Hiligaynon language#Dialects

{{See also|Visayans}}

File:Watercyclehiligaynonhigh.jpg diagram in Hiligaynon]]

Aside from Hiligaynon, the language is also referred to as Ilonggo, also spelled Ilongo, as it originated in Iloilo. Many speakers outside Iloilo argue, that this is an incorrect usage of the word Ilonggo. In precise usage, these people opine that Ilonggo should be used only in relation to the ethnolinguistic group of native inhabitants of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers in that place, including their language. The disagreement over the usage of Ilonggo to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and native laypeople.{{cite web|url=http://www.bj-informatique.com/langtrad.php|title=My Working Language Pairs|website=www.bj-informatique.com/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206233634/http://www.bj-informatique.com/langtrad.php|archive-date=December 6, 2010|access-date=January 3, 2011}}

{{expand section|date=December 2020}}

Historical evidence from observations of early Spanish explorers in the Archipelago shows that the nomenclature used to refer to this language had its origin among the people of the coasts or people of the Ilawod ("{{Lang|es|los [naturales] de la playa}}") in Iloilo, Panay, whom Spanish explorer Miguel de Loarca called YligueynesCf. BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803. Volume 05 of 55 (1582–1583). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. {{ISBN|978-0554259598}}. OCLC 769945704. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century.", pp. 120–121. (or the more popular term Hiligaynon, also referred to by the Karay-a people as Siná).

The term Hiligaynon comes from the root word {{Lang|hil|ilig}} ('to go downstream'), referring to a flowing river in Iloilo. In contrast, the Kinaray-a has been used by what the Spanish colonizers called Arayas, which may be a Spanish misconception of the Hiligaynon words {{Lang|hil|Iraya}} or {{Lang|hil|taga-Iraya}}, or the current and more popular version Karay-a ('highlanders' – people of Iraya/highlands).Cf. Miguel de Loarca, Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (Arevalo, June 1582) in BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803. Volume 05 of 55 (1582–1583). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. {{ISBN|978-0554259598}}. OCLC 769945704. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century.", pp. 128 and 130.

Similar to many languages in the Philippines, very little research on dialectology has been done on Hiligaynon. Standard Hiligaynon, is the dialect that is used in the province of Iloilo, primarily in the northern and eastern portions of the province. It has a more traditional and extensive vocabulary, whereas the Urban Hiligaynon dialect spoken in Metro Iloilo has a more simplified or modern vocabulary.

For example, the term for 'to wander', 'to walk', or 'to stroll' in Urban Hiligaynon is {{Lang|hil|lágaw}}, which is also widely used by most of the Hiligaynon speakers. In contrast, Standard Hiligaynon more commonly uses {{Lang|hil|dayán}}, a term that is rarely or never used by other dialects of the language anymore. Another example, {{Lang|hil|amó iní}}, ('this is it') in Standard Hiligaynon can be simplified in Urban Hiligaynon and become {{Lang|hil|'mó'ní}}.

Some of the other widely recognized dialects of the language, aside from Standard Hiligaynon and Urban Hiligaynon, are Bacolodnon Hiligaynon (Metro Bacolod dialect), Negrense Hiligaynon (provincial Negros Occidental dialect that is composed of three sub-variants: Northern, Central and Southern Negrense Hiligaynon), Guimaras Hiligaynon, and Mindanao Hiligaynon (which incorporated some Cebuano and other languages due to the mass influx of migrants from Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor and Cebuano-speaking parts of Mindanao reside in the Soccsksargen area).{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344566669 |access-date=11 March 2024 |last=Arellano III |first=Bernardo |date=2020 |title=Ang Pagpangayaw sa Dutang Ginsaad: A History of Migration and Settlement of Ilonggos in Central Mindanao, 1951-1960s |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.12033.48483}}

