Hugh Stott Taylor
{{short description|British chemist (1890–1974)}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| name = Hugh Stott Taylor
| honorific_suffix = {{hlist|KBE|FRS}}
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1890|2|6}}
| birth_place = {{nowrap|St Helens, Merseyside, England, United Kingdom}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|4|17|1890|2|6}}
| death_place = Princeton, New Jersey
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| alma_mater = University of Liverpool
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| thesis_year = 1914
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| awards = Fellow of the Royal Society{{small|(1932)}}
Remsen Award {{small|(1951)}}
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| spouse = {{marriage|Elizabeth Agnes Sawyer|1919}}
| children = 2
| module = {{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| title = Dean of
Princeton University Graduate School
| term_start = 1945
| term_end = 1958
| predecessor = Luther P. Eisenhart
| successor = Donald Ross Hamilton
}}
}}
Sir Hugh Stott Taylor {{postnominals|KBE|FRS}} (6 February 1890 – 17 April 1974) was an English chemist primarily interested in catalysis.Who Was Who, Published by A&C Black Limited In 1925, in a landmark contribution to catalytic theory, Taylor suggested that a catalysed chemical reaction is not catalysed over the entire solid surface of the catalyst but only at certain 'active sites' or centres.{{Cite journal | last1 = Taylor | first1 = H. S. | title = A Theory of the Catalytic Surface | doi = 10.1098/rspa.1925.0061 | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences | volume = 108 | issue = 745 | pages = 105–111 | year = 1925 | bibcode = 1925RSPSA.108..105T | doi-access = free }}
He also developed important methods for procuring heavy water during World War II and pioneered the use of stable isotopes in studying chemical reactions.{{Cite journal | last1 = Kemball | first1 = C. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1975.0017 | title = Hugh Stott Taylor 6 February 1890 -- 17 April 1974 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 21 | pages = 517–526 | year = 1975 | s2cid = 73005095 | doi-access = }}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/251266b0 | title = H. Taylor | journal = Nature | volume = 251 | issue = 5472 | pages = 266 | year = 1974 | bibcode = 1974Natur.251Q.266. | doi-access = free }}(1975) Chem. Brit., 11, 370–371.[http://etcweb1.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/taylor_hugh.html Biographical sketch at Princeton] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212182209/http://etcweb1.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/taylor_hugh.html |date=12 February 2006 }}
Early life
Taylor was born in St Helens, Lancashire, England, in 1890, the son of glass technologist James and Ellen (née Stott) Taylor. He was educated at Cowley Grammar School in St Helens and then attended the University of Liverpool, where he received his BSc in 1909 and his MSc in 1910. Taylor then carried out three years of graduate work in Liverpool, after which he spent one year at the Nobel Institute in Stockholm in the laboratory of Svante Arrhenius and another at the Technische Hochschule in Hanover under Max Bodenstein. These studies earned him a PhD degree from the University of Liverpool in 1914.
Basic research
Taylor showed that chemisorption may be an activated process, and occur slowly. Moreover, he conceived the idea that chemically active sites might be sparse on the surface of a catalyst and, hence, could be inhibited with relatively few molecules.
Taylor showed that hydrogen atoms are key intermediates of reactions involving H2 on metal surfaces and also discovered the conversion of heptane to toluene over
chromium oxide.
Protein structure
Taylor and a graduate student developed the first semi-realistic model of the α-helix, an element of protein secondary structure. An earlier model by Astbury had been shown to be physically implausible by Hans Neurath. Using physical models and chemical reasoning, Taylor sought to find a better model, which differs only slightly from the modern α-helix proposed by Linus Pauling and Robert Corey. Taylor reported their models at his Franklin Medal lecture (1941) and in press (1942).
Work at Princeton
Taylor began at Princeton in 1914 as instructoqr in physical chemistry, and by 1915, was made an assistant professor. He was promoted to professor of physical chemistry in 1922 and became chair of the Chemistry Department at Princeton in 1926, where he served until 1951. In 1927, Taylor became the David B. Jones Professor of Chemistry at Princeton. Taylor also served as the dean of the graduate school at Princeton from 1945 to 1958.{{Cite web |url=https://gradschool.princeton.edu/about/history |title=History |website=Princeton University Graduate School |access-date=2021-07-17}}
As chair of chemistry from 1926 to 1951, Taylor developed the Chemistry Department at Princeton energetically and oversaw the construction of the Frick Chemical Laboratory.
He received the American Chemical Society's Remsen Award in the year of his retirement.{{cite web | title=Ira Remsen Award | website=Maryland Section | date=14 November 2018 | url=https://maryland.sites.acs.org/remsenaward.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114143228/https://maryland.sites.acs.org/remsenaward.htm | archive-date=14 November 2018 | url-status=live | access-date=14 November 2018}}
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1932.{{cite web| url= http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=11&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27taylor%27%29| title= Library and Archive Catalogue| publisher= Royal Society| accessdate= 25 October 2010}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
Personal life
He married Elizabeth Agnes Sawyer on 12 June 1919; They had two daughters.
Taylor was a devoted Catholic who helped to establish the Catholic chaplaincy at Princeton in 1928 and spoke publicly about the reconciliation of science and faith. He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great (Papal) and a Commander of the Order of Leopold II of Belgium.
Awards and legacy
Taylor was knighted by both Pope Pius XII and Queen Elizabeth II.
Taylor was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1928.{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Hugh+Taylor&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}
The Hugh Stott Taylor Chair of Chemistry at Princeton was funded by an anonymous gift of $500K in honour of Taylor's contributions to Princeton.
Death
Taylor died on 17 April 1974 in Princeton, New Jersey.{{Cite web |url=http://astro4.ast.vill.edu/mendel/taylor.htm |title=Biography at Astro4.ast.vill.edu. |access-date=31 October 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192519/http://astro4.ast.vill.edu/mendel/taylor.htm |url-status=dead }}
References
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External links
- [http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/hugh-taylors-interview 1965 Audio Interview with Hugh Taylor by Stephane Groueff] Voices of the Manhattan Project
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Category:20th-century English chemists
Category:Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Category:Commanders of the Order of Leopold II
Category:English emigrants to the United States
Category:English Roman Catholics
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society
Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Gregory the Great
Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Manhattan Project people
Category:People from St Helens, Merseyside
Category:Princeton University faculty