Information technology in India#Chennai

The Electronics Committee also known as the "Bhabha Committee" created a 10-year (1966–1975) plan laying the foundation for India's IT Service Industries.{{Cite journal |last=Agarwal |first=Suraj Mal |date=10 July 2002 |title=Electronics in India: Past strategies and future possibilities Author links open overlay panel |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0305750X85901317 |journal=World Development|volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=273–292 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(85)90131-7 |url-access=subscription }} The industry was born in Mumbai in 1967 with the establishment of Tata Consultancy Services{{cite web |url=http://www.itida.gov.eg/Documents/Tholons_study.pdf |title=Top 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing Cities |publisher=www.itida.gov.eg |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921041909/http://www.itida.gov.eg/Documents/Tholons_study.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2018 |url-status=dead }} who in 1977 partnered with Burroughs which began India's export of IT services.{{cite web |url=http://www.doccentre.net/Tod/SEZs-Profits-At-Any-Cost.php |title=Special Economic Zones: Profits At Any Cost |publisher=Doccentre.net |access-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907192447/http://www.doccentre.net/Tod/SEZs-Profits-At-Any-Cost.php |archive-date=7 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }} The first software export zone, SEEPZ – the precursor to the modern-day IT park – was established in Mumbai in 1973. More than 80 percent of the country's software exports were from SEEPZ in the 1980s.

{{Blockquote|Within 90 days of its establishment, the Task Force produced an extensive background report on the state of technology in India and an IT Action Plan with 108 recommendations. The Task Force could act quickly because it built upon the experience and frustrations of state governments, central government agencies, universities, and the software industry. Much of what it proposed was also consistent with the thinking and recommendations of international bodies like the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and World Bank. In addition, the Task Force incorporated the experiences of Singapore and other nations, which implemented similar programs. It was less a task of invention than of sparking action on a consensus that had already evolved within the networking community and government.}}

File:Tidel park, Chennai.jpg in Chennai was the largest IT park in Asia when it was opened in 1999.]]

Regulated VSAT links became visible in 1994.{{cite web|url=http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/issue7/ov_india.html |title=Online Journal of Space Communication |publisher=Spacejournal.ohio.edu |access-date=28 September 2013}} Desai (2006) describes the steps taken to relax regulations on linking in 1991:

{{Blockquote|In 1991 the Department of Electronics broke this impasse, creating a corporation called Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) that, being owned by the government, could provide VSAT communications without breaching its monopoly. STPI set up software technology parks in different cities, each of which provided satellite links to be used by firms; the local link was a wireless radio link. In 1993 the government began to allow individual companies their own dedicated links, which allowed work done in India to be transmitted abroad directly. Indian firms soon convinced their American customers that a satellite link was as reliable as a team of programmers working in the clients' office.}}

A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development. On 25 June 2002, India and the European Union agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology. From 2017, India holds an Associate Member State status at CERN, while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Center will be located in Bangalore.{{cite book|title=India Telecom Laws and Regulations Handbook|date=2013|publisher=Int'l Business Publication|isbn=978-1433081903|page=300}}

==Automation and layoffs==

{{Expand section|date=May 2024}}

In the last decade most of the IT companies developed indigenous R&D and innovation capabilities to develop home grown IT products.{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/25/no-indias-high-tech-labor-isnt-leaving-the-u-s-for-bangalore/?sh=7957b7ec1768|title=No, India's High Tech Labor Isn't Leaving The U.S. For Bangalore|work=Forbes|date=25 September 2017}} As the IT–BPM sector evolves, many are concerned that artificial intelligence (AI) will drive significant automation and destroy jobs in the coming years.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth|title=Why automation could be a threat to India's growth|work=BBC News|date=19 May 2017}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-it-firms-set-to-slash-3-mn-jobs-by-2022-due-to-automation-boa-report-11623850905672.html|title=Indian IT firms set to slash 3 mn jobs by 2022 due to automation: BofA report|work=Mint|date=16 June 2021}}

