found a queen. Heo's father then told her to go to Suro. After two months of a sea journey, she found Beondo, a peach which fruited only every 3.000 years.{{cite book | author=Won Moo Hurh | title="I Will Shoot Them from My Loving Heart": Memoir of a South Korean Officer in the Korean War | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGxtRrQn9WUC&pg=PA15 | year=2011 | publisher=McFarland | isbn=978-0-7864-8798-1 | pages=15–16}}

According to the legend, the courtiers of King Suro had requested him to select a wife from among the maidens they would bring to the court. However, Suro stated that his selection of a wife will be commanded by the Heavens. He commanded Yuch'ŏn-gan to take a horse and a boat to Mangsan-do, an island to the south of the capital. At Mangsan, Yuch'ŏn saw a vessel with a red sail and a red flag. He sailed to the vessel, and escorted it to the shores of Kaya (or Gaya, present-day Gimhae). Another officer, Sin'gwigan went to the palace, and informed the King of the vessel's arrival. The King sent nine clan chiefs, asking them to escort the ship's passengers to the royal palace.{{cite book |author=James Huntley Grayson |title=Myths and Legends from Korea: An Annotated Compendium of Ancient and Modern Materials |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZO49KfGLiMC&pg=PA110 |year=2001 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-1241-0 |pages=110–116}}

Princess Heo stated that she wouldn't accompany the strangers. Accordingly, the King ordered a tent to be pitched on the slopes of a hill near the palace. The princess then arrived at the tent with her courtiers and slaves. The courtiers included Sin Po (or Sin Bo, 신보, 申輔) and Cho Kwang (or Jo Gwang, 조광, 趙匡). Their wives were Mojong (모정, 慕貞) and Moryang (모량, 慕良) respectively. The twenty slaves carried gold, silver, jewels, silk brocade, and tableware and gems.{{cite book |author=Choong Soon Kim |title=Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Korea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b43pR3Z8zTcC&pg=PA32 |date=16 October 2011 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-7591-2037-2 |pages=31–33}} Before marrying the king, the princess took off her silk trousers (mentioned as a skirt in a different section of Samguk Yusa) and offered them to the mountain spirit. King Suro tells her that he also knew about Heo's arrival in advance, and therefore, did not marry the maidens recommended by his courtiers.

When some of the Queen's escorts decided to return home, King Suro gave each of them thirty rolls of hempen cloth (one roll was of 40 yards). He also gave each person ten bags of rice for the return voyage. A part of the Queen's original convoy, including the two courtiers and their wives, stayed back with her. The queen was given a residence in the inner palace, while the two courtiers and their wives were given separate residences. The rest of her convoy were given a guest house of twenty rooms.

Allegedly, more than six million present-day Koreans, especially from Gimhae Kim, Gimhae Heo and Incheon Yi clans, trace their lineage to the legendary queen as the direct descendants of her 12 children with King Suro.[https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2017/04/162_219704.html Legacy of Queen Suriratn], The Korea Times, 16 April 2017.{{cite news |url=http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1205728.stm |title=Korean memorial to Indian princess |date=3 May 2001 |publisher=BBC News}}

She requested Suro to let two of the children bear her maiden surname. Legendary genealogical records trace the origins of the Gimhae Heo to these two children. The Gimhae Kims trace their origin to the other eight sons, and so does the Yi clan of Incheon. The remaining two children were daughters who were married respectively to a son of Talhae and a noble from Silla.

According to the Jilburam, the remaining sons are said to have followed in their maternal uncle Po-ok's footsteps and devoted themselves to Buddhist meditation. They were named Hyejin, Gakcho, Jigam, Deonggyeon, Dumu, Jeongheong and Gyejang.Kim Choong Soon, 2011, Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Korea, AltairaPress, USA, Page 30-35.