Some native speakers also consider Kinaray-a (also known as Hiniraya or Antiqueño) and Capiznon dialects of Hiligaynon. However, linguists have classified Kinaray-a as a Western Bisayan language, while Capiznon is a Central Bisayan language closely related to Hiligaynon.{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cps|title=Capiznon|website=ethnologue.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203093113/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cps|archive-date=2013-02-03}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=krj|title=Kinaray-a|website=ethnologue.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203145249/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=krj|archive-date=2013-02-03}}

Consonants {{IPA|[d]}} and {{IPA|[ɾ]}} were once allophones but cannot interchange as in other Philippine languages: {{Lang|hil|patawaron}} ('to forgive') [from {{Lang|hil|patawad}}, 'forgiveness'] but not {{Lang|hil|patawadon}}, and {{Lang|hil|tagadiín}} ('from where') [from {{Lang|hil|diín}}, 'where'] but not {{Lang|hil|tagariín}}.

There are four main vowels: {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/i ~ ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/o ~ ʊ/}}, and {{IPA|/u/}}. {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[ɛ]}} (both spelled i) are allophones, with {{IPA|[i]}} in the beginning and middle and sometimes final syllables and {{IPA|[ɛ]}} in final syllables. The vowels {{IPA|[ʊ]}} and {{IPA|[o]}} are also allophones, with {{IPA|[ʊ]}} always being used when it is the beginning of a syllable, and {{IPA|[o]}} always used when it ends a syllable.

Hiligaynon is written using the Latin script. Until the second half of the 20th century, Hiligaynon was widely written largely following Spanish orthographic conventions. Nowadays there is no officially recognized standard orthography for the language and different writers may follow different conventions. It is common for the newer generation, however, to write the language based on the current orthographic rules of Filipino.

A noticeable feature of the Spanish-influenced orthography absent in those writing following Filipino's orthography is the use of "c" and "qu" in representing {{IPA|/k/}} (now replaced with "k" in all instances) and the absence of the letter "w" ("u" was formerly used in certain instances).

The core alphabet consists of 20 letters used for expressing consonants and vowels in Hiligaynon, each of which comes in an uppercase and lowercase variety.

The apostrophe {{angbr|'}} and hyphen {{angbr|-}} also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered separate letters.

The hyphen, in particular, is used medially to indicate the glottal stop {{Lang|hil|san-o}} 'when' {{Lang|hil|gab-e}} 'evening; night'. It is also used in reduplicated words: {{Lang|hil|adlaw-adlaw}} 'daily, every day', from {{Lang|hil|adlaw}} 'day, sun'. This marking is not used in reduplicated words whose base is not also used independently, as in {{Lang|hil|pispis}} 'bird'.

Hyphens are also used in words with successive sounds of {{IPA|/g/}} and {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, to separate the letters with the digraph NG. Like in the word {{Lang|hil|gin-gaan}} 'was given'; without the hyphen, it would be read as {{Lang|hil|gingaan}} {{IPA|/gi.ŋaʔan/|lang=hil}} as opposed to {{IPA|/gin.gaʔan/|lang=hil}}.

In addition, some English letters{{Which|date=November 2022}} may be used in borrowed words.

Hiligaynon has three types of case markers: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. These types in turn are divided into personal, that have to do with names of people, and impersonal, that deal with everything else, and further into singular and plural types, though the plural impersonal case markers are just the singular impersonal case markers + {{Lang|hil|mga}} (a contracted spelling for {{IPA|/maŋa/}}), a particle used to denote plurality in Hiligaynon.{{cite book |title=Hiligaynon Reference Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/hiligaynonrefere0000wolf |url-access=registration |last=Wolfenden |first=Elmer |year=1971 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Hawaii |isbn=0-87022-867-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hiligaynonrefere0000wolf/page/61 61–67]}}

(*)The articles {{Lang|hil|sing}} and {{Lang|hil|sing mga}} means the following noun is indefinite, while {{Lang|hil|sang}} tells of a definite noun, like the use of a in English as opposed to the; however, it is not as common in modern speech, being replaced by {{Lang|hil|sang}}. It appears in conservative translations of the Bible into Hiligaynon and in traditional or formal speech.

