Iwo Jima

File:Iwo Jima Airport Control Tower.jpg airport control tower (2010)]]

The original records of De la Torre's 1543 expedition have been lost,{{sfnp|Welsch|2004|p=109}} but he does not appear to have separately named Iwo Jima,{{sfnp|Welsch|2004|p=111}} despite later sources sometimes miscrediting him with the name Sulfur or Sulphur Island (orig. {{lang|es|Isla Sufre}} or {{lang|es|de Sufre}}). Instead, he seems to have only named the Volcano Islands as a group (orig. {{lang|es|Balcones}}){{sfnp|Welsch|2004|p=111}} after an eruption{{mdash}}probably on South Iwo Jima{{mdash}}active as his ship passed through the area.{{sfnp|Welsch|2004|p=114}}

Other Spanish explorers may have named or renamed the island in the years afterward.Cf., e.g., {{citation |last=Müller |first=Christian |date=1975 |contribution=Iwo Jima—A Generation Later |title=Swiss Review of World Affairs |volume=25–26 |page=5 }}, which credits Ruy López de Villalobos with naming the island {{lang|es|Isla Azufre}} or {{lang|es|Isla Fortuna}} in 1544. Certainly, John Gore was aware of Spanish accounts of the area with him{{sfnp|Welsch|2004|p=114}} when he visited in 1779 and recorded its English name as Sulphur Island.

The name was subsequently calqued into Late Middle Japanese with the Sino-Japanese form and pronunciation Iwōtō or Iwō-tō ({{lang|ja|硫黄島}}, {{lang|ja|イヲウトウ}}, "Sulfur Island"), still used by the control tower for the remaining airport. In the past this was also sometimes romanized as Iwautau.{{citation |title=Kōjien Dai Rokuban |publisher=Iwanami Shoten |date=2008 |location= |editor-last= |editor-first= |last= |first= }}. The native Japanese reading of the same character {{wikt-lang|ja|島}} is shima (leading to the English misreading Iwo Shima), which typically shifts to jima when prefixed by another character. This version is the origin of the English names Iwojima, Iwo-jima,{{cite news |first=Hans |last=Greimel |author2=Lily Hindy |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-06-20-iwo-jima_N.htm |title=Japan changes name of Iwo Jima |work=USA Today |date=June 20, 2007 |access-date=2007-06-24 |archive-date=2007-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029033624/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-06-20-iwo-jima_N.htm |url-status=live}} and Iwo Jima, with many variant pronunciations including {{IPAc-en|ˌ|iː|w|oʊ|ˈ|dʒ|iː|m|ə}} and {{IPAc-en|ˌ|iː|w|ə|ˈ|dʒ|iː|m|ə}}.{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Iwo Jima |access-date=4 June 2019}}{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Iwo Jima |access-date=5 June 2019}}{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/iwo-jima |title=Iwo Jima |work=Collins English Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins |access-date=4 June 2019 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604211313/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/iwo-jima |url-status=live}}[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Iwo_Jima "Iwo Jima"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604211313/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Iwo_Jima |date=2019-06-04 }} (US) and {{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Iwo+Jima |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818041804/https://www.lexico.com/definition/iwo_jima?s=t |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-08-18 |title=Iwo Jima |dictionary=Lexico UK English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press}} This archaic or mistaken form of the Japanese name was particularly reinforced during the Second World War, when it was mistakenly used by Japanese naval officers who arrived to fortify the island ahead of US invasion.

In general Japanese use, the /w/ has dropped out of the modern pronunciation to become Iōtō or Iō-tō ({{lang|ja|イオウトウ}}), a spelling formally adopted following Japan's 1946 orthography reform. This newer form is sometimes borrowed into English pronunciations of the island's name as {{IPAc-en|ˌ|iː|oʊ|ˈ|dʒ|iː|m|ə}} and {{IPAc-en|ˌ|iː|ə|ˈ|dʒ|iː|m|ə}}. The high-profile Clint Eastwood films Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima revived complaints from prewar residents about continued misreadings of the island's name, particularly within Japanese. After formal debate, the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism's Geographical Survey Institute formally announced on 18 June 2007 that the official pronunciation would return to Iōtō or Iō-tō.