Kim Yoon-ok, wife of former South Korean President Lee Myung-bak who is from the Gimhae Kim clan, stated that she traces her ancestry to the royal family.{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Tae-hoon|date=2010-01-25|title=India Is First Lady Kims Ancestral Home|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2021/07/113_59663.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Korea Times|language=en}}{{Cite web|date=2011-08-13|title=Lamp of the east|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/183513/lamp-east.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}

{{Main article|Tomb of Queen Consort of King Suro}}

File:Queen_Suro_Tomb.jpg

The tombs believed to be that of Heo Hwang-ok and Suro are located in Gimhae, South Korea. A pagoda traditionally held to have been brought to Korea on her ship is located near her grave. The Samguk Yusa reports that the pagoda was erected on her ship in order to calm the god of the ocean and allow the ship to pass. The unusual and rough form of this pagoda, unlike any other in Korea, may lend some credence to the account.{{cite book|title=가야인의 삶과 문화 (Gayain-ui salm-gwa munhwa, The culture and life of the Gaya people) | author=Kwon Ju-hyeon (권주현) | year=2003 | publisher=Hyean | location=Seoul | isbn=89-8494-221-9 | pages = 212–214}}

A passage in the Samguk Yusa indicates that King Jilji built a Buddhist temple for the ancestral Queen Heo on the spot where she and King Suro were married. He called the temple Wanghusa ("the Queen's temple") and provided it with ten gyeol of stipend land.Ilyeon, 1972, Samguk Yusa, tr. by Ha, Tae-Hung and Mintz, Grafton K., Yonsei University Press, Seoul, {{ISBN|89-7141-017-5}}, p. 168. A gyeol or kyŏl (결 or 結), varied in size from 2.2 acres to 9 acres (8,903–36,422 m2) depending upon the fertility of the land.{{citation |last=Palais |first=James B. |title=Confucian Statecraft & Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the Late Chosŏn Dynasty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7k3CgAAQBAJ |location=Seattle |publisher=University of Washington Press |date=1996 |isbn=9780295805115 }}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=t7k3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA363 p. 363] The Samguk Yusa also records that the temple was built in 452. Since there is no other record of Buddhism having been adopted in 5th-century Gaya, modern scholars have interpreted this as an ancestral shrine rather than a Buddhist temple.

{{Further|Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya}}

In 2001, a Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok was inaugurated by a Korean delegation, which included over a hundred historians and government representatives.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1205728.stm |title=Korean memorial to Indian princess |date=6 March 2001 |publisher=BBC News }} In 2016, a Korean delegation proposed to develop the memorial. The proposal was accepted by then-Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Akhilesh Yadav.[https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html UP CM announces grand memorial of Queen Huh Wang-Ock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212132456/https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html |date=12 December 2019 }}, 1 March 2016, WebIndia123 On November 6, 2018, on the eve of Diwali celebration, South Korea's First Lady Kim Jung-sook, laid the foundation stone for the expansion and beautification of the existing memorial.{{cite news |title=UP's Faizabad district to be known as Ayodhya, says Yogi Adityanath |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-s-faizabad-district-to-be-known-as-ayodhya-says-yogi-adityanath/story-YRLCIJwk8FUSN0X6a1jjjN.html |access-date=7 November 2018 |date=6 November 2018 |language=en}}{{cite news |title=Site for Heo Hwang-ok memorial in Ayodhya finalised |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/site-for-heo-hwang-ok-memorial-in-ayodhya-finalised/story-CqKFu8zTTjBNrL6O02o8JO.html |access-date=7 November 2018 |date=2 November 2018 |language=en}} She offered tribute at the Queen Heo Memorial, attended a ceremony for the upgrade and beautification of the memorial and attended an elaborate Diwali celebration at Ayodhya along with the present Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath, that included cultural shows and lighting of 300,000+ lights on the banks of Sarayu River.[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/south-korean-first-lady-kim-jung-sook-celebrates-diwali-in-ayodhya-revives-links-of-queen-heo/story-WGSAKC0xKAI9fVbhSiue6N.html South Korean first lady Kim Jung-sook celebrates Diwali in Ayodhya, revives links of Queen Heo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074203/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/south-korean-first-lady-kim-jung-sook-celebrates-diwali-in-ayodhya-revives-links-of-queen-heo/story-WGSAKC0xKAI9fVbhSiue6N.html |date=23 February 2019 }}, Hindustan Times, 10 July 2018

Reportedly, hundreds of South Koreans visit Ayodhya every year to pay homage to their legendary Queen Heo Hwang-ok.{{Cite web|date=2018-07-10|title=This is why hundreds of South Koreans visit Ayodhya every year|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/narendra-modi-moon-jae-south-korea-india-5253825/|access-date=2021-01-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}

Heo Hwang-ok's rather unique background had been a subject of much discussion in South Korea among many historians. Despite her legendary status and numerous theories, most reject the idea that Queen Heo truly existed due to historical, archaeological and genealogical inconsistencies.

