Ice Peak

Ice Peak lies in Mount Edziza Provincial Park southeast of the community of Telegraph Creek.{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak}} With an area of {{Convert|266180|ha|acre|abbr=off}}, Mount Edziza Provincial Park is one of the largest provincial parks in British Columbia and was established in 1972 to showcase the volcanic landscape.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Photo Gallery}}{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}} It includes not only the Mount Edziza area, but also the Spectrum Range to the south, which are separated by Raspberry Pass.{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}} Mount Edziza Provincial Park is in the Tahltan Highland, a southeast-trending upland area extending along the western side of the Stikine Plateau.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Holland|1976|p=49}}

Ice Peak is the prominent south peak of Mount Edziza, an ice-covered stratovolcano in Cassiar Land District of northwestern British Columbia, Canada.{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=125}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Cassiar Land District}} It is a pyramid-shaped horn formed by glacial erosion and represents the western rim of a small caldera which formed on the summit of an older stratovolcano.{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=125}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=32, 145}} This stratovolcano is one of four felsic central volcanoes along the north–south axis of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, the other three being Armadillo Peak, the Spectrum Range and the {{convert|2786|m|ft|abbr=on}} high edifice of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=General Information}}{{sfn|Souther|1990|pp=124, 125}} The current, {{convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on}} high horn of Ice Peak protrudes through the roughly {{convert|70|km2|mi2|adj=mid|abbr=off}} ice cap of Mount Edziza and is completely flanked by steep-walled, active cirques.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=32}} Tencho Glacier on the southern flank of Ice Peak is the largest outlet glacier of the ice cap, as well as the largest glacier of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=320}} Idiji Glacier occupies a cirque on the eastern flank of Ice Peak whereas Tennaya Glacier extends southeast from between Ice Peak and the summit of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}

Four cirques on the eastern flank have exposed the internal structure of the Ice Peak stratovolcano whereas the western flank is completely mantled by glaciers.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=145}} The eastern cirques are at the head of Tennaya Creek which flows northeast into Nuttlude Lake, an expansion of Kakiddi Creek.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=145}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennaya Creek}} Between Tennaya, Nido and Tenchen creeks are pie-shaped, gently sloping interfluves which represent the remains of the original eastern flank of the Ice Peak stratovolcano.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=145}} Although the original eastern flank has been almost completely destroyed by erosion, the northern flank is buried under the younger stratovolcano of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=125}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=33}} The southern and western flanks of the Ice Peak stratovolcano are approximal to those of the original volcano and merge with the Big Raven Plateau which is one of the main physiographic features of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=33}}

{{see also|Parasitic cone}}

File:Ornostay and Koosick bluffs.jpg and Koosick bluffs on the western flank of Ice Peak]]

On the southwestern flank of Ice Peak is a roughly {{convert|40|km2|mi2|adj=mid|abbr=off}} area of lava flows and at least 12 vents called the Snowshoe Lava Field.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=27, 228}} Most of the vents in this lava field are at elevations above {{convert|1800|m|ft|abbr=on}} near the terminus of outlet glaciers of the Mount Edziza ice cap, five of which named.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=214, 228}} The highest of these vents, Tennena Cone, attains an elevation of {{convert|2390|m|ft|abbr=on}} on the upper western flank of Ice Peak.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=26, 214}}{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=41}} Cocoa Crater to the southwest has an elevation of {{convert|2117|m|ft|abbr=on}}, making it the second highest of the five named vents. The third highest vent, Coffee Crater, is {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation and lies northwest of Cocoa Crater.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=214}} South of Coffee Crater on the south side of upper Taweh Creek is Keda Cone, the fourth highest vent with an elevation of {{convert|1980|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Keda Cone}} Between the heads of Taweh and Shaman creeks is The Saucer which, with an elevation of {{convert|1920|m|ft|abbr=on}}, is the lowest named vent in the Snowshoe Lava Field.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=27, 214}}

