Hwasong-10

Hwasong-10 resembles the shape of the Soviet Union's R-27 Zyb submarine-launched missile, but is slightly longer. It is based on the R-27, which uses a liquid-fueled 4D10 engine propelled by unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and nitrogen tetroxide (NTO). These propellants are much more advanced than the kerosene compounds used in North Korea's Scuds and Hwasong-7 (Nodong) missiles. Once the fuel/oxidizer combination are fed into the missile, it could maintain a 'ready to launch' condition for several days, or even weeks, like the R-27 SLBM, in moderate ambient temperatures. A fueled Hwasong-10 would not have the structural strength to be safely land transported, so would have to be fueled at the launch site.

It was originally believed that the rocket motors of Hwasong-10 were the same as those within the second stage of the Taepodong-2, which North Korea unsuccessfully test fired in 2006.{{cite web|author=C. P. Vick|date=2000–2004|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/dprk/images/taepo-dong-2.jpg|title=2nd 3rd Right Side|website=Global Security|access-date=18 August 2017}} However analysis of the Unha-3 launch, believed to be based on the Taepodong-2, showed that the second stage did not use the same fuel as the R-27, and is probably based on Hwasong-7 (Nodong) rocket technology.

Before its test flight, it was believed that there was a possibility that the Hwasong-10 would use the Nodong's kerosene and corrosion inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA) propellants, reducing the missile's range by about half.{{cite report |url=http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/files/2012/05/Explaining_the_Musudan_Schiller_Schmucker_v1.2.pdf |title=Explaining the Musudan |author=Markus Schiller, Robert H. Schmucker |publisher=Arms Control Wonk |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=16 April 2013}} However, it is unlikely that North Korea uses IRFNA propellants which would reduce its range by about half, after the experts acknowledged that the 22 June 2016 test could have had a range of {{cvt|3150|km|abbr=on}} if the missile was not launched in the lofted trajectory.{{Cite web|date=10 March 2023|author=Emmanuelle Maitre|title=Le Musudan : quels progrès techniques et stratégiques pour Pyongyang ?|trans-title=The Musudan: what technical and strategic progress for Pyongyang?|url=https://www.frstrategie.org/programmes/observatoire-de-la-dissuasion/musudan-quels-progres-techniques-strategiques-pour-pyongyang-2017|access-date=2025-02-08|website=Foundation for Strategic Research|language=fr}}

It was also decided that, as the Korean People's Army's MAZ-547A/MAZ-7916 transporter erector launcher could carry 20 tonnes, and the R-27 Zyb was only 14.2 tonnes, the R-27 Zyb's fuel/oxidizer tank could be extended by approximately {{cvt|2|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

Assuming a range of {{cvt|3200|km|abbr=on}}, the Hwasong-10 could hit any target in East Asia (including US military bases in Guam and Okinawa).{{Cite web|author1= Anthony H. Cordesman|author2=Aaron Lin |date=June 2015|title=The Changing Military Balance in the Koreas and Northeast Asia|url=https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/150615_Cordesman_NortheastAsiaMilBalance_Web.pdf|access-date=2025-02-08 |website= Center for Strategic and International Studies}} The North Korean inventory of the missile is less than 50 launchers.

In the mid-1990s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, North Korea invited the Makeyev Design Bureau's ballistic missile designers and engineers to develop this missile, based on the R-27 Zyb. In 1992, a large contract between Korea Yon’gwang Trading Company and Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau of Miass, Russia was signed. The agreement stated that Russian engineers would go to the DPRK and assist in the development of the Zyb Space Launch Vehicle (SLV).

Hwasong-10 was first revealed to the international community in a military parade on 10 October 2010 celebrating the Workers' Party of Korea's 65th anniversary, although experts believe these were mock-ups of the missile.