The rise of AI-powered code generation tools like ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot has sparked discussions about their potential impact on programming jobs.{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=AI will hit jobs in Indian IT sector but experts say companies can also be ethical about job cuts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/features/story/ai-will-hit-jobs-in-indian-it-sector-but-experts-say-companies-can-also-be-ethical-about-job-cuts-2513756-2024-03-12 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=India Today |language=en}} These tools can automate some coding tasks, potentially affecting the skillset required for certain programming roles.{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=AI and cost cutting biggest reasons why tech layoffs have surged by 136 per cent in 2024, reveals study |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/ai-and-cost-cutting-biggest-reasons-why-tech-lays-offs-have-surged-by-136-per-cent-in-2024-reveals-study-2499830-2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=India Today |language=en}} In 2024, the tech industry witnessed a significant increase in layoffs, with companies like Google, Amazon, Meta, and Cisco announcing job cuts. While AI is a contributing factor, economic downturns and cost-cutting measures often influence such decisions. Automation's role in the IT industry has been a topic of discussion. Industry leaders like Vineet Nayar, former CEO of HCL, have suggested that automation may lead to a decrease in workforce size needed for specific tasks.{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=AI Will Lead To 70% Employees Getting Laid Off In India's IT Sector, Warns Former HCL CEO |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/hcl-former-ceo-warning-ai-will-lead-to-70-percent-layoffs-in-indias-it-sector-629396.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/ai-will-lead-to-70-layoffs-in-it-sector-warns-former-hcl-ceo/ar-BB1jxQxw {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}} According to Layoffs', there have been over 500,000 layoffs from 2022 until April 2024.{{Cite web |last= |title=Over 4.25 lakh tech employees lose jobs in 2023, layoffs continue during holidays - ET CIO |url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/over-4-25-lakh-tech-employees-lose-jobs-in-2023-layoffs-continue-during-holidays/106283378 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=ETCIO.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Corrall |first=Alyssa Stringer, Cody |date=2024-05-07 |title=A comprehensive list of 2024 tech layoffs |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/05/07/tech-layoffs-2023-list/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2024-05-01 |title=Tech layoffs 2024: Over 20K sacked in April; Tesla, Apple, Byju's lead the pack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/tech-layoffs-2024-over-20k-sacked-in-april-9301477/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}} According to Harvard Business Review research, AI could impact various job sectors, including writing, coding, and imaging. A recent study suggests that up to 30% of jobs in these fields might be affected due to the efficiency and capabilities of AI tools like ChatGPT and image-generating AI.{{cite journal | url=https://hbr.org/2024/11/research-how-gen-ai-is-already-impacting-the-labor-market | title=Research: How Gen AI is Already Impacting the Labor Market | journal=Harvard Business Review | date=11 November 2024 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/gen-ai-is-coming-for-your-job-new-research-shows-up-to-30-per-cent-decline-in-writing-coding-and-imaging-jobs-2632697-2024-11-13 | title=Gen AI is coming for your job, new research shows up to 30 per cent decline in writing, coding and imaging jobs | date=13 November 2024 }}

According to Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI) of the University of Pennsylvania, it is expected in India, which has 65 percent of global IT off-shore work and 40 percent of global business processing, will have 69 percent of its jobs in the formal employment automated by 2030.{{Cite web |date=2018-11-05 |title=Automation and the Future of Jobs in India |url=https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/iit/kuriakoseiyer |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI) |language=en}} One report indicates that 640,000 low-skilled service jobs in the IT sector are at risk due to automation, while only 160,000 mid- to high-skilled positions will be created in the IT and BPO service sectors.{{Cite web |title=How Automation Will Shape the Future of Work in India |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/02/how-automation-will-shape-the-future-of-work-in-india/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}} Goldman Sachs has predicted that advances in artificial intelligence (AI) could potentially automate the equivalent of 300 million full-time jobs globally.{{Cite web |title=Generative AI Could Raise Global GDP by 7% |url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/generative-ai-could-raise-global-gdp-by-7-percent.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Goldman Sachs |language=en-US}}{{cite web | url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/goldman-sachs-says-ai-automation-190424288.html | title=Goldman Sachs Says AI Automation Could Disrupt 300 Million Jobs Worldwide | date=5 April 2023 }}

The tech industry witnessed a significant increase in layoffs in 2024, with companies like Google, Amazon, Meta, and Cisco announcing job cuts. While AI is a contributing factor, economic downturns and cost-cutting measures often influence such decisions.{{Cite web |last=Stringer |first=Cody Corrall, Alyssa |date=2024-06-04 |title=A comprehensive list of 2024 tech layoffs |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/06/04/tech-layoffs-2023-list/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}} Vineet Nayar, former CEO of HCL said in March 2024 that automation may lead to a decrease in the workforce size needed for specific tasks, particularly for repetitive or data entry-heavy IT jobs and skills of employees for coding, testing, maintenance, responding to trouble tickets, all that will be taken over by AI these skills will become obsolete.{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=AI Will Lead To 70% Employees Getting Laid Off In India's IT Sector, Warns Former HCL CEO |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/hcl-former-ceo-warning-ai-will-lead-to-70-percent-layoffs-in-indias-it-sector-629396.html |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=Exclusive: AI will lead to IT companies needing 70 per cent fewer people, says former HCL CEO Vineet Nayar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/exclusive-ai-will-lead-to-it-companies-needing-70-per-cent-fewer-people-says-former-hcl-ceo-vineet-nayar-2512199-2024-03-08 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}