Icefall Cone and Ridge Cone are two parasitic cones on the eastern rim of Ice Peak at an elevation of about {{convert|2285|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Both cones are younger than the main edifice of Ice Peak, but they have been greatly modified by glaciation, slumping and rockfalls due to their location near the steep headwalls of active cirques.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=228}} Punch Cone on the western flank of Ice Peak is a roughly {{convert|1|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|abbr=off}}, steep-sided ridge protruding through Mount Edziza's ice cap.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=24, 25, 210}} It is elliptical in structure and older than the Icefall and Ridge cones, although it is also younger than the main edifice of Ice Peak.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=210}} Also on the western flank of Ice Peak where it merges with the surrounding Big Raven Plateau are the Koosick and Ornostay bluffs, which lie adjacent to the head of Sezill Creek.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=155}} The Neck is a circular, {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter volcanic plug on the southeastern flank with an elevation of {{convert|1830|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=154, 155}}

Ice Peak is part of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, a broad area of shield volcanoes, lava domes, cinder cones and stratovolcanoes extending from northwestern British Columbia northwards through Yukon into easternmost Alaska.{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Stikine Volcanic Belt}}{{sfn|Edwards|Russell|2000|pp=1280, 1281, 1283, 1284}} The dominant rocks comprising these volcanoes are alkali basalts and hawaiites, but nephelinite, basanite and peralkaline phonolite, trachyte and comendite are locally abundant. These rocks were deposited by volcanic eruptions from 20 million years ago to as recently as a few hundred years ago. The cause of volcanic activity in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is thought to be due to rifting of the North American Cordillera driven by changes in relative plate motion between the North American and Pacific plates.{{sfn|Edwards|Russell|2000|p=1280}}

Ice Peak is subdivided into at least three geological formations, each the product of a distinct stage of volcanic activity.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=2, 246}} These periods of volcanic activity occurred during three magmatic cycles of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex; each cycle began with the effusion of alkali basalt and culminated with the eruption of lesser volumes of felsic magma.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=1, 267, 276}} The oldest geological formation is the Ice Peak Formation, which formed during a period of volcanic activity about 1 million years ago during the third magmatic cycle. Another period of volcanic activity 0.3 million years ago deposited the Kakiddi Formation on the southwestern and eastern parts of the Ice Peak pile during the fourth magmatic cycle. The third oldest geological formation is the Big Raven Formation, which was deposited on the Ice Peak and Kakiddi formations during the fifth magmatic cycle in the last 20,000 years.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=267}}{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}

File:Ice Peak Formation.png map of the Ice Peak Formation at the end of the Ice Peak eruptive period]]

The Ice Peak Formation consists of lava and pyroclastic rocks that were erupted mainly from vents near the summit of the Ice Peak stratovolcano.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=145, 150}} Two stratigraphic units comprise this once symmetrical stratovolcano, both of which are lithologically distinct.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=145}} The lower stratigraphic unit, which forms much of the volcanic pile, is an assemblage of mostly thin basaltic lava flows. Lavas of intermediate composition such as tristanite, trachybasalt and mugearite are very limited in extent.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=147}} The upper stratigraphic unit is a highly varied succession of lavas and pyroclastic rocks forming the high, central edifice of Ice Peak.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=145, 150}} It consists of basalt, trachyte and a variety of intermediate rocks such as tristanite, trachybasalt, benmoreite and mugearite.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=150}}

The Ice Peak Formation includes the Koosick and Ornostay bluffs, both of which are thick lobes of trachyte that originated under the summit ice cap. Both bluffs are similar in geomorphology and composition, consisting of several lava flows up to {{convert|75|m|ft|abbr=on}} thick.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=155}}{{sfn|Lamoreaux et al.|2006}} The Neck, which forms a prominent {{convert|215|m|ft|abbr=on}} high buttress on Sorcery Ridge, is also part of the Ice Peak Formation. Potassium–argon dating of Ice Peak Formation pantelleritic trachyte has yielded ages of 1.6 ± 0.2 million years, 1.5 ± 0.4 million years and 1.5 ± 0.1 million years.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=154}} These dates being older than those of the underlying Pyramid Formation may be due to excess argon in the Ice Peak Formation and are therefore considered unreliable.{{sfn|Government of Canada: Ice Peak Formation}}{{sfn|Spooner et al.|1995|p=2047}}