(**)The plural personal case markers are not used very often and not even by all speakers. Again, this is an example of a case marker that has fallen largely into disuse, but is still occasionally used when speaking a more traditional form of Hiligaynon, using fewer Spanish loan words.{{clarify|reason=Which determiners are used instead? Plural impersonal, singular personal, singular personal + mga?|date=July 2018}}

The case markers do not determine which noun is the subject and which is the object; rather, the affix of the verb determines this, though the {{Lang|hil|ang}}-marked noun is always the topic.

In addition to this, there are two verbal deictics, {{Lang|hil|karí}}, meaning 'to come to the speaker', and {{Lang|hil|kadto}}, meaning 'to go yonder'.

Hiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion {{Lang|fil|ay}} of Tagalog/Filipino or {{Lang|akl|hay}} of Akeanon. Instead sentences in SV form (Filipino: {{Lang|fil|Di karaniwang anyo}}) are written without any marker or copula.

Examples:

{{Lang|tl|Si Sara ay maganda}} (Tagalog)

{{Lang|hil|Si Sara matahum}} / {{Lang|hil|Gwapa si Sara}} (Hiligaynon) = 'Sara is beautiful.'

'Sara is beautiful' (English)

There is no direct translation for the English copula to be in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes {{Lang|hil|mangin-}} and {{Lang|hil|nangin-}} may be used to mean will be and became, respectively.

Example: {{Lang|hil|Manamì mangín manggaránon.}}
'It is nice to become rich.'

The Spanish copula {{Lang|es|estar}} ('to be') has also become a part of the Hiligaynon lexicon. Its meaning and pronunciation have changed compared to its Spanish meaning, however. In Hiligaynon it is pronounced as {{Lang|hil|istar}} and means 'to live (in)/location' (Compare with the Hiligaynon word {{Lang|hil|puyô}}).

Example: {{Lang|hil|Nagaistar ako sa tabuk suba.}}
'I live in tabuk suba'. {{Lang|hil|Tabuk suba}} translates to 'other side of the river' and is also a barangay in Jaro, Iloilo.

To indicate the existence of an object, the word {{Lang|hil|may}} is used.

Example:

{{Interlinear|May idô (a)ko|EXIST dog 1SG|I have a dog.|lang=hil}}

When an adjective modifies a noun, the linker {{Lang|hil|nga}} links the two.

Example:

{{Lang|hil|Ido nga itom}}
'black dog'

Sometimes, if the linker is preceded by a word that ends in a vowel, glottal stop or the letter N, it becomes acceptable to contract it into -ng, as in Filipino. This is often used to make the words sound more poetic or to reduce the number of syllables. Sometimes the meaning may change as in {{Lang|hil|maayo nga aga}}, '(the) good morning', and {{Lang|hil|maayong aga}}, the greeting for 'good morning'.

The linker {{Lang|hil|ka}} is used if a number modifies a noun.

Example:

{{Lang|hil|Anum ka ido}}
'six dogs'

The interrogative pronouns of Hiligaynon are as follows: {{Lang|hil|diin}}, {{Lang|hil|san-o}}, {{Lang|hil|sin-o}}, {{Lang|hil|nga-a}}, {{Lang|hil|kamusta}}, {{Lang|hil|ano}}, and {{Lang|hil|pila}}

{{Lang|hil|Diin}} means 'where'.
Example: {{Lang|hil|Diin ka na subong?}}
'Where are you now?'

A derivation of {{Lang|hil|diin}}, {{Lang|hil|tagadiin}}, is used to inquire about the birthplace or hometown of the listener.
Example: {{Lang|hil|Tagadiin ka?}}
'Where are you from?'

{{Lang|hil|San-o}} means 'when'
Example: {{Lang|hil|San-o inâ?}}
'When is that?'

{{Lang|hil|Sin-o}} means 'who'
Example: {{Lang|hil|Sin-o imo abyan?}}
'Who is your friend?'