The rise of AI-powered code generation tools like ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot has sparked discussions about their potential impact on programming jobs. These tools can automate some coding tasks, potentially affecting the skillset required for specific programming roles. Programmers may need to adapt to working alongside AI tools, focusing on areas that require human creativity, problem-solving, and strategic thinking.{{Cite web |title=How AI tools impact the way we develop software: our GitHub Copilot journey |url=https://www.emergn.com/insights/how-ai-tools-impact-the-way-we-develop-software-our-github-copilot-journey/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Emergn |language=en-US}}

The Indian IT-BPM industry has the highest employee attrition rate.{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/employee-attrition-a-big-headache-for-indian-it-companies-can-they-tide-over-it-11629870315500.html|title=Employee attrition a big headache for IT companies. Can they tide over it?|work=Mint|date=25 August 2021}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2021/nov/21/the-great-attrition-its-a-difficult-time-to-be-a-boss-2386165.html |title=The 'great attrition': It's a difficult time to be a boss|work=The New Indian Express|date=21 November 2021}}{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/despite-bonuses-and-salary-hikes-indias-it-sector-will-see-over-a-million-resignations-this-year/articleshow/87324879.cms|title=Despite bonuses and salary hikes, India's IT sector will see over a million resignations this year|work=The Times of India|date=28 October 2021}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/companies/what-s-behind-record-staff-exits-at-indian-it-giants-121101900242_1.html|title=What's behind record staff exits at Indian IT giants?|work=Business Standard|date=21 October 2021|last1=Vanamali|first1=Krishna Veera}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/attrition-in-it-sector-to-cross-1-million-this-year/article36702884.ece|title=Attrition in IT sector to cross 1 million this year'|work=The Hindu|date=27 September 2021}} In recent years, the industry has seen a surge in resignations at all levels. As a global outsourcing hub, the Indian IT industry benefits from a lower cost of living and the consequent cheaper labor.{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201213-workers-riot-at-india-iphone-factory-over-exploitation-claims|title=Workers riot at India iPhone factory over 'exploitation' claims|work=France 24|date=13 December 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/India-s-IT-sector-feels-squeeze-of-higher-US-labor-costs|title=India's IT sector feels squeeze of higher US labor costs|work=The Nikkei|date=25 October 2018}}

Several factors contribute to the high attrition rate in the Indian IT sector. These include a lack of career growth opportunities, work-life balance issues, high workload and stress, and limited skill development opportunities. Additionally, competitive compensation packages offered by other companies (both domestic and international) can be a significant pull factor for employees.{{Cite web |last=kumar |first=prashirsh |date=2023-02-14 |title=Top 5 Reasons Behind Attrition and Strategies to Combat Them. |url=https://kredily.com/reasons-behind-employee-attrition/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Free Forever HRMS and Payroll For Unlimited Employees |language=en-US}}

The high attrition rate has several negative consequences for the IT-BPM industry.  Companies incur increased costs associated with recruitment and training new employees.  There's also a loss of institutional knowledge and expertise, leading to project delays and decreased productivity.  Furthermore, damage can occur to client relationships due to frequent employee turnover{{Cite web |title=Impact of Attrition on Productivity: Costs Beyond Hiring |url=https://www.plumhq.com/blog/impact-of-attrition-on-productivity |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.plumhq.com |language=en}}

IT companies in India are taking steps to address the high attrition rate.  Some initiatives include implementing work-life balance policies like flexible work arrangements and increased paid time off. Companies are also focusing on providing opportunities for career development and skill enhancement through training programs and mentorship opportunities.  Offering competitive compensation and benefits packages, creating a positive and engaging work culture, and investing in employee recognition and appreciation programs are other strategies being used.{{Cite web |title=Reduce Employee Attrition with These 10 Strategies |url=https://www.driveresearch.com/market-research-company-blog/9-strategies-for-reducing-employee-attrition/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.driveresearch.com |date=9 May 2024 |language=en-us}}

{{Main|Big Tech (India)}}

In the contemporary world economy, India is the largest exporter of IT. The contribution of the IT sector in India's GDP rose from 1.2% in 1998 to 7% in 2019.{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/technology/will-indian-it-industry-sustain-its-growth-momentum-122012800079_1.html|title=Will Indian IT industry sustain its growth momentum?|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=28 January 2022 |last1=Rakheja |first1=Bhaswar Kumar Harshit }} Exports dominate the Indian IT industry and constitute about 79% of the industry's total revenue. However, the domestic market is also significant, with robust revenue growth.{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/320776/contribution-of-indian-it-industry-to-india-s-gdp/|title=nformation technology/business process management (IT-BPM) sector in India as a share of India's gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2017|work=NASSCOM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220032358/http://www.nasscom.in/indian-itbpo-industry|archive-date=20 December 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=15 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}

