Herrera Period#Classification
{{Short description|Period of Colombian history}}
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File:Tumba dolménica Infiernito.JPG
File:Facatativa pictograph.JPG
The Herrera Period is a phase in the history of Colombia. It is part of the Andean preceramic and ceramic, time equivalent of the North American pre-Columbian formative and classic stages and age dated by various archaeologists.{{in lang|es}} [http://www.cadb.pitt.edu/samaca/cronologia.pdf Chronology of pre-Columbian periods: Herrera and Muisca] The Herrera Period predates the age of the Muisca, who inhabited the Altiplano Cundiboyacense before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca and postdates the prehistory of the region in Colombia. The Herrera Period is usually defined as ranging from 800 BCE to 800 CE,Kruschek, 2003 although some scholars date it as early as 1500 BCE.Langebaek, 1995, Ch. 4, p. 70
Ample evidence of the Herrera Period has been uncovered on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. The main archaeologists contributing to the present knowledge about the Herrera Period are the scholars Ana María Groot, Gonzalo Correal Urrego, Thomas van der Hammen, Carl Henrik Langebaek Rueda, Sylvia M. Broadbent, and Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff.
Etymology
The Herrera Period is named after Lake Herrera (Laguna de la Herrera) where archaeologist Silvia Broadbent performed the first excavations on the Herrera Period in 1971. Lake Herrera is one of the many remnants of the ancient Lake Humboldt, a Pleistocene lake that existed on the Bogotá savanna. The lake with an approximate surface area of {{convert|280|ha|sqft}} is situated at an altitude of {{convert|2550|m|ft}} within the boundaries of the Cundinamarca municipality Mosquera, close to Madrid and Bojacá.{{in lang|es}} [https://humedalessuescaylaherrera.wordpress.com/la-herrera/ Herrera Lake] The site of Lake Herrera (Laguna de la Herrera) is close to the archaeological site of Aguazuque.Correal Urrego, 1990, p. 87
Background
The region of the Herrera Period and later Muisca Confederation, the Altiplano Cundiboyacense; high plateau of the central Colombian Andes has been inhabited since 12,400 years BP. The earliest evidence for inhabitation (lithic tools) are found in El Abra and Tequendama.Correal Urrego, 1990, p. 29 This lithic period is roughly defined as from 12,400 to 1000 BCE.{{in lang|es}} [http://www.observatoriolocaldeengativa.info/index.php/historia Lithic Period in Engativá] Later sites are Aguazuque and Checua.
Agriculture started around 5000 years before present which led to the development of more complex societies, of which the Herrera Period is one of many in the Andean civilizations. Early evidence of inhabitation has been found in Zipacón and is dated at 3270 BCE.Nieto Escalante et al., 2010, p. 96 From the Herrera Period ceramic has been found.{{in lang|es}} [http://www.boyacacultural.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=182 Herrera Period evidence in Boyacá] The oldest ceramic evidence found dates to 2500 BP (500 BCE), except for one piece found near Tocarema and dated at 2750 BP.Argüello García, 2015, p. 56
The people from the Herrera Period performed agriculture, as evidenced in among others the Thomas van der Hammen Reserve, named after Dutch geologist and botanist Thomas van der Hammen.{{in lang|es}} [http://www.noticiascolombianas.com.co/index.php/239329/reserva-thomas-van-der-hammen/ Herrera Period agriculture at the Thomas van der Hammen Reserve] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806115012/http://www.noticiascolombianas.com.co/index.php/239329/reserva-thomas-van-der-hammen/ |date=2016-08-06 }}
The Late Herrera Period coincides with the Nahuange Period (200–900) of the Tairona.{{in lang|es}} [http://individualizacion.blogspot.com.co/p/museo-del-oro-tairona.html Tairona at the Museo del Oro, Bogotá]
Archaeological sites
