Internet in Chile

{{see also|Project Cybersyn}}

Before the introduction of the internet in Chile, the country communicated abroad via Letters, the Correos de Chile service had been started by Chile in 1747 (when it was still part of the Spanish crown){{cite web |title=A walk through the history of telephony in Chile [Review]|date=16 November 2015 |url=https://pisapapeles.net/un-paseo-por-la-historia-de-la-telefonia-en-chile-review/}} it was not until 1851 that a telegraphy service began for communication with the outside world, initially in 1851 wired and officially wireless since 1904{{cite web |title=This Chilean created the first wireless telegraph in America, and no one remembers him anymore|date=15 November 2018 |url=https://eldefinido.cl/actualidad/pais/10575/El-olvidado-chileno-que-Iraise-the-first-wireless-telegraph-of-America}} (with a certain role being played by the Vía Trans Radio Chilena Compañía de Radiotelegrafía, which would become later in VTR), later communication with the outside arose via Telephone -whose implementation had begun in Valparaíso in 1878 by Compañía Chilena de Telefonos de Edison -which in 1930 would become the Compañía Telefónica de Chile-

Perhaps the closest previous experience to the contemporary internet was the development of Cybersyn, in 1970 the world was experiencing the Cold War and Chile was led by a government that sought to establish a socialist state, After nationalizing and annexing various socially owned companies to the State, the Allende government's economic system faced the need to coordinate information on existing state-owned companies and those recently nationalized. To achieve this, it was necessary to create a dynamic and flexible information transfer system, a task carried out by a British scientist the architect of systems Stafford Beer.

File:Siemens T100 Telex.jpg were telegraph devices for data transmission, which the government of Salvador Allende intended to use to coordinate information from recently expropriated companies with the central government]]

Since there were 500 unused teletypes, all of them acquired during the government of Eduardo Frei Montalva, each one of the machines was installed in an expropriated factory. At the control center in Santiago, a computer daily processed the information received from the factories. By processing such information, short-term predictions and recommendations for improvements were obtained. There were four levels of control (company, branch, sector and total) that had algedonic feedback (if the lower level of control could not solve a problem in a given time interval, the higher level was notified about it). The results were discussed in the operating room and an overall plan was drawn up.

The network was built between November 1971 and the same month of 1972, although it was never fully completed. The system was used experimentally in October 1972, during the October 1972 strike, when 50 000 unemployed truckers blocked the streets of Santiago. Using teletype machines, the government was able to coordinate the transport of food to the city with the approximately 200 trucks loyal to Allende and who were not unemployed.

With the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, the control center was destroyed, documents and existing telephone and teletype infrastructure were destroyed, Cybersyn could never be applied and was irrevocably aborted, additionally with the change of Cold War bloc by the Government Junta of Chile (1973) – which advocated a free market- a network that running a Self-managed economy made no sense.

Image:Acoustic coupler 20041015 175456 1.jpg

The Internet in Chile -as we know it- dates back to the ARPANET project, in 1972 the universities of the United States copied the ARPANET model and implemented it to exchange opinions among themselves and support themselves in their academic research, however, This development was not copied in Chile, only in 1986, from the Department of Computer Science of the University of Chile to the Department of Computer Engineering of the University of Santiago de Chile, through a UUCP platform, some tests were carried out. and mailings between said universities using 300-bit modems and the CTC telephone line (which at that time had national coverage), imitating a sort of Intranet model.{{cite web |title=Know the History and Evolution of the Internet in Chile |url=https://www.webfindyou.cl/blog/conoce-la-historia-y-evolucion-del-internet-en-chile/}}

It was not until 1987 when Dr. Florencio Utreras (of the Universidad de Chile) connected the country with BITNET, which was an academic network of the City University of New York and Yale University, giving rise to the Internet. in Chile.

Subsequently, the University of Santiago abandoned the collaboration and joined the Pontificia Universidad Católica (PUC).{{cite web |title=La Verdadera y Real Historia de Internet en Chile |url=http://users.dcc.uchile.cl/~ppoblete/sigloxxi-27Feb96.html |access-date=19 July 2023}} In its beginnings, the Internet worked between local universities and with some universities abroad using modems and pre-existing telephone lines of the only telephone company in Chile -which had a monopoly-. The domain .cl was given in 1986 to the Department of Computer Sciences (DCC) of the University of Chile and later began to be managed by NIC Chile, beginning to be commercialized only in the year 1997.{{cite web |title=Universidad de Chile – History of the Department of Computer Science|date=24 January 1984 |url=https://interred.wordpress.com/1984/01/24/universidad-de-chile-historia-del-departamento-de-ciencias-de-la-computacion/}}