File:Queen Heo's possible route.jpg |language=ko}}{{Cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Pyŏng-mo |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35714911 |title=Kim Suro Wangbi Hŏ Hwang-ok : ssangŏ ŭi pimil |last2=金秉模 |date=1994 |isbn=89-7365-035-1 |edition=Ch'op'an |location=Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi |oclc=35714911}}]]The first criticism stems from the fact that her existence is solely based on the accounts made in Samguk Yusa, a book that is widely regarded to be mostly fictional. Other older and more historically accurate sources such as the Samguk Sagi lack mentions about an Indian princess arriving in Gaya and marrying the king. It is believed that the writer of Samguk Yusa, Il-yeon exaggerated much of the claims to create a sense of familiarity towards Buddhism being a Buddhist monk himself.{{Cite web |date=2018-09-10 |title='허왕후 설화'는 어떻게 실제 역사로 둔갑했나 |url=http://www.newstof.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=937 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=뉴스톱 |language=ko}} Scholars such as Kwang-soo Lee, a professor at Busan University of Foreign Studies of Indian history stated that due to the lack of technology to properly reach the Korean peninsula from ancient India at the time, her arrival would have been nearly impossible or at least, extremely difficult. Another major critique stems from the book Garakguk-gi itself. Being written during the Goryeo Dynasty (the same period of Samguk Yusa's publication),{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Yang-jae |date=2022-08-09 |title=가야국의 실체와 『가락국기』 |language=Korean |work=Tongilnews |url=https://www.tongilnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=205847 |access-date=2022-08-14}} the book claims multiple accounts that revolves around events that happened almost a millennium before the foundation of the Goryeo kingdom. In addition to Kwang-soo Lee's analysis, journalists such as Yang-jae Lee also stated that since Samguk Yusa and Garakguk-gi are both second hand accounts written in the same time period, the cross-referencing needs to be carefully examined and researchers must remain skeptical.File:Painting of Il-yeon.webp, the author of Samguk Yusa where the first mentioning of Heo Hwang-ok can be found.]]

The general consensus is that the probability of the existence of an Indian princess was highly unlikely and that much of the stories surrounding Heo Hwang-ok and King Suro found in Samguk Yusa were fabricated for political and religious reasons in Gaya at the time.{{Cite web |last=임 |first=동근 |date=2017-08-11 |title=[연합이매진] 인도 공주 허황옥이 가야에 온 까닭은 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170718159000805 |access-date=2020-11-19 |website=Yonhap News Agency |language=ko}} The book claims that King Suro lived up to 157 years old and transformed into an eagle and a hawk to fight off his rivals according to the supposed Garakguk-gi, making her story less probable stemming from the same source material. Analysts such as Dong-geun Im have theorized that Queen Heo truly existed not as a foreign Indian, but as a native Korean. His claim suggests that Garakgukgi (and in turn Samguk Yusa) alludes to the deification of King Suro by aggrandizing much of his accomplishments and elevating him to that of the supernatural. For further context, the only King to be officially recognized as the longest reigning monarch of Korea was King Jangsu (literal translation of "Long Life King") who lived up to the age of 97,{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Hung-gyu |date=March 2012 |title=Defenders and Conquerors: The Rhetoric of Royal Power in Korean Inscriptions from the Fifth to Seventh Centuries |url=https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/e-journal/articles/final_kim.pdf |journal=Cross-Currents |page=1 |via= |access-date=1 August 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405181804/https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/e-journal/articles/final_kim.pdf |url-status=dead }} making King Suro's supposed age of death (and his other claims) even more controversial. In essence, it can be deduced that Queen Heo's Korean ethnicity was elevated to that of the Indian heritage to create a sense of uniqueness since marrying a royal princess from India, the birthplace of Buddha and Buddhism would be considered as a major accomplishment for the king of a Buddhist nation.{{Main article|Lady Saso#Criticisms surrounding her origins}}