硫黄島, pronounced Iōjima, is currently the name of a different island in Kagoshima.

File:Ioto Island Location Map Ueda et al 2018 R1.jpg

File:Iwo Jima Bathymetric Chart by Japan Coast Guard.jpg)]]

File:Aerial_view_of_Iwo_Jima_in_September_2014.JPG

File:Iwo Jima Suribachi DN-SD-03-11845.JPEG

File:Io-to ISS049-E-1168.jpg in 2016]]

Iwo Jima has an approximate area of {{cvt|21|km2|sqmi acre|0}}. The most prominent feature is Mount Suribachi on the southern tip, a vent that is thought to be dormant and is {{cvt|161|m|ft|0}} high. Named after a Japanese grinding bowl, the summit of Mount Suribachi is the highest point on the island. Iwo Jima is unusually flat and featureless for a volcanic island. Suribachi is the only obvious volcanic feature, as the island is only the resurgent dome (raised centre) of a larger submerged volcanic caldera surrounding the island. The island forms part of the Kazan-retto islands Important Bird Area (IBA), designated by BirdLife International.{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kazan-retto-islands-iba-japan |title=Kazan-retto islands |author= |date=2021 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816112125/http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kazan-retto-islands-iba-japan |url-status=live}}

80 km (43 nautical miles, 50 mi) north of the island is {{Nihongo|North Iwo Jima|北硫黄島|Kita-Iō-tō|literally: "North Sulfur Island"}} and {{cvt|59|km|mi nmi}} south is {{Nihongo|South Iwo Jima|南硫黄島|Minami-Iō-tō|"South Sulfur Island"}}; these three islands make up the Volcano Islands group of the Ogasawara Islands. Just south of Minami-Iō-jima are the Mariana Islands.

The visible island stands on a plateau (probably made by wave erosion) at depth about 15 m, which is the top of an underwater mountain 1.5 km to 2 km tall and 40 km diameter at base.{{Cite web |url=https://www.volcanocafe.org/iwo-jima-in-45-eruptions/ |title=Iwo Jima in 45 eruptions |date=12 October 2018 |access-date=30 March 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330173507/https://www.volcanocafe.org/iwo-jima-in-45-eruptions/ |url-status=live}}

Iwo Jima has a history of minor volcanic activity a few times per year (fumaroles, and their resultant discolored patches of seawater nearby).{{Cite web|url=https://www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/kaiikiDB/kaiyo22-2.htm|script-title=ja:硫黄島|title=Iōjima|trans-title=Iwo Jima|language=ja|website=Maritime Volcano Database|publisher=Japan Coast Guard Marine Information Department|access-date=November 10, 2023}} In November 2015 Iwo Jima was placed first in a list of ten dangerous volcanoes, with volcanologists saying there was a one in three chance of a large eruption from one of the ten this century.{{cite web |date=13 November 2015 |title=World's 10 most dangerous volcanoes identified |url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/worlds-10-most-dangerous-volcanoes-identified |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023144249/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/worlds-10-most-dangerous-volcanoes-identified |archive-date=2016-10-23 |access-date=2016-10-23 |publisher=University of Manchester |quote=The last time such a list was made was 25 years ago and that list mainly included volcanoes that are accessible to study in developed countries. Our new list looks all over the world, including in less developed countries. We have created this list to try to highlight the need for better monitoring and preparedness in many areas of the world. There hasn't been a major eruption for 200 years, since Tambora in 1815 ('the year without summer'), and there has never been a large eruption in a modern, developed country. There is a chance of perhaps 1 in 3 that there will such an eruption this century.}}{{cite web |last=Imster |first=Eleanor |date=November 18, 2015 |title=Top 10 most dangerous volcanoes |url=http://earthsky.org/earth/top-10-most-dangerous-volcanoes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409103946/http://earthsky.org/earth/top-10-most-dangerous-volcanoes |archive-date=2016-04-09 |access-date=2016-10-23 |publisher=EarthSky.org}}{{cite news |last=Whitfield |first=Tony |date=13 November 2015 |title=World's most dangerous volcano is named - and scientists fear it could unleash deadly tsunami when it blows |work=Daily Mirror |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/worlds-most-dangerous-volcano-named-6822785 |url-status=live |access-date=2016-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025173619/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/worlds-most-dangerous-volcano-named-6822785 |archive-date=2016-10-25}}