File:Conexión de 56k de Entel.jpg's 56k connection during the 1990s]]

Only in 1993 did the commercialization of the Internet begin in Chile, the then CTC (Compañía de Telefonos de Chile) acquired the technology from the University of Chile, while the technology from the Catholic University of Chile passed by various private owners until today it became Claro Chile.{{cite web |title=The History of the Internet in Chile|url=https://www.csirt.gob.cl/media/2022/05/Historia-de-Internet-en-Chile.pdf}}

The then CTC (Compañía de Telefonos de Chile) using its existing telephone network, launched in 1993 the service of Dial-up Internet access -with maximum speeds of 56 Kilobit per second-, which had some peculiarities, it was not possible to use the telephone line and navigate at the same time, there was no local connection, so traffic between users of both networks had to navigate to US and return and the service was billed per second of access and as international long distance, which made the service exclusive to a large part of the population.{{cite web |title=The History of the Internet in Chile|url=https://www.csirt.gob.cl/media/2022/05/Historia-de-Internet-en-Chile.pdf}}

Additionally, the majority of the population did not see the Internet as very useful, outside of the academic environment, there was no interest in the Internet in Chilean society.{{cite web |title=Banda Ancha en Chile: Cómo el país pasó a convertirse en el líder regional en Internet |url=https://www.latercera.com/laboratoriodecontenidos/noticia/banda-ancha-en-chile-como-el-pais-paso-a-convertirse-en-el-lider-regional-en-internet/ |access-date=19 July 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

During the 1990s, telephone companies and long-distance carriers began to offer Internet connection services to the mass public.

The massiveness of the Internet in Chile began in 1997 and is essentially due to the creation of NAP Chile and a decree of the Chilean Government, which changed the form of Internet billing, which allowed between 1998 and 1999 to increase both Internet users, which tripled; as well as the number of minutes they used per month.{{cite web |title=The Internet in Chile: 1999 Was a Good Year |date=27 January 2006 |url=http://www.isoc.org/oti/articles/0200/gelman.html |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906021500/http://www.isoc.org/oti/articles/0200/gelman.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}

File:ADSL modem Huawei MT882.jpg

In 1997 several Chilean ISPs associated to form a local traffic exchange point, called NAP Chile, which allowed us to improve both the traffic latency and the costs of its associated ISPs.{{cite web |title=NAP Chile |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/internet-exchange-directory/profiles-by-name/nap-chile/index.html }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

In May 1999, the Chilean government decreed a change in the rates for those who access the Internet using telephone connections, a charging formula called "Local Tranche" would be used. The impact on the cost of use is direct for users, having a 62% decrease compared to the previous year.{{cite web|title=The Internet in Chile: 1999 Was a Good Year|date=27 January 2006 |url=http://www.isoc.org/oti/articles/0200/gelman.html|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906021500/http://www.isoc.org/oti/articles/0200/gelman.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}

One of the main access barriers that the Internet service had in Chile was its charge per second of connection, it was towards the beginning of the year 2000, when Entel Chile and Telefónica Chile began to incorporate in their Existing telephone networks technology ADSL, fixed charge connections but at private prices for a large part of the population, with this Broadband was born, being able to have high speed was radically changing the impact of the Internet and its possible uses.{{cite web |title=Historia de Internet en Chile: nacimiento y evolución del sector online en nuestro país |date=25 May 2020 |url=https://marketing4ecommerce.cl/la-historia-de-internet-en-chile/ |access-date=19 July 2023}}

File:Cablemodem-frontAnBack-telenet.png connection is the most common way to access the Internet today]]

Around 1996, almost all of the internet in Chile was by Dial-up Internet access, however, a cable television company -Metrópolis (Chile)- on 17 October 1996, put into operation an interactive video game channel called Sega Channel, which allowed the download of content by the company Sega, this being the first Internet experience on the infrastructure of cable television, in 1999, VTR (Chile) launched Internet commercialization under its existing cable television network via the DOCSIS 1.0 standard and under independent connections of the telephone network, at high speed and with differentiated payments not for the amount of time used, conditions that do not offered the Dial-up Internet access.,{{cite web|title=Canal 15 #03: Censuras, batallas comerciales y además Fútbol. La TV Cerrada en Chile: 1987–1998 | website=YouTube | date=17 April 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SCMrbQgPXc|access-date=19 July 2023}} and that today are the norm for all home internet providers.