Ice Peak Formation basalt flows on the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza are interbedded with diamictites recording a regional glaciation that occurred during the Early Pleistocene.{{sfn|Spooner et al.|1995|p=2046}} The lowermost basalt flow contains basal pillows, directly overlies hyaloclastites and is brecciated and deformed, suggesting it may have been extruded onto a glacier or an ice sheet.{{sfn|Spooner et al.|1995|p=2046}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=18}} Its extrusion onto glacial ice is also evident due to the lack of fluvial and lacustrine sediments at the base of the basalt flow which suggests it did not extrude into lakes or streams.{{sfn|Spooner et al.|1995|p=2046}} The steep sides and unusually large thicknesses of the trachyte lava flows comprising Koosick and Ornostay bluffs is attributed to them having been extruded through glacial ice.{{sfn|Smellie|Edwards|2016|p=43}}

The Kakiddi Formation consists of the remains of thick trachyte lava flows and associated pyroclastic rocks. They are lithologically and geomorphologically similar to the older Edziza Formation trachytes, but occur south of the central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza. The remains of a nearly {{Convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide, rubble-covered trachyte flow are present on the eastern flank of Ice Peak in Sorcery Valley and in the south fork of Tennaya Valley where it is divided into two tributary branches. In Kakiddi Valley, the lava flow appears to have spread out to form a once continuous, terminal lobe at least {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide. Remnants of this terminal lobe are present in the form of isolated outcrops adjacent to Kakiddi Lake and Nuttlude Lake.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=207}} The source of this Kakiddi flow remains unknown, but the tributary branch that descended Tennaya Valley probably originated from a vent near the summit of Ice Peak that is now covered by glaciers.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=24}} A relatively small trachyte flow descended from Punch Cone on the western flank of Ice Peak and spread onto the Big Raven Plateau.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=24, 25}} Potassium–argon dating of the Kakiddi Formation has yielded ages of 0.31 ± 0.07 million years from mugearite, as well as 0.30 ± 0.02 million years, 0.29 ± 0.02 million years and 0.28 ± 0.02 million years from trachyte.{{sfn|Souther|Armstrong|Harakal|1984|p=341}}

File:Tennena Cone.jpg on the upper western flank of Ice Peak]]

The Big Raven Formation includes Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone, the Snowshoe Lava Field and the Sheep Track Member.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=27 228, 236}} All of these features consist of alkali basalt and hawaiite with the exception of the Sheep Track Member which comprises a small volume of trachyte pumice.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=213}} Early volcanism in the Snowshoe Lava Field deposited material that was quenched by ice and meltwater, resulting in piles of tuff breccia, pillow lava and pillow breccia such as Tennena Cone.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=26, 27}} Cinder cones such as Cocoa Crater and Coffee Crater were created by subsequent lava fountain eruptions in a subaerial environment. The Saucer was formed by a later subaerial fissure eruption that was not accompanied by lava fountaining. Instead, lava issued quietly and flowed into Shaman Creek in the east and Taweh Creek in the west.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=27}}

The Sheep Track Member is the product of a small but violent VEI-3 eruption from the southwestern flank of Ice Peak.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=27}}{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Eruptive History}} It was deposited on all lava flows and cinder cones in the Snowshoe Lava Field with the exception of The Saucer which likely postdates the Sheep Track eruption. The source of the Sheep Track pumice is unknown, but it probably originated from a vent hidden under Tencho Glacier.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=237}} Argon–argon dating indicates that the pumice was deposited by an explosive eruption sometime in the last 7,000 years, most likely around 950 CE.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Eruptive History}}

Ice Peak is underlain by the Pyramid Formation, which consists mainly of Pleistocene rhyolite and trachyte lava flows, domes and thick piles of pyroclastic breccia.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=129}}{{sfn|Souther 1988: Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex}} Also underlying Ice Peak are alkali basalt lava flows and flow breccia of the Tenchen Member of the Nido Formation, which were erupted from multiple volcanoes during the Pliocene.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther 1988: Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex}} The southern edge of the Ice Peak pile laps out against Miocene comenditic or trachytic pumice and ash flows of the Armadillo Formation.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=145}}{{sfn|Souther 1988: Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex}} The oldest geological formation underlying Ice Peak is the Raspberry Formation, which consists of Miocene alkali basalt and minor hawaiite and mugearite.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther 1988: Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex}} These volcanic rocks are in the form of lava flows, flow breccia and agglutinate, although pillow lava and tuff breccia occur locally.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}} Underlying the Raspberry Formation are sedimentary, volcanic and metamorphic rocks of the Stikinia terrane, which are Paleozoic and Mesozoic in age.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther 1988: Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=2, 39}}