• Earlier: An undersea volcano started, and built up into a volcanic island. It was truncated, either by caldera-forming eruption or by sea erosion.
• About 760±20 BC: a large eruption with pyroclastic flows and lava destroyed a previous forested islandCarbon¹⁴ dating of buried charcoal: see https://www.volcanocafe.org/iwo-jima-in-45-eruptions/ {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330173507/https://www.volcanocafe.org/iwo-jima-in-45-eruptions/ |date=2019-03-30 }} , which see for more information about old eruptions.
• 131±20BC and 31±20 BC: carbon-14 date of seashells found buried in lava at Motoyama ([https://i0.wp.com/www.volcanocafe.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Screen-Shot-2018-09-24-at-13.16.20.png?ssl=1 see map])
• Micronesian tools and carvings found in the Bonin Islands to the north suggest Iwo Jima may have been visited or inhabited as well. With limited archaeological access, however, no such remains have been found to date.

• 1543: Commanding the {{lang|es|San Juan de Letrán}}, the Spanish explorer Bernardo de la Torre almost certainly sighted Iwo Jima and the other Volcano Islands{{sfnp|Welsch|2004|pp=114–115}} at some point between September 25 and October 2 while making another failed attempt to sail east across the Pacific from the Philippines to New Spain.{{sfnp|Welsch|2004|p=111}} (No attempt would be successful until 1565.){{sfnp|Welsch|2004|p=110}} Attempting to secure reinforcements for Ruy López de Villalobos when Filipino resistance proved unexpectedly strong,{{sfnp|Welsch|2004|p=110}} De la Torre apparently passed the islands during an eruption on South Iwo Jima,{{sfnp|Welsch|2004|p=115}} realized his supply of water would be insufficient for completing his mission, and returned south to rendezvous with López de Villalobos in the Moluccas.{{cite journal|last=Welsch |first=Bernhard |date=June 2004|title=Was Marcus Island Discovered by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543? |journal=Journal of Pacific History |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=109–122 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=Milton Park |doi=10.1080/00223340410001684886 |jstor=25169675 |s2cid=219627973 }}. Over the next century, other Spanish sailors passed the islands{{mdash}}particularly once Alonso de Arellano found a safe northeastern route back to Mexico from the Philippines{{mdash}}without settling or formally claiming them. The Volcano Islands did, however, form part of the notional boundaries between the Spanish and Portuguese Empires in the Eastern Hemisphere following the treaties of Tordesillas and Zaragoza, such that the Spanish considered them within their sphere of influence.
• 15 November 1779: Following British captain James Cook's death on Hawaii, ships previously under his command landed on Iwo Jima during the return voyage from his 3rd expedition.Patrick, John M. Iwo Jima – Sulphur Island. United States Naval Institute Proceedings 76, no. 9 (September 1950): 1028-1029. Under James King and John Gore, the expedition's surveying crew mapped the island, recording a beach at sea level which was {{cvt|40|m|ft|0|sp=us}} above sea level by 2015 due to volcanic uplifting. Such uplifting occurs on the island at a varying rate of between {{cvt|100|and|800|mm|in|sp=us}} per year, with an average rate of {{cvt|200|mm|in|0|sp=us}} per year.US Geophysics Research Forum, Geophysic Study Committee. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qaz9KnE2lxQC&pg=PA104 Active Tectonics, p. 104.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826074114/https://books.google.com/books?id=qaz9KnE2lxQC&pg=PA104 |date=August 26, 2016 }} National Academies Press, 1986. {{ISBN|0-309-03638-0}} Gore's visit was sometimes misunderstood or misrepresented as a new discovery, as in the report in the December 1786 supplement to The New London Magazine: {{Blockquote|text=“On the 14th [of October 1779], they discovered an island, about five miles long, lying in lat. 24d. 48m. long. 141d. 12m. On the south point of this is a high barren hill, which evidently presented a volcanic crater. The earth, rock, or sand (for it was not easy to distinguish of which its surface is composed) exhibited various colours; and a considerable part was conjectured to be sulphur, both from its appearance to the eye, and the strong sulphureous smell, perceived as they approached the point; and some thought they saw steams rising from the top of the hill. From these circumstances, Captain Gore gave it name of Sulphur Island.”“Captain Cook’s third and last Voyage to the Pacific Ocean”, The New London Magazine, Supplement to Vol.II, No.2, December 1786, p.697.}}
• Early 1945: United States armed forces landed on a beach which by 2015 was {{cvt|17|m|ft}} above sea level due to volcanic uplift.{{cite web |url=https://volcanocafe.wordpress.com/2013/06/30/brimstone-over-iwo-jima/ |title=Brimstone over Iwo Jima! |author=Carllestrange |date=June 30, 2013 |publisher=VolcanoCafé |access-date=May 28, 2017 |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221070521/https://volcanocafe.wordpress.com/2013/06/30/brimstone-over-iwo-jima/ |url-status=live}}
• 28 March 1957: A phreatic eruption occurred without warning {{Convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of Suribachi, lasting 65 minutes and ejecting material {{Convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} high from one crater. Another crater, {{Convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide and {{Convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep, formed by collapse 50 minutes after the eruption ended.
