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Inner London

{{Short description|Inner boroughs of Greater London}}

{{Infobox settlement

| name = Inner London

| image_map = Inner London (statutory).svg

| map_caption = Statutory definition

| image_map1 = Inner London (statistical).svg

| map_caption1 = Statistical definition

| subdivision_type = Sovereign state

| subdivision_name = United Kingdom

| subdivision_type1 = Country

| subdivision_name1 = England

| subdivision_type2 = Region

| subdivision_name2 = London

| subdivision_type3 = Administrative area

| subdivision_name3 = Greater London

| population_total = 3,404,300

| population_as_of = 2021 Census

| area_total_km2 = 319

| population_density_km2 = auto

| blank1_name = NUTS

| blank1_info = UKI1

}}

Inner London is the group of London boroughs that form the interior part of Greater London and are surrounded by Outer London. With its origins in the bills of mortality, it became fixed as an area for statistics in 1847 and was used as an area of local government from 1855 to 1965 principally as the County of London or earlier as the Metropolitan Board of Works Area (metropolis). It now has two common definitions. The first is the statutory definition delineated in the London Government Act 1963, coming into force on 1 April 1965, comprising twelve Inner London boroughs and almost identical to the County of London that was abolished at the same time.Saint, A., Politics and the people of London: the London County Council (1889–1965), (1989) The second is the definition used by the Office for National Statistics comprising eleven of the statutory Inner London boroughs and two of the statutory Outer London boroughs, as well as the City of London.[http://apps.newham.gov.uk/aboutus/PositivelyinnerLondon.pdf Newham London Borough Council] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630150805/http://apps.newham.gov.uk/aboutus/PositivelyinnerLondon.pdf |date=2007-06-30 }} – Positively Inner London

Inner London is smaller than Outer London both in terms of population and area, but the population density is more than double that of Outer London. Inner London is officially the wealthiest area in Europe with the most expensive street in Europe: as of 2013, the GDP per capita was more than €80,000{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-21032013-AP/EN/1-21032013-AP-EN.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-03-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403140856/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-21032013-AP/EN/1-21032013-AP-EN.PDF |archive-date=2013-04-03 }} while the UK GDP per capita was around €27,000.

History

=Background=

The area that is now Inner London was defined by the Registrar General as a collection of parishes called "London" and appeared in the 1851 Census. At the time the metropolitan area—commonly called the Metropolis—had its origins in the area of the Bills of mortality that had expanded from the tiny City of London into three surrounding counties{{Which|date=January 2024}} over the previous several hundred years. The area become fixed in 1847 with the addition of Lewisham Poor Law Union and the parish of Hampstead.{{cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/SRC_P/4/EW1861GEN#_edn7 |title=1861 Census: General Report |publisher=Vision of Britain |access-date=2016-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829013522/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/SRC_P/4/EW1861GEN#_edn7 |archive-date=2016-08-29 }} In 1855 the Registrar General area, with the addition of Penge, was used to define the district of the Metropolitan Board of Works.Davis, J., Reforming London: The London Government Problem, 1855–1900, (1988) The Metropolis was also described as Inner London from the 1881 Census.{{cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/SRC_P/3/EW1881GEN |title=1881 Census: General Report |publisher=Vision of Britain |access-date=2016-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829004020/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/SRC_P/3/EW1881GEN |archive-date=2016-08-29 }} In 1889 this area became the County of London. The area was adjusted in 1900 when Penge was transferred to Kent and South Hornsey was gained from Middlesex.

=London Government Act 1963=

The "Inner London boroughs" were defined by the London Government Act 1963.Office of Public Sector Information – [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 London Government Act 1963 (c.33) (as amended)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530162414/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |date=2008-05-30 }} The Inner London boroughs occupied the same area as the County of London that was abolished as they were created. North Woolwich was an anomaly as it was part of the County of London, but became part of an Outer London borough.