{{Lang|hil|Nga-a}} means 'why'
Example: {{Lang|hil|Nga-a indi ka magkadto?}}
'Why won't you go?'

{{Lang|hil|Kamusta}} means 'how', as in "How are you?"
Example: {{Lang|hil|Kamusta ang tindahan?}}
'How is the store?'

{{Lang|hil|Ano}} means 'what'
Example: {{Lang|hil|Ano ang imo ginabasa?}}
'What are you reading?'

A derivative of {{Lang|hil|ano}}, {{Lang|hil|paano}}, meaning 'how', as in "How do I do that?"
Example: {{Lang|hil|Paano ko makapulî?}}
'How can I get home?'

A derivative of {{Lang|hil|paano}} is {{Lang|hil|paanoano}}, an archaic phrase which can be compared with {{Lang|hil|kamusta}}.
Example: {{Lang|hil|Paanoano ikaw?}}
'How art thou?'

{{Lang|hil|Pila}} means 'how much/how many'
Example: {{Lang|hil|Pila ang gaupod sa imo?}}
'How many are with you?'

A derivative of {{Lang|hil|pila}}, {{Lang|hil|ikapila}}, asks the numerical order of the person, as in, "What place were you born in your family?"(first-born, second-born, etc.) This word is notoriously difficult to translate into English, as English has no equivalent.
Example: {{Lang|hil|Ikapila ka sa inyo pamilya?}}
'What place were you born into your family?'

A derivative of {{Lang|hil|pila}}, {{Lang|hil|tagpila}}, asks the monetary value of something, as in, "How much is this beef?"
Example: {{Lang|hil|Tagpila ini nga karne sang baka?}}
'How much is this beef?'

{{Expand section|date=January 2022}}

{{See also|Austronesian alignment}}

As it is essential for sentence structure and meaning, focus is a key concept in Hiligaynon and other Philippine languages. In English, in order to emphasize a part of a sentence, variation in intonation is usually employed – the voice is stronger or louder on the part emphasized. For example:

1. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.
2. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.
3. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.
4. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.

Furthermore, active and passive grammatical constructions can be used in English to place focus on the actor or object as the subject:

:The man stole the rice. vs. The rice was stolen by the man.

In contrast, sentence focus in Philippine languages is built into the construction by grammatical elements. Focus is marked by verbal affixes and a special particle prior to the noun in focus. Consider the following Hiligaynon translations of the above sentences:

1. {{Lang|hil|Nagakawat ang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod.}}
2. {{Lang|hil|Ginakawat sang lalaki ang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod.}}
3. {{Lang|hil|Ginakawatan sang lalaki sang bugas ang tinda para sa iya utod.}}
4. {{Lang|hil|Ginakawatan sang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod.}}

:({{Lang|hil|lalaki}} 'man'; {{Lang|hil|kawat}} 'to steal'; {{Lang|hil|bugas}} 'rice'; {{Lang|hil|tinda}} 'market'; {{Lang|hil|utod}} 'sibling'; {{Lang|hil|kamot}} 'hand'){{cite book |last= Motus |first= Cecile |title= Hiligaynon Lessons |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |pages=112–4 |year=1971 |isbn= 0-87022-546-4}}

Hiligaynon, like other Philippine languages, employs reduplication, the repetition of a root or stem of a word or part of a word for grammatical or semantic purposes. Reduplication in Hiligaynon tends to be limited to roots instead of affixes, as the only inflectional or derivational morpheme that seems to reduplicate is -pa-. Root reduplication suggests 'non-perfectiveness' or 'non-telicity'. Used with nouns, reduplication of roots indicate particulars which are not fully actualized members of their class.{{Citation|last = Spitz|first = Walter L.|title = Lost Causes: Morphological Causative Constructions in Two Philippine Languages|url = http://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/19215|date = February 1997|pages = 513|publisher = Digital Scholarship Archive, Rice University|hdl = 1911/19215|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111005154531/http://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/19215|archive-date = 2011-10-05| type=Thesis }} Note the following examples.