Archaeological evidence of the Herrera Period has been found in numerous places on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, among others in Sopó,{{in lang|es}} [http://ruborpuebloscundinamarca.blogspot.com.co/2009/08/sopo-ancestros.html Herrera Period evidence in Sopó] Soacha,{{in lang|es}} [http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/nacional/2900-anos-de-historia-articulo-449004 Herrera Period evidence in Soacha] – El Espectador{{in lang|es}} [http://www.lagranepoca.com/archivo/33796-hallan-aldea-precolombina-mas-grande-centro-colombia.html Largest Herrera Period village in Soacha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625025115/http://www.lagranepoca.com/archivo/33796-hallan-aldea-precolombina-mas-grande-centro-colombia.html |date=2016-06-25 }} Usme,{{in lang|es}} [http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-4109432 Herrera Period evidence in Usme] – El Tiempo Iza, Gámeza,{{in lang|es}} [http://www.rupestreweb.info/topandopiedras2.html Herrera Period evidence in Iza and Gámeza] Facatativá (Piedras del Tunjo Archaeological Park), Moniquirá (El Infiernito), Chía,Cardale Schrimpff, 1985, p. 104 Chita, Chiscas, Soatá, Jericó, Sativasur, Covarachía, Sativanorte and El Cocuy.Cárdenas & Kleef in Reyes Zambrano, 1995, Ch. 2.1.3
The site in Soacha is one of the most important finds from the Herrera Period, dating from 400 BCE onwards, into the age of the Muisca.Adriaan Alsema, [http://colombiareports.com/archaeologists-recover-remains-pre-columbian-village-central-colombia/ Archaeologists uncover remains of pre-Columbian village in central Colombia.] November 1, 2014{{in lang|es}} [http://www.periodicomiregion.com/nueva-esperanza-una-subestacion-electrica-con-cerca-de-2000-anos-de-historia/ Dating of the Soacha Herrera Period site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010004040/http://www.periodicomiregion.com/nueva-esperanza-una-subestacion-electrica-con-cerca-de-2000-anos-de-historia/ |date=2016-10-10 }} At the site the remains of 2200 individual people, 274 complete ceramic pots, stone tools, seeds of cotton, maize, beans and curuba, 634 fragmented and intact spindles and 100 tunjos not used for offerings have been found in Soacha.
Timeline
{{Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense}}
Classifications
Over the years and based on new findings, various authors have defined periods of Herrera and Muisca. Regional variations also exist, listed below.
= Regional variations =
== Western slopes of the Eastern Ranges ==
| class="wikitable sortable"
! Author ! Name ! Start age ! End age ! Notes |
| rowspan=4 align=center valign=center | Argüello, 2004
| align=left bgcolor=grey | Herrera | 800 BCE | 800 |
| align=left bgcolor=lightyellow | Pubenza
| 800 | 1000 |
| align=left bgcolor=#FFD500 | Late Period
| 1000 | 1550 |
| align=left bgcolor=lightpink | Modern
| colspan=2 | >1550 |
| rowspan=2 align=center valign=center | Schrimpff, 1976
| bgcolor=lightyellow | Period I | 750 | 1200 |
| bgcolor=#FFD500 | Period II
| 1200 | 1550 |
== Boyacá ==
| class="wikitable sortable"
! Author ! Name ! Start age ! End age ! Notes |
| rowspan=5 align=center valign=center | Langebaek, 2001
| align=left bgcolor=grey | Herrera | 400 BCE | 700 |
| align=left bgcolor=lightgreen | Late Herrera
| 700 | 1000 |
| align=left bgcolor=lightyellow | Early Muisca
| 1000 | 1200 |
| align=left bgcolor=#FFD500 | Late Muisca
| 1200 | 1600 |
| align=left bgcolor=lightpink | Modern
| colspan=2 | >1600 |
| rowspan=3 align=center valign=center | Boada, 2007
| align=left bgcolor=lightgreen | Late Herrera | 700 | 1000 |
| bgcolor=lightyellow | Early Muisca
| 1000 | 1300 |
| bgcolor=#FFD500 | Late Muisca
| 1300 | 1600 |
See also
References
{{reflist|20em}}
= Bibliography =
- {{citation |last=Argüello García |first=Pedro María |year=2015 |type=PhD |title=Subsistence economy and chiefdom emergence in the Muisca area. A study of the Valle de Tena (PhD) |url=http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/24491/1/Arguello_P._Subsistence_economy.pdf |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |pages=1–193 |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