The name of the peak became official on January 2, 1980, and was adopted on the National Topographic System map 104G after being submitted to the BC Geographical Names office by the Geological Survey of Canada.{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak}}{{sfn|Geographical Names Data Base: Ice Peak}} Several other features on or near the flanks of Ice Peak have names that were also adopted on January 2, 1980, including Tennena Cone, Keda Cone, Koosick Bluff and Ornostay Bluff.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Keda Cone}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Koosick Bluff}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Ornostay Bluff}} Ice Peak is tautological with Ice Mountain, another name for Mount Edziza referring to its cover of glacial ice.{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza}}{{sfn|Government of British Columbia: Conservancy Renamed Ice Mountain, Reflects Tahltan Heritage|2022}} The Ice Peak stratovolcano is sometimes referred to as Ice Volcano.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=145}}{{sfn|Edwards et al.|2009|p=252}}

{{Portal|Volcanoes|Mountains}}

• List of volcanoes in Canada
• List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes
• Volcanism of Western Canada

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

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• {{cite map|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|title=Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia|map=1623A|scale=1:50,000|type=Geological map|cartography=M. Sigouin, Geological Survey of Canada|publisher=Energy, Mines and Resources Canada|year=1988|language=en|doi=10.4095/133498|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}}}
• {{cite map|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|url=https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/gsc/memoirs/420/map_1623a_accompany.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706002237/https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/gsc/memoirs/420/map_1623a_accompany.pdf|archive-date=July 6, 2024|title=Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex|scale=1:50,000|type=Diagrammatic cross sections|cartography=M. Sigouin, Geological Survey of Canada|publisher=Energy, Mines and Resources Canada|year=1988|ref={{harvid|Souther 1988: Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex}}}}
• {{cite report |last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|title=The Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia|work=Geological Survey of Canada|publisher=Canada Communication Group|series=Memoir 420|year=1992|isbn=0-660-14407-7|doi=10.4095/133497|doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|last2=Armstrong|first2=R. L.|author-link2=Richard Lee Armstrong|last3=Harakal|first3=J.|title=Chronology of the Peralkaline, Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, Northern British Columbia, Canada|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|publisher=Geological Society of America|volume=95|issue=3|pages=337–349|year=1984|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<337:COTPLC>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1984GSAB...95..337S |issn=0016-7606}}
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Wood|editor-first1=Charles A.|editor-last2=Kienle|editor-first2=Jürgen|last1=Souther|first1=Jack G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eyDRib-FJh4C|title=Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada|chapter=Volcanoes of Canada|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-43811-X}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Spooner|first1=I. S.|last2=Osborn|first2=G. D.|last3=Barendregt|first3=R. W.|last4=Irving|first4=E.|title=A Record of Early Pleistocene Glaciation on the Mount Edziza Plateau, Northwestern British Columbia|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|publisher=NRC Research Press|pages=2046–2056|volume=32|issue=12|year=1995|doi=10.1139/e95-158|bibcode=1995CaJES..32.2046S |issn=0008-4077|ref={{harvid|Spooner et al.|1995}}}}
• {{cite web|title=Stikine Volcanic Belt|work=Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|date=February 13, 2008|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_stikine_e.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211075646/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_stikine_e.php|archive-date=December 11, 2010|ref={{harvid|Natural Resources Canada: Stikine Volcanic Belt}}}}
• {{cite bcgnis|id=15029|name=Tennaya Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930223322/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15029.html|archive-date=September 30, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Tennaya Creek}}}}
• {{cite bcgnis|id=15030|name=Tennena Cone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608011914/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15030.html|archive-date=June 8, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}}}}

{{refend}}

• {{cite peakbagger|pid=51405|name=Ice Peak, British Columbia}}

{{Mount Edziza volcanic complex}}

{{Northern Cordilleran volcanoes}}

{{Interior Mountains}}

Category:Mount Edziza

Category:Stratovolcanoes of Canada

Category:Calderas of British Columbia

Category:Pleistocene volcanoes

Category:Holocene volcanoes

Category:Central volcanoes

Category:Two-thousanders of British Columbia

Category:Pyramidal peaks