{{interlinear|number=(1)

|balay-bálay

|house-house

|toy-house, playhouse|lang=hil}}

{{interlinear|number=(2)

|maestra-maestra

|teacher-teacher

|make-believe teacher|lang=hil}}

Reduplication of verbal roots suggests a process lacking a focus or decisive goal. The following examples describe events which have no apparent end, in the sense of lacking purpose or completion. A lack of seriousness may also be implied. Similarly, reduplication can suggest a background process in the midst of a foreground activity, as shown in (5).{{Citation|last = Spitz|first = Walter L.|title = Lost Causes: Morphological Causative Constructions in Two Philippine Languages|url = http://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/19215|date = February 1997|pages = 514|publisher = Digital Scholarship Archive, Rice University|hdl = 1911/19215|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111005154531/http://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/19215|archive-date = 2011-10-05| type=Thesis }}

{{interlinear|number=(3)

|Nag-a- hìbî-híbî ang bátâ.

|NAG-IMP- cry-cry FOC child

|The child has been crying and crying.|lang=hil}}

{{interlinear|number=(4)

|Nag-a- tinlò-tinlò akó sang lamésa

|{{gcl|NAG|non-agentive case}}-IMP- clean-clean 1SG.FOC {{gcl|UNFOC|out of focus}} table

|I'm just cleaning off the table (casually).|lang=hil}}

{{interlinear|number=(5)

|Nag-a- kàon-káon lang silá sang nag-abót ang íla bisíta.

|{{gcl|NAG|non-agentive case}}-IMP- eat-eat just 3PL.FOC {{gcl|UNFOC|out of focus}} {{gcl|NAG|non-agentive case}}-arrive FOC 3PL.{{gcl|UNFOC|out of focus}} visitor

|They were just eating when their visitor arrived.|lang=hil}}

When used with adjectival roots, non-telicity may suggest a gradualness of the quality, such as the comparison in (6). In comparative constructions the final syllables of each occurrence of the reduplicated root are accented. If the stress of the second occurrence is shifted to the first syllable, then the reduplicated root suggests a superlative degree, as in (7). Superlatives can also be created through prefixation of {{Lang|hil|pinaka-}} to the root, as in {{Lang|hil|pinaka-dakô}}.{{Citation|last = Spitz|first = Walter L.|title = Lost Causes: Morphological Causative Constructions in Two Philippine Languages|url = http://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/19215|date = February 1997|pages = 514–515|publisher = Digital Scholarship Archive, Rice University|hdl = 1911/19215|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111005154531/http://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/19215|archive-date = 2011-10-05| type=Thesis }}

While non-telicity can suggest augmentation, as shown in (7), it can also indicate diminishment as in shown in (9), in contrast with (8) (note the stress contrast). In (8b), {{Lang|hil|maàyoáyo}}, accented in the superlative pattern, suggests a trajectory of improvement that has not been fully achieved. In (9b), {{Lang|hil|maàyoayó}} suggests a trajectory of decline when accented in the comparative pattern. The reduplicated {{Lang|hil|áyo}} implies sub-optimal situations in both cases; full goodness/wellness is not achieved.

{{interlinear|number=(6)

|Iní nga kwárto ma-dulùm-dulúm sang sa sinâ

|this.FOC {{gcl|LINK|ligature}} room {{gcl|MA|prefix}}-dark-dark {{gcl|UNFOC|out of focus}} OBL that.{{gcl|UNFOC|out of focus}}

|This room is darker than that one.|lang=hil}}

{{Col-begin}}

{{Col-2}}

{{interlinear|number=(7)

|dakô-dakô

|big-big

|bigger|lang=hil}}

{{Col-2}}

{{interlinear

|dakô-dákô (gid)

|big-big (really)

|biggest|lang=hil}}

{{Col-end}}

{{Col-begin}}

{{Col-2}}

{{interlinear|number=(8)

|Ma-áyo ang reló.