The industry's share of total Indian exports (merchandise plus services) increased from less than 4% in FY1998 to about 25% in FY2012. The technologically inclined services sector in India accounts for 40% of the country's GDP and 30% of export earnings as of 2006, while employing only 25% of its workforce, according to Sharma (2006). According to Gartner, the "Top Five Indian IT Services Providers" are Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Wipro, Tech Mahindra, and HCL Technologies.{{cite web|url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=2007116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508195823/http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=2007116 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2012 |title=Gartner Says Top six Indian IT Services Providers Grew 23.8 Percent In 2011 |publisher=Gartner.com |date=7 May 2012 |access-date=28 September 2013}}

The IT and BPM industry's revenue is estimated at US$194 billion in FY 2021, an increase of 2.3% YoY. The domestic revenue of the IT industry is estimated at US$45 billion and export revenue is estimated at US$150 billion in FY 2021.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/indian-it-and-ites-industry-analysis-presentation|title=Indian IT & BPM Industry Analysis|work=India Brand Equity Foundation|date=21 October 2021}} The IT industry employed almost 2.8 million employees in FY 2021.{{Cite journal |last1=Nisha |first1=Nazir Taj |last2=Nawaz |first2=Nishad |last3=Mahalakshmi |first3=Jayakumar |last4=Gajenderan |first4=Vijayakumar |last5=Hasani |first5=Islam |date=2022 |title=A Study on the Impact of Sustainable Leadership and Core Competencies on Sustainable Competitive Advantage in the Information Technology (IT) Sector |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=6899 |doi=10.3390/su14116899 |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Sust...14.6899N }} The IT–BPM sector overall employs 5.4 million people as of March 2023.{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/indias-tech-industry-set-to-reach-245-billion-in-fy23/2996774/|title=India's tech industry set to reach $245 billion in FY23|date=2 March 2023 }}{{cite news | work=Statista | date=21 October 2021 | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/320729/india-it-industry-direct-indirect-employment/ |title=Employment of the IT–BPM industry in India from financial year 2009 to 2021 | access-date=21 October 2021}}

In 2022, companies within the sector faced significant employee attrition and intense competition in hiring's.{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Devina |date=2022-04-22 |title=Entry-level salaries at IT cos set to rise amid high attrition |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/entrylevel-salaries-at-it-cos-set-to-rise-amid-high-attrition-11650647839264.html |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=mint |language=en}} Indian IT revenues grow fastest in a decade to $227 billion in COVID-19 pandemic -hit FY22. NASSCOM in its Strategic Review predicted that the IT industry can achieve the ambitious target of being a US$ 350 billion by FY26 growing at a rate of 11-14 per cent.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

{{Main|Software Technology Parks of India#Exports_by_STPI_registered_IT/ITeS_units}}

Below is the State wise list of revenue in IT exports as of FY2023.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnatakas-it-exports-crossed-3-lakh-crore-in-fy-2023-priyank-kharge/article67588197.ece|title=Karnataka's IT exports crossed ₹3 lakh crore in FY 2023: Priyank Kharge|website=The Times of India |date=16 November 2021 }}{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/hyd-is-no-competition-for-bluru-its-talent-base-union-minister/articleshow/105641294.cms|title='Hyderabad is no competition for Bengaluru & its talent base'|website=The Times of India|accessdate=11 March 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/karnatakas-it-export-targets-to-be-lowered-amid-downturn/article67244941.ece|title=Karnataka's IT export targets to be lowered amid downturn|date=28 August 2023 }}{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana8-it-exports-leap-to-rs-1-83-lakh-crore-in-2022/articleshow/91950809.cms|title=Telangana@8: IT exports leap to Rs 1.83 lakh crore in 2022| newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 May 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020}}

