Indonesian nationalism

{{merge from|Indonesian National Awakening|discuss=Talk:Indonesian nationalism#Merge proposal|date=December 2024}}

{{Short description|Ideology in Dutch colonial era}}

{{Lead extra info|date=September 2022}}

File:Collectie NMvWereldculturen, TM-20025985, Dia- Het hijsen van de Indonesische vlag tijdens de viering van Onafhankelijkheidsdag, Boy Lawson, 17-08-1971.jpg to commemorate Independence Day, which is held every August 16 in Indonesia]]

Indonesian nationalism is an ideology that arose during the Dutch colonial era in the Dutch East Indies which called for the colony's independence and unification as an independent and sovereign nation. This period of nationalist development under colonial rule is often called the Indonesian National Awakening. After Indonesia declared independence in 1945 and was recognized as independent of the Netherlands following the 1949 Indonesian National Revolution, Indonesian nationalism persisted as a set of ideologies supporting the continued independence and development of the newly formed country.

Indonesian nationalism primarily emerged in urban areas where it subsequently diffused to rural areas.{{Cite journal |last=Van Der Kroef |first=Justus M. |date=1952 |title=Society and Culture in Indonesian Nationalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2771789 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=11–24 |doi=10.1086/221068 |jstor=2771789 |issn=0002-9602}} Indonesian nationalism has been described as emerging in the early 20th century, with the establishment of Budi Utomo in 1908.{{Cite journal |last=Kartodirdjo |first=Sartono |date=1962 |title=Some Problems on the Genesis of Nationalism in Indonesia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20067368 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=67–94 |doi=10.1017/S0217781100000569 |jstor=20067368 |issn=0217-7811}} Prince Diponegoro has been considered a forerunner to the Indonesian nationalist movement, owing to his opposition to Dutch colonial rule in the 19th century.{{Cite journal |last=van der Kroef |first=Justus M. |date=1949 |title=Prince Diponegoro: Progenitor of Indonesian Nationalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2049542 |journal=The Far Eastern Quarterly |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=424–450 |doi=10.2307/2049542 |jstor=2049542 |issn=0363-6917}}

As Indonesia is multiethnic, Indonesian nationalism does not consist of advocacy for a single ethnic group. Indonesian nationalism takes diverse forms{{Cite journal |last=van der Kroef |first=Justus M. |date=1972 |title=Indonesian Nationalism Reconsidered |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2755260 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=42–59 |doi=10.2307/2755260 |jstor=2755260 |issn=0030-851X}} and has at times manifested as civic nationalism, religious nationalism,{{cite web |title=Muslim Berperan Besar dalam Kemerdekaan RI |url=https://republika.co.id/berita/koran/khazanah-koran/16/02/23/o2zko814-muslim-berperan-besar-dalam-kemerdekaan-ri |website=Republika |date=23 February 2016 |access-date=5 June 2021 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528223521/https://republika.co.id/berita/koran/khazanah-koran/16/02/23/o2zko814-muslim-berperan-besar-dalam-kemerdekaan-ri |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |author1=Justus M. Van Der Kroef |title=The Role of Islam in Indonesian Nationalism and Politics |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/106591295801100103?journalCode=prqa |journal=Western Political Quarterly |year=1958 |volume=11 |pages=33–54 |doi=10.1177/106591295801100103 |s2cid=220986442 |access-date=5 June 2021 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528223530/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/106591295801100103?journalCode=prqa |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |title=Nationalism and Religion in Indonesia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023866 |journal=Far Eastern Survey |jstor=3023866 |access-date=15 June 2021 |last1=Vandenbosch |first1=Amry |year=1952 |volume=21 |issue=18 |pages=181–185 |doi=10.2307/3023866 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528202930/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023866 |url-status=live }} and left-wing nationalism. Some of those forms are exemplified in Indonesia's national motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika which means "Unity in Diversity" in Old Javanese, in the country's foundational ideology of Pancasila, or in contemporary laws which guarantee ethnic and religious diversity.{{Cite web|url=https://luk.staff.ugm.ac.id/atur/UU12-2006KewarganegaraanRI.pdf|title=Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2006 or Law No.12/2006|date=2006|access-date=2021-05-28|archive-date=2022-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407184744/https://luk.staff.ugm.ac.id/atur/UU12-2006KewarganegaraanRI.pdf|url-status=live}}