|{{gcl|MA|prefix}}-good FOC watch

|The watch is good/functional.|lang=hil}}

{{Col-2}}

{{interlinear

|Ma-àyo-áyo na ang reló.

|{{gcl|MA|prefix}}-good-good now FOC watch

|The watch is semi-fixed.|lang=hil}}

{{Col-end}}

{{Col-begin}}

{{Col-2}}

{{interlinear|number=(9)

|Ma-áyo akó.

|{{gcl|MA|prefix}}-good 1SG.FOC

|I'm well.|lang=hil}}

{{Col-2}}

{{interlinear

|Ma-àyo-ayó na akó.

|{{gcl|MA|prefix}}-good-good now 1SG.FOC

|I'm so so.|lang=hil}}

{{Col-end}}

Hiligaynon has a large number of words derived from Spanish including nouns (e.g., {{Lang|hil|santo}} from {{Lang|es|santo}}, 'saint'), adjectives (e.g., {{Lang|hil|berde}} from {{Lang|es|verde}}, 'green'), prepositions (e.g., {{Lang|hil|antes}} from {{Lang|es|antes}}, 'before'), and conjunctions (e.g., {{Lang|hil|pero}} from {{Lang|es|pero}}, 'but').

Nouns denoting material items and abstract concepts invented or introduced during the early modern era include {{Lang|hil|barko}} ({{Lang|es|barco}}, 'ship'), {{Lang|hil|sapatos}} ({{Lang|es|zapatos}}, 'shoes'), {{Lang|hil|kutsilyo}} ({{Lang|es|cuchillo}}, 'knife'), {{Lang|hil|kutsara}} ({{Lang|es|cuchara}}, 'spoon'), {{Lang|hil|tenedor}} ('fork'), {{Lang|hil|plato}} ('plate'), {{Lang|hil|kamiseta}} ({{Lang|es|camiseta}}, 'shirt'), and {{Lang|hil|kambiyo}} ({{Lang|es|cambio}}, 'change', as in money). Spanish verbs are incorporated into Hiligaynon in their infinitive forms: {{Lang|hil|edukar}}, {{Lang|hil|kantar}}, {{Lang|hil|mandar}}, {{Lang|hil|pasar}}. The same holds true for other languages such as Cebuano. In contrast, incorporations of Spanish verbs into Tagalog for the most part resemble, though are not necessarily derived from, the vos forms in the imperative: {{Lang|tl|eduká}}, {{Lang|tl|kantá}}, {{Lang|tl|mandá}}, {{Lang|tl|pasá}}. Notable exceptions include {{Lang|tl|andar}}, {{Lang|tl|pasyal}} (from {{Lang|es|pasear}}) and {{Lang|tl|sugal}} (from {{Lang|es|jugar}}).

Just like other Philippine languages that are influenced by Spanish, Hiligaynon uses 2 systems of numbers, one from its Austronesian roots and one derived from Spanish.

The names of the days of the week are derived from their Spanish equivalents.

{{Poem quote|text={{Lang|hil|Amay namon, nga yara ka sa mga langit

Pagdayawon ang imo ngalan

Umabot sa amon ang imo ginharian

Matuman ang imo boot

Diri sa duta siling sang sa langit

Hatagan mo kami niyan sing kan-on namon

Sa matag-adlaw

Kag patawaron mo kami sa mga sala namon

Siling nga ginapatawad namon ang nakasala sa amon

Kag dili mo kami ipagpadaog sa mga panulay

Hinunuo luwason mo kami sa kalaot

Amen.}}}}

File:The Ten Commandments in Hiligaynon at Molo Church, Iloilo.jpg in Hiligaynon at Molo Church, Molo, Iloilo City]]

Literal translation as per photo:

1. Believe in God and worship only him
2. Do not use the name of God without purpose
3. Honor the day of the Lord
4. Honor your father and mother
5. Do not kill
6. Do not pretend to be married against virginity (don't commit adultery)
7. Do not steal
8. Do not lie
9. Do not have desire for the wife of your fellow man
10. Do not covet the riches of your fellow man

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ({{Lang|hil|Ang Kalibutánon nga Pahayag sang mga Kinamaatárung sang Katáwhan}})

{{Verse translation|Ang tanán nga táwo ginbún-ag nga hílway kag may pag-alalangay sa dungóg kag kinamatárong.