Top IT services companies in India in 2022 by market capitalization.{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/top-10-indian-companies-by-market-value/articleshow/74577297.cms|title=Top 10 Indian companies by market value}}{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/hcl-technologies-becomes-4th-it-firm-to-hit-rs-3-trillion-market-cap-121081300739_1.html|title=HCL Technologies becomes 4th IT firm to hit Rs 3 trillion market-cap|date=13 August 2021 }}{{cite web|url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/wipro/marketcap/|title=Market capitalization}}{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/lti-mindtree-merger-comes-into-effect-becomes-5th-largest-it-company-by-m-cap/articleshow/95509724.cms|title=LTI-Mindtree merger comes into effect, becomes 5th largest IT company by m-cap|newspaper=The Economic Times |last1=Agarwal |first1=Nikhil }}{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/wipro-hits-rs-4-trillion-in-market-cap-third-it-company-to-do-so-11634196841017.html|title=Wipro third IT co to hit ₹4 trillion market cap|date=14 October 2021 }} In September 2021, TCS recorded a market capitalization of US$ 200 billion, making it the first Indian IT tech company to do so.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tcs-2nd-indian-co-to-hit-200bn-mcap-after-ril/articleshow/86245377.cms|title=TCS 2nd Indian company to hit $200 billion mcap after RIL|website=The Times of India |date=16 September 2021 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/tcs-market-capitalisation-hits-200-billion-as-shares-jump-to-fresh-highs-2542286|title=TCS Market Capitalisation Hits $200 Billion As Shares Jump To Fresh Highs|date=15 September 2021 }}{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-first-indian-tech-company-to-cross-200-billion-market-cap/articleshow/86232295.cms|title=TCS first Indian tech company to cross $200 billion market cap|newspaper=The Economic Times |date= 15 September 2021|last1=Krishnan |first1=Raghu }} On 24 August 2021, Infosys became the fourth Indian company to reach $100 billion in market capitalization.{{Cite news|title=Infosys becomes 4th Indian company to touch $100 bn market cap|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/infosys-becomes-fourth-indian-firm-to-touch-100-billion-market-cap/articleshow/85612033.cms}}{{cite web|last=Salil|first=K.|date=2021-08-24|title=Infosys becomes fourth Indian company to reach market cap of $100 billion|url=https://thefederal.com/business/infosys-becomes-fourth-indian-company-to-reach-market-cap-of-100-billion/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=The Federal}}

Top IT services companies in India in 2022 by revenue.{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/hcl-tech-beats-wipro-to-become-indias-third-largest-it-company/articleshow/93879712.cms|title=HCL Tech beats Wipro to become India's third largest IT company}}{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ltimindtrees-banking-fin-portfolio-to-be-5th-largest/articleshow/91425364.cms|title=LTIMindtree to have fifth largest BFSI portfolio|website=The Times of India |date=9 May 2022 }}

File:Bagmane Tech Park Bangalore India.jpg]]

Bengaluru is a global technology hub and is India's biggest tech hub.{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengaluru-ranked-8th-global-list-leading-technology-innovation-hubs-152948|title = Bengaluru ranked 8th in global list of leading technology innovation hubs|date = 26 July 2021}} As of fiscal 2016–17, Bengaluru accounted for 38% of total IT exports from India worth $45 billion, employing 10 lakh people directly and 30 lakh indirectly.{{cite news |title='Bangalore will become the world's largest IT cluster by 2020' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/%E2%80%98Bangalore-will-become-the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-IT-cluster-by-2020%E2%80%99/article20909098.ece |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=Business Line |language=en}} The city is known as the "Silicon Valley of India".{{cite web|url =https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access|title =How the 'Silicon' is bridging the digital divide |last =Canton|first =Naomi|date =6 December 2012 |publisher =CNN |access-date =6 December 2012}}{{cite news|url =https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html|title =Is the Next Silicon Valley Taking Root in Bangalore? |last =RAI|first =SARITHA|work =The New York Times |date =20 March 2006 |access-date =20 March 2006}}

Bengaluru is also known as the "startup capital of India"; the city is home to 44 percent of all Indian unicorn startup companies as of 2020.{{cite news |title=Bengaluru is India's unicorn capital, reveals report |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/bengaluru-is-indias-unicorn-capital-reveals-report-5011231.htm |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=cnbctv18.com}}

File:Amazon Hyderabad campus.jpg

Hyderabad – known for the HITEC City or Cyberabad – is India's second largest information technology exporter and a major global IT hub, and the largest bioinformatics hub in India.{{cite web|last=Udgirkar|first=Trushna|title=New innovation support centre to open in Hyderabad this month|date=2 October 2015|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/rGXHb9JufpgLVJWhNwPl2H/New-innovation-support-centre-to-open-in-Hyderabad-this-mont.html}}{{cite web|title=Hyderabad to emerge as new biotechnology capital of India: Experts|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=83770&sid=1|access-date=3 November 2017|website=www.PharmaBiz.com|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023026/http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=83770&sid=1|url-status=dead}} Hyderabad has emerged as the second largest city in the country for software exports pipping competitors Chennai and Pune.{{cite web|title=Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Hyderabad-Pips-Chennai-Pune-in-Software-Exports/2014/09/26/article2449874.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927064616/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Hyderabad-Pips-Chennai-Pune-in-Software-Exports/2014/09/26/article2449874.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2014|work=The New Indian Express}}{{cite web|title=CDFD to be Sun's first CoE in medical informatics|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-02-12/news/27411217_1_cdfd-computational-biology-centre-for-dna-fingerprinting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030211/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-02-12/news/27411217_1_cdfd-computational-biology-centre-for-dna-fingerprinting|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2015|work=timesofindia-economictimes}}{{cite web|title=Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/sep/26/hyderabad-pips-chennai-pune-in-software-exports-665308.html|access-date=1 April 2018|website=newindianexpress.com|date=26 September 2014 }}