• 9–10 March 1982: Five phreatic eruptions occurred from vents on the northwest shore of the island.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}
• 21 September 2001: A submarine eruption began from three vents southeast of Iwo-jima. It built a {{Convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} diameter pyroclastic cone.
• October 2001: A small phreatic eruption at Idogahama (a beach on the northwest coast of the island) made a crater {{Convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|2|-|3|m|ft}} deep.
• May 2012: Fumaroles, and discolored patches of seawater were seen northeast of the island, indicating further submarine activity.{{cite web |url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/iwo-jima_ioto-eruptions.html |title=Iwo-jima volcano eruptions |publisher=VolcanoDiscovery.com |access-date=2016-06-10 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816104107/https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/iwo-jima_ioto-eruptions.html |archive-date=2016-08-16}}
• May to June 2013: Series of smaller volcanic earthquakes.{{Cite web|title=Report on Kikai (Japan) — 29 May—4 June 2013|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20130529-282060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202223556/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20130529-282060 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=volcano.si.edu|date=2013|editor-last=Sennert|editor-first=Sally|editor-link=Sally Kuhn Sennert|author=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey}}
• April 2018: A number of volcanic earthquakes, high white plumes up to {{Convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{Cite web|title=Report on Kikai (Japan) — 25 April—1 May 2018|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20180425-282060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202160017/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20180425-282060 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=volcano.si.edu|date=2018|editor-last=Sennert|editor-first=Sally|editor-link=Sally Kuhn Sennert|author=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey}}
• 30 October to 5 November 2019: Volcanic quakes and subaerial eruption.{{Cite web |title=Report on Kikai (Japan) — 30 October—5 November 2019 |url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20191030-282060 |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=volcano.si.edu |archive-date=2021-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330073329/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20191030-282060 |url-status=live|date=2019|editor-last=Sennert|editor-first=Sally|editor-link=Sally Kuhn Sennert|author=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey}}
• 29 April to 5 May 2020: Subaerial eruption and volcanic plume rising up to {{Convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} in height.{{Cite web |title=Report on Kikai (Japan) — 29 April—5 May 2020|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20200429-282060 |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=volcano.si.edu |archive-date=2021-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401165755/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20200429-282060 |url-status=live|date=2020|editor-last=Sennert|editor-first=Sally|editor-link=Sally Kuhn Sennert|author=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey}}
• 8 September to 6 October 2020: Volcanic plume up to {{Convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} in height and a minor eruption.{{Cite web |title=Report on Kikai (Japan) — 8 September—14 September 2020|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20200908-282060 |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=volcano.si.edu |archive-date=2021-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207215136/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20200908-282060 |url-status=live|date=2020|editor-last=Sennert|editor-first=Sally|editor-link=Sally Kuhn Sennert|author=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey}}{{Cite web |title=Report on Kikai (Japan) — 30 September—6 October 2020|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20200930-282060 |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=volcano.si.edu |archive-date=2021-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202084125/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20200930-282060 |url-status=live|date=2020|editor-last=Sennert|editor-first=Sally|editor-link=Sally Kuhn Sennert|author=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey}}
• 24 November 2021: Small phreatic eruption occurred with the ash plume height yet to be known.{{Cite web |title=Iwo-jima volcano (Japan): small phreatic explosion |url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/view_news/148821/Iwo-jima-volcano-Japan-small-phreatic-explosion.html |access-date=2021-11-28 |website=www.volcanodiscovery.com |language=en |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128112323/https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/view_news/148821/Iwo-jima-volcano-Japan-small-phreatic-explosion.html |url-status=live}}