Silá ginhatágan sing pagpamat-ud kag balatyágon kag nagakadápat nga magbinuligáy sa kahulugan sang pag-inuturáy.|Every person is born free and equal with honor and rights.

They are given reason and conscience and they must always trust each other for the spirit of brotherhood.|lang=hil}}

{{further|Hiligaynon literature}}

• Peter Solis Nery (born 1969) – prolific writer, poet, playwright, novelist, editor, "Hari sang Binalaybay", and champion of the Hiligaynon language. Born in Dumangas.
• Antonio Ledesma Jayme (1854–1937) – lawyer, revolutionary, provincial governor and assemblyman. Born in Jaro, lived in Bacolod.
• Graciano López Jaena (1856–1896) – journalist, orator, and revolutionary from Iloilo, well known for his written works, La Solidaridad and Fray Botod. Born in Jaro.
• Flavio Zaragoza y Cano (1892–1994) – lawyer, journalist and the "Prince of Visayan poets". Born in Janipaan, Cabatuan.{{Cite web |title=FLAVIO ZARAGOSA Y CANO: (1892-1965) |url=http://www.nhi.gov.ph/downloads/ca0045.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105234549/http://www.nhi.gov.ph/downloads/ca0045.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-05 |website=National Historical Commission of the Philippines}}
• Conrado Saquian Norada (born 1921) – lawyer, intelligence officer and governor of Iloilo from 1969 to 1986. Co-founder and editor of Yuhum magazine. Born in Miag-ao.{{Cite web |date=2019-09-27 |title=Conrado Saquian Norada |url=https://www.panitikan.com.ph/authors/n/csnorada.htm |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Panitikan.com.ph |language=en-US}}
• Ramon Muzones (1913–1992) – prolific writer and lawyer, recipient of the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature award. Born in Miag-ao.{{Cite book |last=Locsin-Nava |first=Ma Cecilia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8Xk_10M4icC&dq=Ramon+Muzones&pg=PA1 |title=History & Society in the Novels of Ramon Muzones |date=2001 |publisher=Ateneo University Press |isbn=978-971-550-378-5 |chapter=The Life and Times of Ramon Muzones}}
• Magdalena Jalandoni (1891–1978) – prolific writer, novelist and feminist. Born in Jaro.{{Cite web |date= |title=MAGDALENA G. JALANDONI: (1891-1978) |url=http://www.nhi.gov.ph/downloads/lt0021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813080030/http://www.nhi.gov.ph/downloads/lt0021.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-13 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=National Historical Commission of the Philippines}}
• Angel Magahum Sr. (1876–1931) – writer, editor and composer. Composed the classic Iloilo ang Banwa Ko, the unofficial song of Iloilo. Born in Molo.{{Cite web |last=Salvilla |first=Rex |title=Angel M. Magahum Sr. |url=https://www.thenewstoday.info/2008/08/05/angel.m.magahum.sr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409235811/http://www.thenewstoday.info/2008/08/05/angel.m.magahum.sr.html |archive-date=2022-04-09 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=The News Today}}
• Valente Cristobal (1875–1945) – noted Hiligaynon playwright. Born in Polo (now Valenzuela City), Bulacan.{{Cite web |date=2010-05-21 |title=Today in History |url=http://bayanihan.org/2010/05/21/today-in-history-87/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323042105/http://bayanihan.org/2010/05/21/today-in-history-87/ |archive-date=2012-03-23 |website=Bayanihan}}
• Elizabeth Batiduan Navarro – Hiligaynon drama writer for radio programs of Bombo Radyo Philippines.
• Genevieve L. Asenjo – Filipino poet, novelist, translator and literary scholar in Kinaray-a, Hiligaynon and Filipino. Her first novel, {{Lang|hil|Lumbay ng Dila}}, (C&E/DLSU, 2010) received a citation for the Juan C. Laya Prize for Excellence in Fiction in a Philippine Language in the National Book Award.