Il-yeon's exaggerations found in Samguk Yusa are often scrutinized by modern analysts such as professor Hyun-sul Cho at the Seoul National University of Korean literature for falsely labelling royals (especially female individuals) of past Korean kingdoms as foreigners.{{Cite web |date=2019-10-19 |title=삼국유사에 선도성모가 불사를 좋아했다는데… |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/culture_general/15085.html |access-date= |website=한겨레 |language=ko}} For the same reason, Cho heavily questioned Il-yeon's integrity and motives, and considered it to be one of the biggest reasons why the book is considered less credible than Samguk Sagi. In addition to Queen Heo, Il-yeon also knowingly mislabeled Lady Saso of being Chinese in his book三國史記 > 卷第十二 新羅本紀 第十二 > 敬順王 > 論曰. 新羅朴氏·昔氏皆自卵生, 金氏從天入金樻而降, 或云乗金車. 此尤詭怪, 不可信, 然丗俗相傳, 爲之實事. 政和中, 我朝遣尚書李資諒入宋朝貢, 臣富軾以文翰之任輔行. 詣佑神舘, 見一堂設女仙像. 舘伴學士王黼曰, “此貴國之神, 公等知之乎.” 遂言曰, “古有帝室之女, 不夫而孕, 爲人所疑, 乃泛海, 抵辰韓生子, 爲海東始主. 帝女爲地仙, 長在仙桃山, 此其像也.” 臣又見大宋國信使王襄祭東神聖母文, 有“娠賢肇邦” 之句. 乃知東神則仙桃山神聖者也, 然而不知其子王於何時. (when in reality she was from Buyeo), a baseless claim postulated by a Chinese guide, "Wang Fu (王黼)" that was intentionally dismissed by Kim Bu-sik (the author of Samguk Sagi and the first to have heard this rumor) during his visit to the Song dynasty{{Cite book |last=김 |first=성호 |title=씨성으로 본 한일민족의 기원: 한국의 시조는 소호김천씨, 일본은 천손단군이었다 |date=2000 |publisher=푸른숲 |isbn=978-89-7184-270-6 |location=서울 |language=Korean}} which Il-yeon took note after looking into Kim's posthumous records over five decades later and had it published in his own Samguk Yusa.

File:Kim Byung-mo 2018.jpg in 2018.{{Cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Pyŏng-mo |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/302289415 |title=Hŏ Hwang-ok Rut'ŭ Indo esŏ Kaya kkaji : kogohakcha Kim Pyŏng-mo ŭi yŏksa ch'ujŏk sirijŭ |last2=김병모 |date=2018 |publisher=Yŏksa ŭi Ach'im |others=Pyŏng-mo Kim, 김병모 |isbn=978-89-93119-00-8 |edition=Ch'op'an |location=Sŏul-si |oclc=302289415}}]]Other criticisms point to the reason behind her supposed journey to the Korean kingdom being too vague. Historians such as Ki-hwan Lee admit that the influence of India and Buddhism was profound for ancient Korean kingdoms at the time as many of them treated artifacts originating from India to be sacred.{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17 |title=[이기환의 흔적의 역사] "한반도엔 없는 돌"…가락국 허황후 '파사석탑의 정체' |url=https://www.khan.co.kr/culture/culture-general/article/201912170600001 |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=Kyunghyang Shinmun |language=ko}} However, other historians such as Kwang-soo Lee have also stated that the agency of an Indian princess coming to Korea across the sea on a boat was very peculiar as ancient Korea was less known to India than countries such as ancient China. Ki-hwan Lee suggested that the story of Heo Hwang-ok was dramatized to elevate Gaya's stature of the Buddhist scene among the Korean kingdoms and to associate the sacred artifacts they possessed to something closer to that of the Indian culture.