However, the infrastructure and access to the Internet via cable modem, was rather modest in its early years, it was only after 2004 when Internet access via Hybrid fiber-coaxial began to become widespread, granting with a commercial strategy of VTR the launch of its best-known promotion: the Triple Pack -which lowered the cost of contracting telephony, television and internet as a whole- and the merger of VTR with Metrópolis Intercom S.A.

In 2002, the first third-generation networks began to be implemented thanks to the different agreements made abroad by SmartCom and Bellsouth, which allowed them to sell 1xRTT equipment capable of browsing at 150 kbit/s, with which the debut of the Mobile broadband, which would only begin to spread in the 2010s, with the increase in the issuance of a contract (postpaid), to the detriment of communication through recharges (prepaid), in 2013 the 4G and in 2022, 5G.{{cite web |title=(035) De AMPS a 3G: la evolución de las redes en Chile |date=5 September 2010 |url=https://www.fayerwayer.com/2010/09/35-de-amps-a-3g-la-evolucion-de-las-redes-en-chile/ |access-date=19 July 2023}}

File:Geokeys.jpg and the Free Trade Agreements Chile has signed since the 1990s have made the Internet more widespread in Chile and have brought it into the global arena{{cite web |title=Banda Ancha en Chile: Cómo el país pasó a convertirse en el líder regional en Internet |url=https://www.latercera.com/laboratoriodecontenidos/noticia/banda-ancha-en-chile-como-el-pais-paso-a-convertirse-en-el-lider-regional-en-internet/V5HOTAS2PVEFPFTYQ7OFMWWB44/ |access-date=19 July 2023}}]]

The development of the Internet in Chile until 2006 was based on the conversion and reuse of two previously existing technologies in Chile: on the one hand, the telephone line of the Compañía de Telefonos de Chile – which in some sectors dated back to 1880 – via digital subscriber line technology and on the other hand the cable television network of VTR – which in some sectors dating back to 1987 – via hybrid fiber-coaxial technology. Both had wide coverage in the national territory, but also had important technical limitations – especially the telephone line – in terms of speed, latency and state of the cabling (causing the rapid decline of xDSL networks from 2015 to the present).

File:Caja de ONT de Fibra de Movistar Chile.jpg infrastructure only started in 2006 and is still geographically limited]]

Although internet providers via cable television infrastructure began to incorporate new DOCSIS standards and internet providers via Telephone line infrastructure progressively implemented ADSL2 and VDSL2, it was not until 2006 that the company Gtd began the deployment of a new infrastructure to provide internet, based on fiber to the home, initially, the infrastructure was deployed in sectors residential upper class and with limited geographical coverage, later in 2012 Movistar began the deployment of its new infrastructure of fiber to the home -with special massiveness of deployment since 2020–, to which Mundo and Entel joined in 2020, WOM in 2019 and VTR in 2021, these last three, with limited geographical coverage.

Residential Satellite Internet in Chile is a rather limited phenomenon, most of its consumers are part of the economic development of the Rural area, the domestic Rural area uses mostly Mobile broadband, since 2014, Movistar markets Satellite Broadband,{{cite web|title=Join the Satellite Broadband revolution| website=YouTube | date=25 September 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ll175Gdu9ik}} to which would be added the following year Claro Chile,{{cite web|title=Satelital Internet|url=https://www.clarochile.cl/personas/servicios/servicios-hogar/internet/internet-satelital/}} in 2020 Hughes Communications would begin its commercialization, to which would be added the following year Starlink.{{cite web|title=Starlink, Elon Musk's satellite internet, begins to operate commercially in Chile|url=https://www.cnnchile.com/tecnologias/starlink-internet-satelital-elon-musk-chile_20211020/}} As of December 2021, it reported more than 1,500 clients.{{cite web |title=Internet satelital Starlink, empresa de Elon Musk, tiene más de 1.500 clientes en Chile |url=https://cooperativa.cl/noticias/tecnologia/internet/conectividad/internet-satelital-starlink-empresa-de-elon-musk-tiene-mas-de-1-500/2021-12-12/110729.html |access-date=19 July 2023}}

File:A Bright New Day for Broadband — Starlink (51016637753).jpg

Since 1999, the Government of Chile has incorporated a successive process of digitalization of its services. In 1999, the Servicio de Impuestos Internos, the government entity in charge of collecting taxes, received almost 90,000 declarations of income through the Internet, of the million total income statements for that year.,{{cite web |title=Balance Operación Renta 1999 |url=http://www.sii.cl/noticias/bala99.htm |access-date=19 July 2023}} since the 2010s, a significant number of government procedures have been digitized, in addition to a progressive adoption of the Online banking and Electronic Commerce, coinciding with an accelerated globalization process in Chile from the years 2000.