File:Volcanic island on the rise ESA25348654.jpg satellite]]

On 11 July 2022, the first magmatic eruption in over 1000 years began just offshore. The article was cited as saying "Officials of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) visited the site between July 12 and July 15 and observed volcanic eruptions every five minutes, which created water columns tens of meters high and spewed black smoke. The officials also observed many rocks that had washed ashore on the coast of Iwoto island. There were small cavities inside the rocks. The officials believe they are cooled lava, formed after magma has erupted, quickly cooled and solidified. The temperature on the inside of some of the rocks was as high as 120 degrees, according to the officials."{{cite news|last=Kurosawa|first=Tairiku|title=Eruption of magma off Iwoto island seen as 1st in 1,000 years|date=9 August 2022|access-date=2 May 2023|url=https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/14691028|work=The Asahi Shimbun}}

At the beginning of November 2023, a series of continuous eruptions of material resulted in a new islet breaking the surface and beginning to grow.{{cite news|last=Kurosawa|first=Tairiku|title=Violent eruptions still continuing off the coast of Iwoto island|date=4 November 2023|access-date=5 November 2023|url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/15048458|work=The Asahi Shimbun}} Following continuous volcanic activity since the initial eruption the island now dubbed Niijima, Japanese for 'new island', has continued to grow and is now visible from space.{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Volcanic island on the rise |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2023/12/Volcanic_island_on_the_rise |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=European Space Agency}}

• [https://i2.wp.com/www.volcanocafe.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Screen-Shot-2018-09-28-at-16.02.17.png?resize=546%2C1024&ssl=1 6 cross sections of stages in the c. 760±20 BC eruption]
• [https://i2.wp.com/www.volcanocafe.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Screen-Shot-2018-09-28-at-19.25.06.png?resize=1024%2C414&ssl=1 SW-NE geological cross section through Suribachiyama]

Iwo Jima has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) with long, hot summers and warm winters with mild nights.

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The island was first visited by a Westerner in October 1543, by Spanish sailor Bernardo de la Torre on board the carrack San Juan de Letrán when trying to return from Sarangani to New Spain.Brand, Donald D. (1967). The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Explorations. New York: The American Geographical Society. p. 123.

In the late 16th century, the island was discovered by the Japanese.{{Cite book |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume5: Asia and Oceania |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=1-884964-04-4 |editor-last=Schellinger |editor-first=Paul |location=Chicago |pages=379 |editor-last2=Salkin |editor-first2=Robert}}

Before World War II Iwo Jima was administered as Iōjima village and was (and is today) part of Tokyo. A census in June 1943 reported an island civilian population of 1,018 (533 males, 485 females) in 192 households in six settlements. The island had a primary school, a Shinto shrine, and one police officer; it was serviced by a mail ship from Haha-jima once a month, and by Nippon Yusen ship once every two months. The island's economy relied upon sulfur mining, sugarcane farming, and fishing; an isolated island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean with poor economic prospects, Iwo Jima had to import all rice and consumer goods from the Home Islands.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

Even before the beginning of World War II, there was a garrison of the Imperial Japanese Navy at the southern part of Iwo Jima. It was off-limits to the island's civilian population, who already had little contact with the naval personnel, except for trading.

File:B-24 Liberators after attacking Iwo Jima 15 December 1944.jpg

Throughout 1944, Japan conducted a massive military buildup on Iwo Jima in anticipation of a U.S. invasion. In July 1944, the island's civilian population was forcibly evacuated, and no civilians have permanently settled on the island since.