Recent excavations led by Professor Byung-mo Kim at Hanyang University in 2018 discovered that the evidence which allegedly proved the existence of Queen Heo such as the famous relic resembling a pair of fish that was carved onto the tomb's gate, originated from Babylon rather than Ayuta, further discrediting the possibilities of the queen being more than just a religious symbol. He added that despite much efforts to find any substantial evidence that linked the relics to Queen Heo's possible existence, the sheer commonness of the relics being found across all of Asia (starting from present-day Iraq to the Japanese archipelago), he concluded that the relics did not originate from ancient India, but rather the aforementioned ancient Babylon. Professor Kim added that engraving a depiction of a pair of fish was an ancient ritual stemming from a Babylonian belief that was thought to have brought eternal prosperity and marital happiness to the individuals who were blessed.

File:Peopling of eurasia.jpg

In 2004, a research team in Korea conducted a genetic analysis into the remains of the supposed descendants of King Suro and Queen Heo.{{Cite web |last1=김 |first1=해 |last2=김 |first2=중걸 |date=2004-08-20 |title="김수로왕 부인 인도인일 수도" |url=https://www.idomin.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=128920 |access-date= |website=경남도민일보 |language=ko}} According to the study, Haplogroup M, a haplogroup that is found predominantly in people from the southern regions in Asia was found. The research team claimed that the remains of the tombs possessed the Haplogroup M7 family, the same haplogroup which is passed on through maternal lineages that could be found in the Middle East, South Asia and East Asia. They stated that modern Koreans in general possessed at most around 5% of this DNA while the remains found in the tombs had a much higher frequency of it, thus supporting the idea that the descendants could trace their origins to a foreign lineage including that of India, aligning with the story found in Samguk Yusa. However, the head of the research team, Jong-il Kim also mentioned that the haplogroup demographic was too large to locate a specific origin and was cautious as to definitively claiming that the remains were truly of Indian origin as it is a common haplogroup found in populations closer to the Southern Hemisphere. They stated that additional examination was needed in the future to draw a conclusive argument.

{{Main article|Genetic history of East Asians#Korean people}}

Almost two decades later in 2022, further research was conducted as to the origins of the Korean people, where a study discovered that the Korean peninsula included many ethnic groups during its ancient times, specifically during the Three Kingdoms period.{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Rui |last2=Wang |first2=Chuan-Chao |date=2022-08-08 |title=Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans |journal=Current Biology |volume=32 |issue=15 |pages=R844–R847 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044 |pmid=35944486 |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CBio...32.R844W }} According to the study, Korea was mostly occupied by people originating from Northern China (Manchuria and Siberia) but also had native people from the south that bore close resemblance to the Jōmon people of Japan who had inhabited the peninsula before the northern population (Yayoi people and Yemaek people) arrived and displaced them. Researchers pointed out that this ethnic group was mostly the ruling members of the Gaya confederacy and had a profound impact in both language and culture within the region (see Peninsular Japonic).{{Cite book |last=Vovin |first=Alexander |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |chapter=Origins of the Japanese Language |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277}}

{{Main article|Jōmon people#Haplogroups}}

The MtDNA Haplogroup found in the Jōmon people is characterized by the presence of Haplogroup M7a (a branch halpgroup that is part of the bigger M7 strand).M. Tanaka, V. M. Cabrera, A. M. González et al. (2004), "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan"{{cite journal |last1=Uchiyama |first1=Taketo |last2=Hisazumi |first2=Rinnosuke |last3=Shimizu |first3=Kenshi |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture |journal=Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=83–96 |doi=10.3408/jafst.12.83 |doi-access=free}} It can be deduced that the remains used in the research conducted in 2004 were most likely royals of the Gaya confederacy who bore genetic resemblance to the Jōmon population. Thus, the reason for the discovery of the M7 haplogroup in their tombs and the researchers concluding a foreign origin was proposed.

