Holy See–Syria relations
{{Short description|Bilateral relations}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations
| title = Holy See–Syria relations
| map = HolySee-Syria map.jpg
| party1 = Holy See
| party2 = Syria
|flagvariant2=revolution}}
Holy See–Syria relations refer to the diplomatic and religious interactions between the Holy See, representing the Vatican City and the Roman Catholic Church, and Syria. The relations between the two countries are primarily shaped by historical religious ties, humanitarian concerns, and efforts for peace and stability in the region.
Historical background
The relationship between the Holy See and Syria has roots in early Christian history. Syria is home to some of Christianity's significant ancient sites, including the city of Damascus, where, according to Christian tradition, Paul the Apostle experienced his conversion to Christianity.{{cite web |title=Conversion of Saint Paul |url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/seasons-and-feast-days/conversion-of-saint-paul-23084 |website=EWTN |access-date=23 October 2024}} Over the centuries, the region has been an important center for Eastern Christian communities, such as the Syriac Orthodox Church and Melkite Greek Catholic Church, both of which maintain ties with the Vatican.{{cite web |title=Address of His Holiness Benedict XVI to the Ambassador of Syria |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2006/december/documents/hf_ben_xvi_spe_20061214_ambassador-syria.html |website=Vatican |date=14 December 2006 |access-date=23 October 2024}}{{cite web |title=Syria: The heartland of Eastern Christianity |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/syria-always-heartland-eastern-christianity |website=Middle East Eye |access-date=23 October 2024}}
During the time Syria was under the Ottoman Empire, Catholic communities in Syria were governed under the millet system, allowing them some autonomy in religious affairs.{{cite web |title=The Ottoman Way of Governing Multi-Ethnic and Multi-Religious Communities |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/114064 |website=DergiPark |access-date=23 October 2024}} The Vatican's formal diplomatic relations with modern Syria were established on 21 February 1953.{{cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations of the Holy See |url=https://holyseemission.org/contents/mission/diplomatic-relations-of-the-holy-see.php |website=Holy See Mission |access-date=23 October 2024}}
= Interfaith dialogue =
Syria has a diverse religious landscape, with significant Muslim and Christian populations.{{cite web |title=Syria |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=23 October 2024}} The Holy See has actively promoted interfaith dialogue in Syria as a means of fostering peaceful coexistence and mutual understanding. The Vatican's outreach to Muslim leaders and communities in Syria is part of its broader effort to support interreligious cooperation in the Middle East.
The Holy See’s position is that dialogue between different religious communities is essential for building peace in Syria and the broader region. This approach has been particularly important in light of the ongoing conflict, which has strained relations between various religious and ethnic groups.{{cite web |title=Pope's message: peace is possible in Syria |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2016/07/05/160705a.html |website=Holy See Press Office |date=5 July 2016 |access-date=23 October 2024}}
Diplomatic relations
The Holy See and Syria officially established diplomatic ties on 21 February 1953. The Vatican has a nunciature in Damascus,{{cite web |title=Holy See Apostolic Nunciature in Damascus, Syria |url=https://www.embassypages.com/holysee-apostolicnunciature-damascus-syria |website=EmbassyPages |access-date=23 October 2024}} and Syria has maintained diplomatic representation to the Holy See through its embassy in Madrid{{cite web |title=الدول التي لا يوجد فيها تمثيل دبلوماسي |trans-title=Countries where there is no diplomatic representation |url=http://mofaex.gov.sy/ar/pages753/الدول-التي-لا-يوجد-فيها-تمثيل-دبلوماسي |website=Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates |language=ar |access-date=23 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009125633/https://mofaex.gov.sy/ar/pages753/الدول-التي-لا-يوجد-فيها-تمثيل-دبلوماسي |archive-date=9 October 2024 |url-status=live}} since the closure of the one in Rome.{{cite web |title=Italy returns to Damascus, twelve years after its last ambassador's departure |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/07/31/italy-returns-to-damascus-twelve-years-after-its-last-ambassador-s-departure_6705551_4.html |website=Le Monde |date=31 July 2024 |access-date=23 October 2024}} Diplomatic relations have been maintained even during times of political upheaval and conflict in the region.{{cite web |title=