The main difference between Inner and Outer London boroughs between 1965 and 1990 was that the councils of the inner boroughs were not local education authorities and there was a single Inner London Education Authority for the area, including the City of London. The inner borough councils became local education authorities on 1 April 1990.

The statutory definition is used as part of the grant settlement used to finance local government.{{cite web|url=http://www.local.communities.gov.uk/finance/stats/lgfs/2005/lgfs16/h/lgfs16/images/maps/a1f.gif |title=Local authority lower tier boundaries – Greater London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531090835/http://www.local.communities.gov.uk/finance/stats/lgfs/2005/lgfs16/h/lgfs16/images/maps/a1f.gif |archive-date=2010-05-31 }}

The statutory Inner London boroughs are:

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

Newham London Borough Council argues that the municipality should be treated as part of Inner London for statutory purposes, as it is for statistical purposes (see below). This would benefit the borough financially. Only the North Woolwich area of Newham fell within the former County of London, however, and the council's advocacy has not borne fruit.

The City of London was not designated as an Inner London borough, but the Corporation of London is usually classed as an inner London local authority.{{cite web|url=http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/londonfacts/londonlocalgovernment/londonboroughs.htm |title=List of inner/outer London boroughs |publisher=London Councils |access-date=19 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122151507/http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/londonfacts/londonlocalgovernment/londonboroughs.htm |archive-date=22 January 2014 }}

=Statistics=

File:Inner London population pyramid.svg

The Office for National Statistics and Eurostat define Inner London differently, explicitly including the City of London, adding Haringey and Newham, but excluding Greenwich.{{cite web |work=A vision of Britain through time |publisher=Great Britain Historical GIS |title=Inner London through time: Administrative History (post 1974) |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10076845 |access-date=2009-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708095850/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit_page.jsp;jsessionid=6FDDA7BE0539723BE65736D5553628D9?u_id=10076845 |archive-date=2019-07-08 }} The land area is {{convert|319|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and the population at the 2021 Census was 3,404,300.{{cite web |title=Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationandhouseholdestimatesenglandandwalescensus2021 |website=Office for National Statistics |access-date=8 July 2023}}

{{Bar chart

| title = Historical population

| label_type = Year

| data_type = Population

| data_max = 5,000,000

| label4 = 1891 | data4 = 4,488,242

| label5 = 1901 | data5 = 4,859,558

| label6 = 1911 | data6 = 4,998,237

| label7 = 1921 | data7 = 4,972,870

| label8 = 1931 | data8 = 4,893,261

| label9 = 1939 | data9 = 4,364,457

| label10 = 1951 | data10 = 3,679,390

| label11 = 1961 | data11 = 3,492,879

| label12 = 1971 | data12 = 3,031,935

| label13 = 1981 | data13 = 2,550,100

| label14 = 1991 | data14 = 2,599,300

| label15 = 2001 | data15 = 2,859,400

| label16 = 2011 | data16 = 3,231,901

| label17 = 2021 | data17 = 3,404,300

}}

== Ethnicity ==

class="wikitable sortable"

! rowspan="3" |Ethnic Group

! colspan="10" |Year

colspan="2" |1981 estimations{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ethnicityin1991c0000unse |title=Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration |date=1996 |publisher=London : HMSO |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-11-691655-6}}

! colspan="2" scope="col" |1991 census{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ethnicityin1991c0000unse |title=Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration |date=1996 |publisher=London : HMSO |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-11-691655-6}}

! colspan="2" scope="col" |2001 census{{cite web |title=Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}

! colspan="2" scope="col" |2011 census{{Cite web |title=2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}

! colspan="2" |2021 census{{Cite web |title=Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}