{{See also|List of tech parks in Chennai}}

File:Zoho headquarters in chennai.jpg headquarters in Chennai]]

{{As of|2018}}, Chennai is India's third-largest exporter of information technology (IT) after Bangalore and Hyderabad and business process outsourcing (BPO) services.{{cite web|title=Chennai activities|url=http://www.nasscom.org/chennai-activities|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116141448/http://nasscom.org/chennai-activities|archive-date=16 November 2012|access-date=28 December 2012|publisher=NASSCOM|df=dmy-all}}{{cite news|last=Chandramouli|first=Rajesh|date=1 May 2008|title=Chennai emerging as India's Silicon Valley?|work=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms|access-date=28 December 2012}} TIDEL Park in Chennai was billed as Asia's largest IT park when it was built.{{cite news|date=2 November 2000|title=Ford's Rs. 200-cr. IT hub in Chennai|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/02/stories/04022231.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020130201321/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/02/stories/04022231.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2002|access-date=28 December 2012}}{{cite web|title=Work ethics: How Indian cities fare|url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2008/jul/31slide5.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|publisher=Rediff}}

File:Kharadi EON IT park.jpg

Pune has established itself as a key player in India’s IT and consultancy sectors, attracting major companies like Infosys, TCS, Accenture, Amdocs, Cognizant, IBM, Capgemini and Tech Mahindra. The city is a hub for IT services, software development, and consultancy work, serving global clients across various industries. There are several Global Capability Centres operating in Pune, Some of them being the largest names in Finance sector like UBS, Barclays and BNY. Beyond large corporations, Pune’s startup ecosystem has flourished, with companies like Druva, specializing in cloud data protection, and [https://www.xpressbees.com/ Xpressbees], a leading logistics firm, scaling up rapidly. Startups such as FirstCry and PubMatic have also gained international recognition, highlighting Pune’s role in driving both innovation and business growth in the IT space.

{{See also|List of tech parks in Kolkata}}

File:SaltLakeSectorV KolkataSkyline Bidhannagar.jpg Salt Lake - the IT hub of Kolkata]]

File:DLF IT Park - Rajarhat 2012-04-11 9380.JPG]]

Kolkata (Greater) is one of the major and the biggest IT hub of East India. Most of the IT parks and offices are located at New Town and Bidhannagar. Salt Lake Electronics Complex in Salt Lake Sector-V is India's first fully integrated Electronics Complex.{{Cite web |title=Past and Present Economic Status of West Bengal: A Review |url=https://www.trp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ARSS-Vol.9-No.2-July-December-2020-pp.8-13.pdf |website=www.trp.org.in}} As of 2020, The IT sector employs more than 200,000 people directly. Total export from IT sector was estimated at ₹25,918 crore in 2021–22.{{cite web |date=10 April 2022 |title=Software and Service Exports Rise |url=https://kolkata.stpi.in/en/news/software-and-service-exports-rise |website=kolkata.stpi.in}} In 2022, Kolkata generated 20,000 direct jobs in just 6 months, which is an all-time high for IT industry in East India.{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkatas-sector-v-new-town-on-overdrive-add-20000-it-jobs-in-last-6-months/articleshow/96997664.cms | title=Kolkata's Sector V, New Town on overdrive, add 20,000 IT jobs in last 6 months | newspaper=The Times of India | date=15 January 2023 }}

Delhi NCR is one of the major IT hubs in India. Apart from Delhi, cities in NCR like Bhiwadi, Noida and Greater Noida have several companies that serve the local and global markets who take help from these IT hubs.