Analysts point out that a huge percentage of Chilean GDP has grown thanks to the Internet. Mining, agriculture and all traditional companies have been affected by their growth thanks to the Internet. The Internet has freed Chile from its isolated geography and has allowed Chile to insert itself into the world efficiently.

The main internet infrastructure test Chile has experienced was the 2010 Chile Earthquake, which left a massive internet outage and much network infrastructure destroyed -Including a flood of Global Crossing servers-{{cite web |title=El día en que la tecnología apagó a Chile |date=16 March 2010 |url=https://www.elmostrador.cl/agenda-pais/vida-en-linea/2010/03/16/el-dia-en-que-la-tecnologia-apago-a-chile/ |access-date=19 July 2023}}

However, the main agent of change of the Contemporary Internet in Chile was the COVID-19 Pandemic, which caused an increase in Internet consumption in Chile that was reflected in the first months of the pandemic, where it was reported that the use of social networks increased by 53% compared to the same month of the previous year, above several other countries in the region.{{cite web |title=El uso de redes sociales en tiempos de cuarentena en América Latina |date=7 May 2020 |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/21636/variacion-en-publicaciones-de-redes-sociales-en-latinoamerica/|access-date=19 July 2023}}

File:Antena Repetidora Movistar.jpg and 5G mobile repeater antenna, installed in the places damaged by the fire]]

Data consumption per user reached 335.5 GB on fixed internet in April 2020, 29.4% more than the previous year. Regarding mobile internet consumption, it increased 26% to 13 Gigabytes in the same period, a situation even more accentuated with the COVID-19 lockdowns, where the network was exposed to intensive use, forcing operators to strengthen their existing infrastructure and society and the Government of Chile to digitize many of its benefits, emerging massively Teleworking, Telemedicine, Distance Education, Online banking absolutely, the Judiciary of Chile remotely, the Streaming and other services that are maintained to date.{{cite web |title=Tráfico total de Internet fija y móvil crece 40% a marzo de 2020 impulsado por la pandemia de COVID-19 |date=4 June 2020 |url=https://www.subtel.gob.cl/trafico-total-de-internet-fija-y-movil-crece-40-a-marzo-de-2020-impulsado-por-la-pandemia-de-covid-19/ |access-date=19 July 2023}}

For the 2024 Chile wildfires in the Valparaíso region, due to the fire, telephone antennas were destroyed, as well as satellite backup systems and several kilometers of trunk and domestic fiber cabling, which added to the power outage widespread due to damage from fires and an unprecedented overload of the fixed and mobile network {{cite web|title=Megafires in the Valparaíso Region: companies make progress in replenishing electricity supply and telecommunications services|url=https://www.df.cl/empresas/telecom-tecnologia/incendios-movistar-y-entel-restablecen-casi-al-100-sus-redes-en-las|access-date=March 10, 2024}} caused that around 7 p.m. on February 2, 2023, all of Viña del Mar and Quilpué experienced a "blackout" of fixed and mobile internet from all companies, leaving IP Telephony and Transbank out of service (and with this out of service the processing of payment transactions with credit cards, debit banking and prepaid), although internet companies quickly activated National Emergency Automatic Roaming (RAN) (which is essentially automatically sharing their antennas, making communication redundant in case of failure at some point) and portable satellite teleports for the use of Chilean Armed Forces, Carabineros de Chile, Investigations Police of Chile, Firefighters of Chile and the emergency health services, domestic connectivity took several weeks to return to normal. integrity.{{cite web|title=A huge forest fire is reported between Viña del Mar and Quilpué|url=https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-tv/noticia/reportan-un-enorme-incendio-forestry-between-vina-del-mar-and-quilpue/TY7XCQSZGFDZLID36MRQWRG5HI/|access-date=March 10, 2024}}

File:Djibtelcom3.jpg have been prohibited from blocking, interfering with, discriminating against, hindering, or arbitrarily restricting the activities of Internet users, with the network being neutral]]

The control and supervision in the exercise of telecommunications in the country and of the Internet, in Chile is in charge of the Undersecretary of Telecommunications of Chile (also known by its acronym Subtel){{cite web|access-date=26 February 2022|date=3 February 2022|title=Subtel inicia investigación por supuesta interrupción de 5G a cable operadores|url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2022/02/03/subtel-inicia-investigacion-por-supuesta-interrupcion-de-5g-a-cable-operadores.shtml|work=Radio Biobío}} reports to the Chilean Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications (MTT).