In April 2013, North Korea was reported to deploy two Hwasong-10 to Wonsan in preparation for a test-fire. Two moblie launchers were reported to continuously moved in and out of a facility. Four to five wheeled vehicles, appears to be TELs, were also spotted to travel around South Hamgyong Province. These actions aimed at making difficult to US and South Korea.{{Cite web|date=2013-04-11|author=An Bình|title=Triều Tiên liên tục di chuyển tên lửa, radar Mỹ sẵn sàng “trực chiến”|trans-title=North Korea continues to move missiles, US radar is ready for "combat"|url=https://dantri.com.vn/the-gioi/trieu-tien-lien-tuc-di-chuyen-ten-lua-radar-my-san-sang-truc-chien-1366105636.htm|access-date=2025-02-09|website=Dân trí|language=vi}} A month later, North Korea removed two missiles from launchers.{{Cite web|date=2013-05-07|author=Lệ Chi|title=CHDCND Triều Tiên tháo dỡ tên lửa khỏi bệ phóng|trans-title=DPRK removed missile from launcher|url=https://vov.vn/the-gioi/chdcnd-trieu-tien-thao-do-ten-lua-khoi-be-phong-260720.vov|access-date=2025-02-09|website=Voice of Vietnam|language=vi}}

Since April 2016, the Hwasong-10 has been tested a number of times, with two apparent partial successes and a number of failures. In May 2017, North Korea successfully tested a new missile, the Hwasong-12, with a similar range to the Hwasong-10. It had been displayed in the April 2017 military parade on the Hwasong-10 mobile launcher, and the Hwasong-12 may be intended to replace the Hwasong-10 which has been shown unreliable during its test programme.{{cite web|author=John Schilling|url=http://38north.org/2017/05/jschilling051417/ |title=North Korea's Latest Missile Test: Advancing towards an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) While Avoiding US Military Action |website=38 North |date=14 May 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017}}{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/north-koreas-new-intermediate-range-ballistic-missile-the-hwasong-12-first-takeaways/ |title=North Korea's New Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile, the Hwasong-12: First Takeaways |last=Panda |first=Ankit |publisher=The Diplomat |date=15 May 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017}} The Hwasong-10 was not shown in the February 2018 military parade, suggesting that the design had not been deployed.{{cite news |url=https://www.38north.org/2018/02/melleman020818/ |title=North Korea's Army Day Military Parade: One New Missile System Unveiled |last=Elleman |first=Michael |publisher=U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies |work=38 North |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=9 February 2018}}

File:BM25 operators.png

• {{flag|North Korea}}: According to one source, more than 200;{{cite web|author=Richard Finney|date=2010-10-13|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/missiles-10132010181348.html|title=North's Missiles Raise Concerns|website=Radio Free Asia|access-date=2025-02-08}} other source claims 12 deployed.{{cite web|date=2010-10-13|url=http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20101013_1452.php|title=North Korea Rolls Out Ballistic Missiles|website=Global Security Newswire|access-date=2025-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017063701/http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20101013_1452.php|archive-date=2010-10-17}} 16 were seen at once during the 10 October 2010 military parade, although experts contacted by the Washington Post believed these were mock-ups of the missile.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/30/AR2010113006781.html |title=Experts question North Korea-Iran missile link from WikiLeaks document release |author=John Pomfret and Walter Pincus |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=1 December 2010 |access-date=13 June 2012}}

• {{flag|Iran}}: 19, according to a leaked, classified U.S. State Department cable.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/29/world/middleeast/29missiles.html?_r=1|title=Iran Fortifies Its Arsenal With the Aid of North Korea|author=William J. Broad|author2=James Glanz|author3=David E. Sanger|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 November 2010|access-date=28 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110527003655/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/29/world/middleeast/29missiles.html?_r=1| archive-date=May 27, 2011| url-status= live}} The Khorramshahr, which was first publicly displayed on 22 September 2017, is likely derived from Hwasong-10.{{cite web|date=2017-09-29|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/khorramshahr/|title=Khorramshahr|website=Missile Threat|access-date=18 August 2017}}

• R-27 Zyb
• Pukguksong-1
• JL-1
• Hwasong-12
• Hwasong-13

{{Notelist|group=efn}}

{{reflist|30em}}

• [http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/musudan/ BM-25 Musudan (Hwasong-10) - Missile Threat]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130522024822/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/r27.htm R-27], astronautix.com
• [http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/r-27.htm R-27], Globalsecurity.org

{{DPRK missiles}}

Category:Ballistic missiles of North Korea

Category:Ballistic missiles of Iran

Category:Intermediate-range ballistic missiles of North Korea