Number

!%

! scope="col" |Number

! scope="col" |%

! scope="col" |Number

! scope="col" |%

! scope="col" |Number

! scope="col" |%

!Number

!%

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

scope="row" |White: Total

!2,062,832

!81.3%

!1,949,430

!74.2%

!1,816,605

!65.7%

!1,853,209

!57.3%

!1,813,918

!53.3%

scope="row" |White: British

|–

|–

|–

|–

|1,396,753

|50.5%

|1,240,266

|38.4%

|1,130,882

|33.2%

scope="row" |White: Irish

|–

|–

|–

|–

|93,164

|

|75,165

|

|66,808

|

scope="row" |White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller

|–

|–

|–

|–

|–

|–

|3,055

|

|1,946

|

White: Roma

|–

|–

|–

|–

|–

|–

|–

|–

|19,347

|

scope="row" |White: Other

|–

|–

|–

|–

|326,688

|11.8%

|534,723

|16.5%

|594,935

|17.5%

scope="row" |Asian or Asian British: Total

!161,816

!6.4%

!261,159

!9.9%

!294,361

!10.6%

!515,193

!15.9%

!586,432

!17.2%

scope="row" |Asian or Asian British: Indian

|60,166

|

|77,999

|

|85,471

|

|109,933

|

|116,889

|

scope="row" |Asian or Asian British: Pakistani

|22,730

|

|30,824

|

|43,559

|

|59,890

|

|68,055

|

scope="row" |Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi

|35,014

|1.4%

|75,275

|2.9%

|128,314

|4.6%

|163,838

|5.1%

|216,810

|6.4%

scope="row" |Asian or Asian British: Chinese

|19382

|

|29358

|

|38,918

|

|65,983

|

|75,259

|

scope="row" |Asian or Asian British: Other Asian

|24524

|1%

|47703

|1.8%

|37,017

|

|115,549

|

|109,419

|

scope="row" |Black or Black British: Total

!273,511

!10.8%

!355,493

!13.5%

!454,450

!16.4%

!540,181

!16.7%

!550,140

!16.2%

scope="row" |Black or Black British: African

|70,869

|2.8%

|114,330

|

|189,991

|

|276,513

|8.6%

|314,496

|9.2%

scope="row" |Black or Black British: Caribbean

|161,422

|6.4%

|188,333

|7.2%

|228,691

|8.3%

|173,959

|5.4%

|167,439

|4.9%

scope="row" |Black or Black British: Other Black

|41,220

|

|52,830

|

|35,768

|

|89,709

|

|68,205

|

scope="row" |Mixed or British Mixed: Total

!–

!–

!–

!–

!107,706

!3.9%

!189,748

!5.9%

!226,320

!6.6%

scope="row" |Mixed: White and Black Caribbean

|–

|–

|–

|–

|35,855

|

|56,900

|

|60,460

|

scope="row" |Mixed: White and Black African

|–

|–

|–

|–

|18,335

|

|32,203

|

|34,224

|

scope="row" |Mixed: White and Asian

|–

|–

|–

|–

|23,651

|

|42,114

|

|52,712

|

scope="row" |Mixed: Other Mixed

|–

|–

|–

|–

|29,865

|

|58,531

|

|78,924

|

scope="row" |Other: Total

!41,932

!1.7%

!61,416

!2.3%

!54,074

!2.2%

!133,570

!4.1%

!227,335

!6.7%

scope="row" |Other: Arab

|–

|–

|–

|–

|–

|–

|50,821

|

|58,171

|

scope="row" |Other: Any other ethnic group

|–

|–

|

|

|54,074

|2.2%

|82,749

|

|169,164

|

Non-White: Total

!477,266

!18.7%

!678,070

!25.8%

!910,591

!34.3%

!1,378,692

!42.7%

!1,590,227

!46.7%

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

scope="row" |Total

!2,540,098

!100%

!2,627,500

!100%

!2,766,114

!100%

!3,231,901

!100%

!3,404,145

!100%

Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order to fit the 2001 limits. Figures from 1981 onward are ONS midyear estimates (revised as of 2010).[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/datasetList.do?JSAllowed=true&Function=&%24ph=60&CurrentPageId=60&step=1&CurrentTreeIndex=-1&searchString=&datasetFamilyId=1813&Next.x=11&Next.y=10 Neighbourhood Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203024814/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/datasetList.do?JSAllowed=true&Function=&%24ph=60&CurrentPageId=60&step=1&CurrentTreeIndex=-1&searchString=&datasetFamilyId=1813&Next.x=11&Next.y=10 |date=3 February 2014}} Retrieved 12 July 2010