Cardinal Mario Zenari, Apostolic Nuncio in Syria |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_zenari_m.html |website=Holy See Press Office |access-date=23 October 2024}}
One of the key moments in the history of Holy See–Syria relations occurred in 2001, when Pope John Paul II made a historic visit to Syria. During his visit, he became the first pope to enter a mosque, visiting the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, a gesture of interfaith respect and dialogue. The visit was seen as an effort to promote peace and reconciliation between Christians and Muslims.{{cite web |title=Pope makes history in Syria |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/07/israel.catholicism |website=The Guardian |date=7 May 2001 |access-date=23 October 2024}}
= Vatican's position on the Golan Heights =
The Vatican has consistently advocated for a peaceful resolution to the Golan Heights dispute through dialogue and international law. During his 2001 visit to Quneitra, Pope John Paul II emphasized the need for forgiveness and reconciliation, urging that past conflicts not fuel further suffering.{{cite news |last=Stanley |first=Alessandra |title=Pope Prays for Peace in Destroyed Golan Heights City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/07/world/pope-prays-for-peace-in-destroyed-golan-heights-city.html |access-date=23 October 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 May 2001}} Successive popes have echoed this call for peace, supporting Syria’s efforts to regain the Golan Heights while promoting coexistence and respect among all communities in the region.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
Relations during the Syrian Civil War
The outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in 2011 significantly affected relations between the Holy See and Syria.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} The Holy See has consistently called for peace, dialogue, and humanitarian aid for the millions of people affected by the conflict.{{cite web |title=Pope appeals for end to inhumane fighting, evil of war in Syria |url=https://www.ncronline.org/vatican/francis-comic-strip/francis-chronicles/pope-appeals-end-inhumane-fighting-evil-war-syria |website=National Catholic Reporter |access-date=23 October 2024}} Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis have both expressed deep concern over the situation in Syria, especially regarding the plight of Christians and other religious minorities in the region.{{cite web |title=Pope calls for peace in Syria during Christmas message |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45786907 |website=NBC News |date=25 December 2011 |access-date=23 October 2024}}{{cite web |title=Pope Easter message urges 'end to Syria carnage'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43611747.amp |website=BBC News |date=15 April 2018 |access-date=23 October 2024}}
In 2013, Pope Francis held a global day of prayer and fasting for peace in Syria, which coincided with rising international tensions over the potential military intervention in the country.{{cite web |title=Pope Francis requests a day of Prayer and Fasting for Peace in Syria |url=https://www.armagharchdiocese.org/pope-francis-requests-day-prayer-fasting-peace-syria/ |website=Armagh Archdiocese |access-date=23 October 2024}} The Holy See has also worked through diplomatic channels to advocate for peaceful solutions and has provided significant humanitarian support for Syrian refugees and internally displaced persons.{{cite web |title=Vatican Helps Syria |url=https://www.lasalette.org/article/catholic-social-teaching/1402-vatican-helps-syria |website=La Salette |access-date=23 October 2024}}
= Humanitarian efforts =
The Vatican has played a key role in the humanitarian response to the Syrian crisis. Caritas Internationalis, the Catholic Church's charity arm, has been active in Syria, providing aid to those affected by the war, regardless of their religious affiliation.{{cite web |title=Syria |url=https://www.caritas.org/where-caritas-work/middle-east-and-north-africa/syria/ |website=Caritas Internationalis |access-date=23 October 2024}} The Holy See has repeatedly urged the international community to prioritize humanitarian assistance and reconciliation efforts in Syria.{{cite web |title=Pope urges world leaders to bring peace to Libya and Syria |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2019/0421/1044853-pope-francis/ |website=RTÉ News |date=21 April 2019 |access-date=23 October 2024}}
See also
{{Portal|Europe|Asia|Vatican|Politics}}
References
{{reflist}}
{{Foreign relations of the Holy See}}
{{Foreign relations of Syria}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Holy See-Syria relations}}