War-displaced islanders who are now in their 80s and older longed to return to the island, which they considered "a special place associated with memories both happy and sad". Their repeated requests to return to the island have not been realized given the reason that the area has a dynamic volcanic activity. Former islanders and their family members, however, are occasionally granted permission to visit the graves of their ancestors. Islanders and their descendants are trying to write down their memories, interview other former islanders, and create "a digital archive of photos to preserve memories of life on the now-forbidden island to pass them down to posterity" for younger generations who may not appreciate that Iwo Jima was once a place many had called home.{{Cite news |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14835448 | title=Descendants pass on memories of now-forbidden island of Iwojima | first=Naoko | last=Kawamura | date=February 28, 2023 | work=The Asahi Shimbun | access-date=7 April 2024}}

{{Main|Battle of Iwo Jima}}

File:392d Bombardment Squadron - B-24 Liberator.jpg

The American invasion of Iwo Jima began on February 19, 1945, and continued to March 26, 1945. The battle was a major initiative of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. The Marine invasion, known as "Operation Detachment", was charged with the mission of capturing the airfields on the island for use by P-51 fighters, and the emergency landings of damaged heavy bombers that were not able to reach their main bases in the Marianas (Guam, Saipan and Tinian). Prior to the seizure, Japanese fighters had harried U.S. bombing missions to Japan.

The battle was marked by some of the fiercest fighting of the war. The Imperial Japanese Army positions on the island were heavily fortified, with vast bunkers, hidden artillery, and 18 kilometers (11 mi) of tunnels.[http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/letters_from_iwo_jima.htm Letters From Iwo Jima] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212233438/http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/letters_from_iwo_jima.htm |date=December 12, 2007 }} World War II Multimedia Database{{Cite web|url=http://www.battle-fleet.com/pw/his/Battle-Iwo-Jima-Defense.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417082049/http://www.battle-fleet.com/pw/his/Battle-Iwo-Jima-Defense.htm|url-status=dead|title=Battle of Iwo Jima Japanese Defense|archivedate=April 17, 2016|website=www.battle-fleet.com}} The battle was the first U.S. attack on the Japanese Home Islands and the Imperial soldiers defended their positions tenaciously. Of the 21,000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the battle, over 19,000 were killed and only 1,083 taken prisoner.{{cite book |last=Morison |first=Samuel Eliot |author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison |orig-year=1960 |year=2002 |title=Victory in the Pacific, 1945, vol. 14 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana, IL |isbn=0-252-07065-8 |oclc=49784806}}

One of the first objectives after landing on the beachhead was the taking of Mount Suribachi. At the second raising of a flag on the peak, Joe Rosenthal photographed six Marines raising the United States flag on the fourth day of the battle (February 23).

File:3c-Iwo Jima.jpg

The photograph was extremely popular, and won the Pulitzer Prize for Photography that same year. It is regarded as one of the most significant and recognizable images of the war.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pulitzer/rosenthal.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905115709/http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pulitzer/rosenthal.html|url-status=dead|title=Fifty Years Later, Iwo Jima Photographer Fights His Own Battle|website=Associated Press |archivedate=September 5, 2007}}

After the fall of Mount Suribachi in the south, the Japanese still held a strong position throughout the island. General Tadamichi Kuribayashi still had the equivalent of eight infantry battalions, a tank regiment, two artillery, and three heavy mortar battalions, plus the 5,000 gunners and naval infantry. With the landing area secure, more troops and heavy equipment came ashore and the invasion proceeded north to capture the airfields and the remainder of the island. Most Japanese soldiers fought to the death. On the night of March 25, a 300-man Japanese force launched a final counterattack led by Kuribayashi. The island was officially declared "secured" the following morning.