===Fake experience certificates===

{{Expand section|date=May 2024}}

In recent years, many IT workers use forged experience certificates to gain entry into the Indian IT industry.{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ameerpet-adda-for-wannabe-techies/article3276199.ece | title=Ameerpet, 'adda' for wannabe techies | newspaper=The Hindu | date=3 April 2012 | last1=Sreedhar | first1=Nemmani }}{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/apr/12/foreigneducational-consultancies-in-net-for-fake-documentscase-2440902.html | title=Foreign educational consultancies in net for fake documents case | date=11 April 2022 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs-trends/in-the-season-of-it-layoffs-rs-10000-can-get-you-a-letter-of-experience-2299049.html | title=In the season of IT layoffs, Rs 10,000 can get you a letter of experience | date=7 June 2017 }}{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hard-times-for-fake-techies/articleshow/9928492.cms | title=Hard times for 'fake' techies | Hyderabad News - Times of India | website=The Times of India | date=10 September 2011 }}{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/ameerpet-houses-hundreds-of-it-institutes-and-over-one-lakh-students/articleshow/6604215.cms | title=Ameerpet houses hundreds of IT institutes and over one lakh students | newspaper=The Economic Times | last1=Sengupta | first1=Devina }}{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-fake-educational-certificate-racket-busted-4-arrested-8010651/ | title=Telangana: Fake educational certificate racket busted, four arrested | date=5 July 2022 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/sep/28/bengaluru-turning-hub-of-fake-degree-rackets-1878200.html | title=Bengaluru turning hub of fake degree rackets? | date=28 September 2018 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bangalore-police-experience-certificate-scam-mncs-it-jimutesh-sharma-250967-2015-05-01 | title=Bangalore cops bust fake work experience certificate racket, 200 may lose jobs | date=May 2015 }} These fake documents are provided by consultancies that are mainly operating out of Hyderabad and Bangalore. IT professionals frequently use proxy interviews to clear interviews, but the majority of the phoney candidates are rejected during the interview round.{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-blues-it-firms-complain-as-candidates-con-their-way-to-jobs/articleshow/93668605.cms | title=Hyderabad blues: IT firms complain as candidates con their way to jobs | Hyderabad News - Times of India | website=The Times of India | date=20 August 2022 }}

The use of fake experience certificates has a detrimental effect on both the IT industry and individual employees.  It damages the reputation of Indian IT companies and can lead to a loss of productivity due to hiring unqualified candidates.  Furthermore, it can create security risks if unqualified personnel gain access to sensitive information. Employees caught using fake certificates face potential legal repercussions.{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-04-19 |title=Risks of Using Fake Experience Certificates in IT |url=https://ethans.co.in/risks-of-using-fake-experience-certificates-in-it/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |language=en-US}}

Several initiatives are being undertaken to address the use of fake experience certificates.  IT companies are implementing stricter background verification processes and utilizing more technical assessments and coding challenges during interviews. Collaboration between IT companies and educational institutions for verification of credentials is also increasing.  Government regulations and penalties for issuing or using fake certificates are additional measures being explored{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=DH Web |title=IT firms employing background verification companies to check candidate fraud: Report |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/it-firms-employing-background-verification-companies-to-check-candidate-fraud-report-1186323.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}

The intense competition for jobs in the IT industry and pressure to meet specific experience requirements might be some reasons behind the use of fake certificates.  To address these root causes, the IT industry is offering skill-based training programs and focusing on internal mobility to promote talent from within the workforce{{Cite web |title=Fake offers & Experience Certificates |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/fake-offers-experience-certificates-bharathiraja-thangappalam |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}