After centuries of increase, the population of Inner London reached its peak of 4,998,237 in 1911. The area's population from World War I began a steady decline as that of Outer London continued to increase. The census of 1951 showed the damage inflicted by the 1940s Blitz as the population of Greater London switched into decline which was reversed in Outer London with house building and territory expansion whereas in Inner London continued. The war damage and early 20th century slums had physical and psychological hence property price effects and focus on New Towns and suburban development reflected a drive among urban planners for greener, less dense settlements. Inner London reached a post-War nadir, a population not seen since the early 19th century in 1981 having 2,550,100 residents, after which an upward trend ensued and Inner London residents numbered 3,231,901 in 2011 — 1,766,336 short of the 1911 peak.

class="wikitable"

|+First language of children

!First language of child

!1983{{Cite journal |last=Nielsen |first=Jørgen S. |date=1989 |title=Muslims in English schools |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02666958908716116 |journal=Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=223–245 |doi=10.1080/02666958908716116 |issn=0266-6952|url-access=subscription }}

!1997{{Cite web |title=Ethnic Minority Pupils and Pupils for whom English is an Additional Language 1996/97 |url=http://www.dfee.gov.uk/statistics/DB/SBU/b0050/10492e.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000903023946/http://www.dfee.gov.uk/statistics/DB/SBU/b0050/10492e.pdf |archive-date=2000-09-03 }}

English

|84%

|66%

Non-English

|16%

|34%

Strategic planning

For the purposes of the London Plan planning document produced by the Mayor of London, Inner London consists of the City of London, all the statutory Inner London boroughs, and Newham.{{cite book|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/LP2011%20Chapter%202.pdf |title=London Plan: Chapter 2 |author=Mayor of London |author-link=Mayor of London |publisher=Greater London Authority |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906090756/http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/LP2011%20Chapter%202.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-06 }}

Other definitions

File:London Postal District.png boundary]]

The area covered by the London postal district is sometimes referred to as "Inner London".HMSO, The Inner London Letter Post, (1980) However it is not coterminous with other definitions of Inner London as its area is somewhat larger and covers {{convert|624|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The southern part of the London Borough of Lewisham as well as a small part of the Royal Borough of Greenwich fall outside its boundaries whilst 44 of its 119 districts are in Outer London and its irregular shape stretches to the Greater London boundary at Mill Hill and Scratch Wood and beyond it at Sewardstone.

From 1990 to 2000 London used two separate telephone dialling codes with one code designated for Inner London, however the area covered by this code was widely different from all of the above definitions and most of Greater London is now covered by a single 020 dialling code.

Economy

{{Portal|London}}

There are approximately 200,000 businesses with around 2,000,000 employees in Inner London. 56% of all private sector jobs in Greater London are located in Inner London.{{cite web|url=http://www.centreforcities.org/assets/files/2013/13-10-10-Inner-London.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201160354/http://www.centreforcities.org/assets/files/2013/13-10-10-Inner-London.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-01 }} There is significant commuting of workers from Outer London and from outside Greater London. Much of the commercial activity is focused on Central London and Canary Wharf. 10% of public sector employment is focused on Westminster around the Government of the United Kingdom.

References

{{Reflist}}

{{Sub-regions of London}}

{{Coord|51.508411|N|0.125364|W|display=title|region:GB_type:adm3rd_scale:300000}}

Category:1847 establishments in England

Category:Geography of the City of London

Category:London sub-regions

Category:Natural regions of England

London Inner