The main Internet legislation in Chile is the Chilean General Telecommunications Law 18,168, enacted in 1982.{{cite web|access-date=17 July 2023|title=LEY GENERAL DE TELECOMUNICACIONES|url=https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=29591}}

• Internet service providers (ISPs) are defined as "any natural or legal person that provides commercial connectivity services between users or their networks and the Internet".
• The ISPs are free to deploy networks and maintain centers and servers that support their service, however, they must request permission from the municipalities for the deployment of networks that use public lighting.
• The Internet service provider must remove their disused infrastructure and their installation and operation must not mean environmental damage or public health.
• The Internet service provider may freely install antennas, with the only restriction being places where vulnerable people live and with the indicated maximum height and radiation standards.
• The prohibition of arbitrary blocking, interference, discrimination, obstruction and restriction of the activities of Internet users is established. ISPs may take the necessary measures for traffic management and network administration, and must take care of user privacy, virus protection and network security.
• The limitation of the incorporation or use of "any class of instruments, devices or devices in the network" is prohibited, as long as they are legal and do not damage the network.
• The obligation to offer parental controls is established.
• The obligation to "publish on your website, all the information related to the characteristics of the Internet access offered, its speed, quality of the link, differentiating between national and international connections, as well as the nature and guarantees of the service" is established.
• The infrastructure of the Internet service provider is understood as critical infrastructure and has special protection by the Chilean Armed Forces.
• Users own their phone number, being able to access number portability
• Mobile companies must provide roaming service to other companies in remote areas, where many times not all Internet service provider have antennas.

In addition to Chile's General Telecommunications Law 18,168, there are various legal bodies that regulate specific aspects of Internet access:

• Resolution No. 1483 of October 1999. Establishes procedure and term to establish and accept connections between ISPs.
• Resolution No. 698 of June 2000. Sets quality indicators for connection links to carry national Internet traffic and their advertising system.
• Resolution No. 3729 of July 2011. Approves the protocol for the measurement of indicators established in the regulation that regulates the characteristics and conditions of Net Neutrality in the Internet access service.
• Resolution No. 6267 of November 2011. Sets the meaning and scope of Decree No. 368, dated 15 December 2010, regulation that regulates the characteristics and conditions of Net Neutrality in the Internet access service, in the sense which indicates.
• Resolution No. 7268 of December 2011. Modifies the standard of quality indicators for connection links to carry Internet traffic and their advertising system.
• Decree No. 138 dated 13 October 2020 approving the Regulation on automatic roaming and Mobile virtual network operator.
• Law No. 21,398 establishes a series of new rights for consumers shopping online in different areas.
• Law No. 21,220, which modified the Labor Code regarding remote work and teleworking.

On 13 June 2010, the National Congress of Chile amended its telecommunications law to preserve network neutrality, becoming the first country in the world to do so.{{cite news |date=23 June 2011 |title=Net neutrality enshrined in Dutch law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/23/netherlands-enshrines-net-neutrality-law |access-date=23 June 2011 |work=The Guardian |location=London |agency=Associated Press}}{{cite web |title=Chile publica su ley que garantiza la neutralidad de la Red | Navegante |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/08/27/navegante/1282907501.html |access-date=23 June 2011 |work=El Mundo |location=Spain}}{{cite web |last1=Cano |first1=Rosa Jiménez |date=9 August 2010 |title=¿Quién quiere acabar con la neutralidad en la Red? |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Quien/quiere/acabar/neutralidad/Red/elpepisoc/20100809elpepisoc_1/Tes |access-date=14 September 2014 |work=EL PAÍS}} The law, published on 26 August 2010, added three articles to the General Law of Telecommunications, forbidding ISPs from arbitrarily blocking, interfering with, discriminating against, hindering, or restricting an Internet user's right to use, send, receive, or offer any legal content, application, service, or any other type of legal activity or use through the Internet. ISPs must provide Internet access in which content is not arbitrarily treated differently based on its source or ownership.{{cite web |title=Law 20,453 |url=http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idLey=20453 |access-date=14 September 2014 |publisher=}}