Due to the existence of M7 haplogroup found in the remains, it can be theorized that Heo Hwang-ok may be related to ancient Jōmon populations. According to a 2017 study published in Scientific Advances by the University of Cambridge and Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), "the type of mitochondria genome found in the Devil’s Gate Cave people is nearly the same as that found in Koreans. You could say the cave people are almost like the ancestors of Koreans." said Jeon Seong-won, the lead researcher of the project.{{Cite web|date=2017-02-02|title=Koreans, Vietnamese and Taiwanese inherited traits from Russian Far East|url=https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/781062|access-date=2024-06-17|language=en}} According to the study, the Devil's Gate Cave's remains are closely related to Jōmon D4 and M haplogroups.{{cite journal |last1=Siska |first1=Veronika |last2=Jones |first2=Eppie |last3=Jeon |first3=Sungwon |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago |journal=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=e1601877 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601877|pmid=28164156 |pmc=5287702 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1877S |hdl=2262/90843 |hdl-access=free }} In fact, Devil's Gate Cave is located in the land of ancient Korean kingdoms such as Dongbuyeo (Eastern Buyeo), Okjeo, and Goguryeo, which the evidence hints that Jōmon ancestry has close relation to that of early inhabitants of Korea. Such abundance of M7 haplogroup found in Heo Hwang-ok's relatives' remains may signify a likely case that she came from the earliest traces of Jōmon ancestry, namely the progeny of Devil's Gate Cave (Chertovy Vorota Cave) inhabitants in Dongbuyeo. It also coincides with the fact that within the Samguk Yusa, the boat Heo Hwang-ok arrived in "darted like an arrow," is representative of Goguryeo warfare arsenal as the sail and flag were colored red, similar to Goguryeo's military colors, and a courtier's name was Sinpo, which is the name of a North Korean city on the eastern coast of present-day Goguryeo.{{cite book |title=Samguk Yusa |author=Il-yeon (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) |publisher=Yonsei University Press |location=Seoul |isbn=89-7141-017-5 |year=1972}}

Despite the historical, archaeological and genealogical inaccuracies surrounding her existence, many Korean historians stated that her iconic image as a legendary figure should persist as a means for the two countries to remain on good terms.{{Cite web |date=2019-05-05 |title=[김성회의 재미있는 다문화이야기] 이주민 '허황옥'과 '처용설화'는 사실일까? |url=http://www.eduinnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=14171 |access-date=2021-03-25 |website=에듀인뉴스(EduinNews) |language=ko}}

• Portrayed by Seo Ji-hye in the 2010 MBC TV series Kim Su-ro, The Iron King.
• In February 2019, India and Korea signed an agreement on releasing a joint stamp, commemorating Queen Heo Hwang-ok.[http://www.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68108448.cms India, South Korea sign 6 pacts; to step-up cooperation in infrastructure, combating global crime]. The Economic Times. 22 February 2019
• Indian Council for Cultural Relations is releasing book that includes contact between foreign cultures and India, which mentions the story of Queen Heo Hwang-ok.{{cite news |last1=Ahuja |first1=Sanjeev K |title=Korean Queen Huh Hwang-ok story to appear in ICCR's book on International love stories |url=https://www.asiancommunitynews.com/korean-queen-huh-hwang-ok-story-to-appear-in-iccrs-book-on-international-love-stories/ |access-date=23 November 2020 |publisher=Asian Community News |date=20 November 2020}}

• Lady Saso
• Three Kingdoms of Korea
• Buddhist temples in South Korea
• Geumgwan Gaya
• Byeonhan confederacy
• Indians in Korea
• Koreans in India
• India–South Korea relations
• India–North Korea relations
• Korean mythology

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Heo Hwang-ok}}

• [http://www.lifeinkorea.com/Travel2/skyongsang/338 Tomb of Queen Suro]

{{Queens and Consorts of Geumgwan Gaya}}

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Category:Korean royalty

Category:Gaya confederacy

Category:Characters in Korean mythology

Category:2nd-century Korean people

Category:Gimhae Heo clan

Category:Year of birth unknown

Category:Year of death unknown

Category:Royal consorts of Geumgwan Gaya

Category:Ancient queens consort

Category:History of women in Korea

Category:India–Korea relations

Category:Korean people of Indian descent

Category:Asian people whose existence is disputed