{{Portal|Philippines|Language}}

• Cebuano language
• Hiligaynon people
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• Capiznon language

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Cite thesis |last=Wolfenden |first=Elmer Paul |title=A Description of Hiligaynon Phrase and Clause Constructions |date=1972 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa |hdl=10125/11716 |hdl-access=free}}
• {{Cite book |last=Wolfenden |first=Elmer |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/8844 |title=A Description of Hiligaynon Syntax |work=SIL International |date=1975 |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics |location=Norman, Oklahoma}} – published version of Wolfenden's 1972 dissertation
• {{Cite book |last=Abuyen |first=Tomas Alvarez |title=English–Tagalog–Ilongo Dictionary |date=2007 |publisher=National Book Store |isbn=978-971-08-6865-0 |location=Mandaluyong City}}

{{refend}}

{{Incubator|code= hil}}

{{wikivoyage|Hiligaynon phrasebook|Hiligaynon|a phrasebook}}

• [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hiligaynon.htm Omniglot on Hiligaynon writing]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20061115224823/http://www.dinagyang.com/forum/index.php Ilonggo Community & Discussion Board]

Dictionaries

• [http://hiligaynon.pinoydictionary.com/ Hiligaynon Dictionary]
• [http://kalibo.tukcedo.nl/dictionary-HE.pdf Hiligaynon to English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529234729/http://kalibo.tukcedo.nl/dictionary-HE.pdf |date=May 29, 2014 }}
• [http://kalibo.tukcedo.nl/dictionary-EH.pdf English to Hiligaynon Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326210703/http://kalibo.tukcedo.nl/dictionary-EH.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }}
• [http://www.bansa.org/dictionaries/hil/ Bansa.org Hiligaynon Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716050211/http://www.bansa.org/dictionaries/hil |date=July 16, 2015 }}
• [https://www.bohol.ph/kved.php Kaufmann's 1934 Hiligaynon dictionary online]
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=95VkAAAAMAAJ Diccionario de la lengua Bisaya Hiligueina y Haraya de la Isla de Panay] (by Alonso de Méntrida, published in 1841)

Learning resources

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100213154316/http://ciaran.compsoc.com/languages.html#ilonggo Some information about learning Ilonggo]
• Hiligaynon Lessons (by Cecile L. Motus. 1971)
• Hiligaynon Reference Grammar (by Elmer Wolfenden 1971)

Writing system (Baybayin)

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100821192259/http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/bayeng1.htm Baybayin – The Ancient Script of the Philippines]
• [http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ggrivera_2001_04_10_opinion_tagalog.html The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet]
• [http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ggrivera_2001_04_24_genocide_tagalog.html The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet: Genocide]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20010628000042/http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ggrivera_2001_04_24_future_tagalog.html The importance of the Hiligaynon 32-letter alphabet]

Primary texts

• [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=aql6284.0001.001&q1=hiligaynon&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=1&size=100 Online E-book of Ang panilit sa pagcasal ñga si D.ª Angela Dionicia: sa mercader ñga contragusto in Hiligaynon], published in Mandurriao, Iloilo (perhaps in the early 20th century)

Secondary Literature

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070111134034/http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers/Villareal-Hiligaynon_lang_desire.pdf Language and Desire in Hiligaynon] (by Corazón D. Villareal. 2006)
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=ancRNeJEAukC Missionary Linguistics: selected papers from the First International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Oslo, March 13–16th, 2003] (ed. by Otto Zwartjes and Even Hovdhaugen)

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Category:Verb–subject–object languages