{{see also|Ranked lists of Chilean regions#By computer ownership and Internet access}}

• Mobile Internet penetration (%): 136.9% (2022)
• Fixed Broadband Penetration by Households (%): 94.3% (2024){{cite web|access-date=18 July 2023|title=Estado de la conexión a internet en Chile: 90,2% de la población ya ingresa a internet|url=https://marketing4ecommerce.cl/estado-de-la-conexion-a-internet-en-chile/}}
• Secure servers (HTTPS) on the internet (servers/million pop): 127.6 (47 in the ranking).
• Annual traffic (2024): 32.91 Exabytes (approx. 91.46 Petabytes daily) {{cite web|title=Statistics|url=https://www.subtel.gob.cl/estudios-y-estadisticas/internet/|accessdate=April 21, 2024}}

File:Movistar, Viña del Mar 20230629.jpg (part of the Telefónica Group) holds the largest share of Internet access and manages the highest volume of traffic]]

• Mobile phones (%): 52.47%
• Computers (%): 46.40%
• Tablets (%): 1.06%
• Other devices (%): 0.06%

• People who buy goods on the Internet: 12.05 million
• Total annual spending (USD): $7.64 billion

File:A person navigating through a Chilean bank website.jpg, watching videos, social networks, electronic banking and pornography are the main uses of the Internet in Chile{{cite web|access-date=18 July 2023 |title=Status of the Internet connection in Chile: 90.2% of the population already accesses the Internet internet |date=27 February 2024 |url=https://marketing4ecommerce.cl/estado-de-la-conexion-a-internet-en-chile/}}]]

• Average speed of fixed connections: 280.02 Mbps
• International bandwidth (kbit/s per user): 73.1 (40th in the ranking){{cite web |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR2016/WEF_GITR_Full_Report.pdf |title=The Global Information Technology Report 2016 |accessdate=April 16, 2017 |author=World Economic Forum |language=English}}

According to the State of the Internet report for the last quarter of 2018, Chile ranked 68th in generating the most attack traffic worldwide.{{cite journal|url=https://www.akamai.com/es/es/multimedia/documents/state-of-the-internet/soti-security-web-attacks-and-gaming-abuse-report-2019.pdf|title=Web attacks and gaming abuse - [State of the Internet]/Security |volume=5|number=3|access-date=July 15, 2019 |year=2018|last=Akamai}}

{{see also|.cl}}

At a technical level, the .cl domain allows some additional features: it allows internationalized domain names (IDN), IPv6 traffic and security authentication for the domain names (DNSSEC). In addition, there are currently 12 Root Servers mirrors in Chile: there are instances of servers D, E, F, J, K and L in Santiago,{{cite web|access-date=8 December 2022|date=17 February 2017|last=2x3.cl|title=Servidores raiz mirrors en Chile|url=https://www.2x3.cl/blog/servidores-raiz-mirrors-chile|website=2x3.cl}} an instance of the server L in Concepción and copies of the roots B, D and E in Arica. The instance of B Root Server hosted in Arica is the first copy of this letter hosted outside the United States and currently (June 2019) serves IPv4 traffic and IPv6 for all countries in the world.{{cite web|title=B Root Server Inicia su operación En Arica|url=https://b.root-servers.org/news/2019/05/22/new-site.html}} Root servers B, D, E, J and K are hosted by PIT CHILE.{{cite web|access-date=6 June 2019|last=Pitchile.cl|title=Sobre Pit Chile|url=http://www.pitchile.cl/wp/sobre-pit-chile}}

Image:PanAm.jpg

The international submarine cables that are active in the first semester of 2021 are:{{cite web|access-date=29 May 2012|archive-date=29 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529060412/http://www.telegeography.com/telecom-resources/submarine-cable-landing-directory/index.html|author=Telegeography.com|language=en|title=Submarine Cable Landing Directory|url=http://www.telegeography.com/telecom-resources/submarine-cable-landing-directory/index.html}}

• Pan American (PanAm), Arica
• South America-1 (SAm-1), Arica and Valparaíso
• South American Crossing (SAC)/Latin American Nautilus (LAN), Valparaíso
• Curie by Google, Valparaiso
• Cable Mistral of Telxius, Arica, Valparaíso{{cite web|access-date=11 December 2021|date=24 July 2021|first=Ricardo|last=Olave|title=Mistral: el nuevo cable submarino que conecta a Chile con el mundo|url=https://www.latercera.com/piensa-digital/noticia/mistral-el-nuevo-cable-submarino-que-conecta-a-chile-con-el-mundo/VJCUZMFT7FGTHGVVZ4ICLWGN6M/|work=latercera.com}}