- {{citation |last=Cardale de Schrimpff |first=Marianne |year=1985 |title=En busca de los primeros agricultores del Altiplano Cundiboyacense - Searching for the first farmers of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense |location=Bogotá, Colombia |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4862354.pdf | publisher=Banco de la República |pages=99–125 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
- {{citation |last=Correal Urrego |first=Gonzalo |year=1990 |title=Aguazuque: Evidence of hunter-gatherers and growers on the high plains of the Eastern Ranges |location=Bogotá, Colombia |publisher=Banco de la República: Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales |url=http://admin.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/aguazuque_completo_terminado_baja.pdf |pages=1–316 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
- {{citation |last=Kruschek |first=Michael H. |type=PhD |year=2003 |title=The evolution of the Bogotá chiefdom: A household view (PhD) |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |url=http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7735/1/kruschek2003.pdf |pages=1–271 |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
- {{citation |last=Langebaek Rueda |first=Carl Henrik |year=1995 |title=Arqueología Regional en el Territorio Muisca: Juego de Datos del Proyecto Valle de Fúquene - Regional Archaeology in the Muisca Territory: A Study of the Fúquene and Susa Valleys |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NRLqFjHL7UC&dq=%22Periodo+Herrera%22+muisca&pg=PA69 |publisher=Center for Comparative Arch, University of Pittsburgh |pages=1–215 |isbn=9781877812347 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
- {{citation |last1=Nieto Escalante |first1=Juan Antonio |last2=Sepulveda Fajardo |first2=Claudia Inés |last3=Sandoval Sáenz |first3=Luis Fernando |last4=Siachoque Bernal |first4=Ricardo Fabian |last5=Fajardo Fajardo |first5=Jair Olando |last6=Martínez Díaz |first6=William Alberto |last7=Bustamante Méndez |first7=Orlando |last8=Oviedo Calderón |first8=Diana Rocio |year=2010 |title=Geografía de Colombia - Geography of Colombia |location=Bogotá, Colombia |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi |pages=1–367 |isbn=978-958-8323-38-1 |language=es}}
- {{citation |last1=Reyes Zambrano |first1=Pedro |last2=Cárdenas |first2=Tamara |last3=Kleef |first3=Antoine M. |year=1995 |title=El páramo: un ecosistema de alta montaña - The páramo: an ecosystem of the high mountains |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/faunayflora/paramo/para213.htm |pages=1–168 |publisher=Fundación Ecosistemas Andinos |isbn=9589577407 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
Further reading
- {{citation |last=Boada Rivas |first=Ana María |year=2006 |title=Patrones de asentamiento regional y sistemas de agricultura intensiva en Cota y Suba, Sabana de Bogotá (Colombia) - Regional settlement patterns and intensive agricultural systems in Cota and Suba, Bogotá savanna (Colombia) |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~ccapubs/books/br079.html |isbn=9789589515389 |publisher=Banco de la República |pages=1–181 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
- {{citation |last=Lleras Pérez |first=Roberto |year=1989 |title=Arqueología del alto Valle de Tenza - Archaeology of the upper Tenza Valley |location=Bogotá, Colombia | url=http://www.pitt.edu/~ccapubs/books/br002.html |isbn=1-877812-12-9 |publisher=Banco de la República |pages=1–148 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
- {{citation |last=Peña León |first=Germán Alberto |year=1991 |title=Exploraciones arqueológicas en la cuenca media del Río Bogotá - Archaeological explorations in the Bogotá River basin |location=Bogotá, Colombia |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~ccapubs/books/br020.html |isbn=1-877812-22-6 |publisher=Banco de la República |pages=1–138 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
External links
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