{{Expand section|date=May 2024}}

A 2017 study of technical support scams published at the NDSS Symposium found that, of the tech support scams in which the IPs involved could be geolocated, 85% could be traced to locations in India.{{cite conference|title=Dial One for Scam: A Large-Scale Analysis of Technical Support Scams|first1=Najmeh |last1=Miramirkhani|first2= Oleksii|last2= Starov|first3= Nick |last3=Nikiforakis|doi=10.14722/ndss.2017.23163|doi-access=free|conference=NDSS Symposium 2017|date=27 February 2017|publisher=Internet Society|pages=1–15|location=San Diego|arxiv=1607.06891}} Indian call centres are infamous for defrauding customers from the US and Europe.{{Cite news|last=Poonam|first=Snigdha|date=2 January 2018|title=The scammers gaming India's overcrowded job market|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|oclc=60623878|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jan/02/the-scammers-gaming-indias-overcrowded-job-market|access-date=5 January 2022|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820050717/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jan/02/the-scammers-gaming-indias-overcrowded-job-market|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|last=Vaidyanathan|first=Rajini|date=8 March 2020|title=Confessions of a call-centre scammer|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-51753362|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105210639/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-51753362|archive-date=5 January 2022}}{{cite news |author=Vidhi Doshi |date=8 February 2018 |title=More than 11,000 Americans targeted in India call center tax fraud |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/more-than-11000-americans-targeted-in-india-call-center-tax-fraud/2018/02/08/95e5b2ac-0cc5-11e8-baf5-e629fc1cd21e_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286|oclc=2269358|location=New Delhi |access-date=8 February 2018}}{{cite news |author=Yudhijit Bhattacharjee |date=21 April 2021 |title=Who's Making All Those Scam Calls? |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/27/magazine/scam-call-centers.html |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522|location= |access-date=21 April 2021}}{{cite news |author1= Sameer Yasir|author2=Hari Kumar |date=17 December 2020 |title=Indian Call-Center Plot Fooled Americans Into Paying Over $14 Million |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/17/world/asia/india-call-center-scam.html |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522 |location= |access-date=17 December 2020}}{{cite news |author1= Shefali Anand |date=5 October 2016 |title=Indian Police Bust IRS 'Scam Center' |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/indian-police-detain-workers-over-possible-irs-phone-scam-1475674691 |work=The Wall Street Journal |issn= 0099-9660|oclc= 781541372|location= |access-date=5 October 2016 }} Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai are the main operating locations for these fraud call centres.{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/illegal-desi-call-centres-behind-10-billion-loss-to-americans-in-2022/articleshow/96501320.cms|title=FBI dials desi 'call centres' as Americans lost Rs 6,400 cr in 'tech support' fraud in '22|newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 December 2022|accessdate=11 March 2023}}{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/us-citizens-million-fraud-calls-indias-cbi-delhi-court-8321490/|title='US citizens lost over $20 million in fraud calls, India's reputation lowered': CBI to Delhi court|date=13 December 2022|accessdate=11 March 2023}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/operation-chakra-call-centres-busted-by-cbi-were-operating-since-2014-15/article65972948.ece|title='Operation Chakra': Call centres busted by CBI were operating since 2014-15|first=Devesh K.|last=Pandey|newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 October 2022|accessdate=11 March 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/kolkata-is-indias-newest-biggest-scam-zone-police-youtubers-mice-cant-shut-it-down/1035160/|title=Kolkata is India's newest, biggest scam zone. Police, YouTubers, mice can't shut it down|first=Vandana|last=Menon|website=ThePrint |date=13 July 2022|accessdate=11 March 2023}}

Technical support scams originating from India often employ various tactics. These include pop-up scams displaying fake error messages, phishing emails or calls impersonating legitimate tech companies, and scareware tactics pressuring users into unnecessary purchases due to alleged virus infections.  Scammers exploit fear and a lack of technical knowledge by using persuasive language and impersonation tactics to appear official.{{Cite web |date=2017-09-13 |title=Scareware & Pop-up Scams |url=https://www.kaspersky.co.in/resource-center/definitions/scareware |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=/ |language=en}}

These scams have severe consequences for victims. They can suffer financial losses from stolen funds or unnecessary charges, experience identity theft and data breaches, and endure emotional distress and anxiety{{Cite journal |last1=DeLiema |first1=Marguerite |last2=Burnes |first2=David |last3=Langton |first3=Lynn |date=2021-10-05 |title=The Financial and Psychological Impact of Identity Theft Among Older Adults |journal=Innovation in Aging |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=igab043 |doi=10.1093/geroni/igab043 |issn=2399-5300 |pmc=8699092 |pmid=34988295}}

Law enforcement agencies in India and internationally are taking steps to address these call centers. This includes government crackdowns and raids on illegal operations, along with international collaboration between law enforcement agencies.{{Cite web |last=Natani |first=Sharad |date=2024-03-12 |title=How the FBI and Indian Law Enforcement Agencies Are Fighting the War With Digital Fraudsters |url=https://www.the420.in/fbi-india-cybercrime-crackdown-success-fake-call-centre/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=The420.in |language=en-US}}

{{portal|India|Technology|Software|Internet|Computer programming}}

• List of Indian IT companies
• List of special economic zones in India
• Business process outsourcing to India
• Software Technology Parks of India
• List of publicly listed software companies of India
• Supercomputing in India
• Data centre industry in India
• Technological unemployment

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

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• {{cite book |last=Parayil |first=G. |date=2016 |title=Political Economy and Information Capitalism in India: Digital Divide, Development Divide and Equity Technology, Globalization and Development |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-2-305-9561-3 }}
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• {{cite book|title=Invisible Labour: Support Service Workers in India's Information Technology Industry|author=Chakraborty, I.|isbn=978-1-000-18033-6|lccn=2020024946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPj2DwAAQBAJ|year=2020| publisher=Taylor & Francis }}
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{{refend}}

{{Economy of India}}

{{Asia topic|Information technology in}}

Category:Industries in India