In addition to the aforementioned cables, the connection abroad is complemented by Satellite Internet through the following teleports:

• Longovilo, from Entel Chile.{{cite web|access-date=18 April 2017|author=Entel|title=Entel- Telepuerto satelital|url=http://personas.entel.cl/PortalPersonas/appmanager/entelpcs/personas?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=P49401092481348748141551|website=entel.cl|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419102320/http://personas.entel.cl/PortalPersonas/appmanager/entelpcs/personas?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=P49401092481348748141551|url-status=dead}}
• Chacalluta, from Movistar Chile.{{cite news|access-date=18 April 2017|title=Nuevo servicio de banda ancha satelital|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/tecnologia/2014/05/28/662464/nuevo-servicio-de-banda-ancha-satelital-llegara-a-comunas-entre-illapel-y-san-fernando.html}}
• Arica, from HughesNet.{{cite web|access-date=22 June 2022|title=Hughes Network Systems, Hughes de Chile SpA|url=https://www.subtel.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/24_Hughes_Network_Systems_Hughes_de_Chile_SpA.pdf}}
• Caldera, Coquimbo, Pudahuel, San Clemente, Puerto Saavedra, Puerto Montt and Punta Arenas of Starlink{{cite web|access-date=22 June 2022|date=19 January 2021|title=Las 7 ciudades de Chile donde Elon Musk busca instalar estaciones satelitales de Spacex|url=https://www.t13.cl/noticia/tendencias/las-7-ciudades-chile-donde-elon-musk-busca-instalar-estaciones-satelitales-spacex|work=T13.cl}}

There are also national submarine cables that provide connectivity between cities:{{cite web|access-date=14 May 2019|date=13 February 2014|title=Empresa alemana instalará fibra óptica submarina para optimizar conectividad virtual de Aysén|url=http://www.eldivisadero.cl/noticia-1131|work=El Divisadero}}

• Cable Prat (Arica – Puerto Montt and several intermediate cities)
• Cable Pargua – Chiloé
• Cable Quellón – Puerto Chacabuco (Aysén Region)
• Southern Optical Fiber (Puerto Montt – Punta Arenas)

In addition to these cables, the connection to the Magallanes Region was primarily through a mixed fiber optic and microwave connection that has operated throughout Argentina since 2005{{cite web|access-date=5 August 2015|date=27 October 2005|first=Daniel|last=Fajardo|title=Banda ancha en Punta Arenas: La nueva conexión para el Fin del Mundo|url=http://www.edicionesespeciales.elmercurio.com/destacadas/detalle/index.asp?idnoticia=0127102005021X1100080|work=emol.com|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233551/http://www.edicionesespeciales.elmercurio.com/destacadas/detalle/index.asp?idnoticia=0127102005021X1100080|url-status=dead}} until the entry into service of the Austral Fiber Optic.

With the creation of NAP Chile, in 1997, the first traffic exchange point (PIT) was inaugurated in Chile, to which several small operators connect. Until that minute all traffic was going to the US.

In 1999, Subtel issues a circular detailing the technical requirements that PITs must have, seeking to promote local traffic exchange.{{cite web|title=About NAP|url=http://www.nap.cl/f_acerca.html}}{{cite web|access-date=1 March 2016|title=Acerca de NAP|url=http://www.nap.cl/f_acerca.html}} As a result, multiple PITs are generated that are connected to several others, promoting the direct local exchange of traffic between operators and the reduction of cost and latency for users.

These PITs also begin to connect various content delivery networks which further improves the perception of users.

As of January 2022, Subtel recognizes 10 traffic exchange points.{{cite web|title=Normativa Técnica Internet|date=20 March 2017 |url=https://www.subtel.gob.cl/normativa-tecnica-internet/}}

• FTTH (Fiber to the house): It is the newest infrastructure, started in 2006 by Gtd and in 2012 by Movistar, currently it is the most used, becoming 71.3% of the country's fixed connections.{{cite web |title=Estadísticas SUBTEL: Conexiones de Fibra Óptica crecen un 62% al cierre del 2020 |date=16 April 2021 |url=https://www.subtel.gob.cl/estadisticas-subtel-conexiones-de-fibra-optica-crecen-un-62-al-cierre-del-2020/ |access-date=19 July 2023}} There are several companies that offer this type of access, including WOM, Entel, Gtd, Telsur, Movistar, VTR and Mundo Pacífico.,{{cite web|access-date=11 December 2021|date=2021|format=xls|last=Subtel|title=Series conexiones internet fija (Período Información Primer Trimestre 2002 – Junio 2021)|url=https://www.subtel.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/1_SERIES_CONEXIONES_INTERNET_FIJA_JUN21_030821.xlsx}} all with different geographical coverage, some quite limited. The bandwidth fluctuates at a maximum of 10 Gbit/s download and 10 Gbit/s upload, tending to be symmetrical.
• Cable modem or HFC: in Chile it is the most extensive infrastructure in coverage (Started in 1996 using the previous cabling Cable television started in 1987) and the second most widely used technology, with 25.6% of residential fixed connections.{{cite web |title=Estadísticas SUBTEL: Conexiones de Fibra Óptica crecen un 62% al cierre del 2020 |date=16 April 2021 |url=https://www.subtel.gob.cl/estadisticas-subtel-conexiones-de-fibra-optica-crecen-un-62-al-cierre-del-2020/ |access-date=19 July 2023}} There are several companies that offer this type of access, the most massive are VTR, Claro Chile and CMET. The bandwidth fluctuates at a maximum of 940 Mbit/s download and 20 Mbit/s/s upload.
• xDSL: It is the oldest infrastructure that uses the telephone wiring network, in many sectors it is in disuse by its operators. At the end of 2024, there were 0.55% of residential fixed connections.{{cite web |title=Estadísticas SUBTEL: Conexiones de Fibra Óptica crecen un 62% al cierre del 2020 |date=16 April 2021 |url=https://www.subtel.gob.cl/estadisticas-subtel-conexiones-de-fibra-optica-crecen-un-62-al-cierre-del-2020/ |access-date=19 July 2023}} depending on the technology used and the state of the cabling, bandwidth fluctuates at a maximum of 50 Mbit/s download and at 15 Mbit/s upload.

• Mobile Internet and mobile broadband: These represent a significant percentage of broadband connections in the country, especially in rural areas. The mobile phone infrastructures are WOM with 3G, 4G and 5G technology, Claro Chile with 2G, 3G and 4G, Entel Chile with technology 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G and Movistar Chile with 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G technology. With tremendously variable transfer rates from 114 kbit/s to 540 Mbit/s depending on the geography and the technology used. They also join the Mobile Internet infrastructure such as Mobile virtual network operator: Gtd, Virgin Mobile Chile, VTR, Mundo, Smobi and Plintron.{{cite web|access-date=22 May 2012|archive-date=12 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512051018/http://cpt.subtel.cl/ComPlan/seleccionServicio.do?method=next|author=Subtel|title=Comparador de Planes|url=http://cpt.subtel.cl/ComPlan/seleccionServicio.do?method=next}}
• Satellite Internet: Several companies offer satellite access service for companies. At the residential level, it is a rather small phenomenon, HughesNet and Starlink have coverage throughout Chile{{cite web|access-date=11 December 2021|date=20 October 2021|title=Starlink, el internet satelital de Elon Musk, comienza a operar comercialmente en Chile|url=https://www.cnnchile.com/tecnologias/starlink-internet-satelital-elon-musk-chile_20211020/|work=cnn.com}} As of December 2024, it reported more than 2.64% clients.{{cite web|access-date=16 December 2021|date=12 December 2021|title=Internet satelital Starlink, empresa de Elon Musk, tiene más de 1.500 clientes en Chile|url=https://cooperativa.cl/noticias/tecnologia/internet/conectividad/internet-satelital-starlink-empresa-de-elon-musk-tiene-mas-de-1-500/2021-12-12/110729.html|work=cooperativa.cl}}
• WiMAX: The Will technology, was tested in Chile in the early 2000s; it did not work well due to Chile's geography. At the beginning of the 2000s it offered Entel Chile, Claro Chile and VTR (Chile) WiMAX, but currently none offer it or have an infrastructure, today only small ISP sell it in small areas.{{cite web|access-date=29 May 2012|author=Telegeography.com|date=26 September 2006|title=Entel launches Chile's first commercial WiMAX network|url=http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/09/26/entel-launches-chiles-first-commercial-wimax-network/|archive-date=16 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016080308/http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/09/26/entel-launches-chiles-first-commercial-wimax-network/|url-status=dead}}

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