According to the U.S. Navy, "The 36-day (Iwo Jima) assault resulted in more than 26,000 American casualties, including 6,800 dead."{{Cite web|url=http://history.navy.mil/library/online/battleiwojima.htm|title=Battle for Iwo Jima, 1945|date=December 6, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206014141/http://history.navy.mil/library/online/battleiwojima.htm |archive-date=2006-12-06 }} Comparatively, the 82-day Battle of Okinawa lasted from early April until mid-June 1945 and U.S. (five Army, two Marine Corps Divisions and Navy personnel on ships) casualties were over 62,000 of whom over 12,000 were killed or missing, while the Battle of the Bulge lasted 40 days (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) with almost 90,000 U.S. casualties comprising 19,000 killed, 47,500 wounded and 23,000 captured or missing.

After Iwo Jima was declared secured, about 3,000 Japanese soldiers were left alive in the island's warren of caves and tunnels. Those who could not bring themselves to commit suicide hid in the caves during the day and came out at night to prowl for provisions. Some did eventually surrender and were surprised that the Americans often received them with compassion – offering them water, cigarettes, or coffee.{{cite book |first=John |last=Toland |author-link=John Toland (author) |title=The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945 |location=New York |publisher=Random House |year=1970 |page=731 |oclc=105915}} The last of these stragglers, two of Lieutenant Toshihiko Ohno's men (Ohno's body was never found), Kōfuku Yamakage and Rikio Matsudo, lasted three and a half years, surrendering on January 6, 1949.{{cite news |title=Japanese Surrender After Four Year Hiding |date=Jan 10, 1949 |work=Pacific Stars and Stripes |page=5 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/pacific-stars-and-stripes/1949-01-10/page-5?tag=kufuku&rtserp=tags/kufuku?ndt=by&py=1949&pey=1951 |access-date=January 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130717075553/http://newspaperarchive.com/pacific-stars-and-stripes/1949-01-10/page-5?tag=kufuku&rtserp=tags/kufuku%3Fndt=by&py=1949&pey=1951 |archive-date=July 17, 2013 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://www.wanpela.com/holdouts/profiles/kufuku.html |first=Donald |last=Cook |title=Capture of Two Holdouts January 6, 1949 |work=No Surrender: Japanese Holdouts |access-date=2007-09-11 |archive-date=2007-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009185024/http://www.wanpela.com/holdouts/profiles/kufuku.html |url-status=live}}

In memory of the battle, three ships of the U.S. Navy have been named {{USS|Iwo Jima}}:

• {{USS|Iwo Jima|CV-46}}, a planned {{sclass|Essex|aircraft carrier}} which began construction in early 1945, but cancelled in August 1945 with the end of the war. It was eventually scrapped in 1949.
• {{USS|Iwo Jima|LPH-2}}, the lead ship of the {{sclass|Iwo Jima|amphibious assault ship}}s, served from 1961 to 1993, and scrapped in 1995.
• {{USS|Iwo Jima|LHD-7}}, a {{sclass|Wasp|amphibious assault ship|2}}, commissioned in 2001 and in active service {{as of|2025|lc=y}}.

{{Main|Naval Base Iwo Jima}}

File:CASU52Camp_AdministrationIwoJimabase1945.jpg

The U.S. military occupied Iwo Jima until June 26, 1968, when it was returned to Japan.{{cite news |url=https://www.bnd.com/living/liv-columns-blogs/answer-man/article29658646.html |title=U.S. returned hard-won islands to Japan to strengthen ties |first=Roger |last=Schlueter |date=July 31, 2015 |newspaper=Belleville News-Democrat |access-date=September 14, 2019 |archive-date=November 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114220335/https://www.bnd.com/living/liv-columns-blogs/answer-man/article29658646.html |url-status=live}} The United States Navy built and operated a naval base on the island.

Between 1956 and 1959, it is claimed that US Military forces stored at least one nuclear weapon at Iwo Jima, with some nuclear components being stored on the island until 1966.{{cite book |last1=Eldridge |first1=Robert D. |title=Iwo Jima and the Bonin Islands in U.S.-Japanese Relations: American Strategy, Japanese Territory, and the Islanders In-Between |date=2014 |publisher=Marine Corps University Press |page=228 |url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/IwoJimaBoninIsland.pdf |access-date=14 February 2024}} This made Iwo Jima one of several islands hosting nuclear weapons during the US Military Occupation of Japan.

The claim was initially made by authors at the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, parsing heavily redacted declassified documents.{{cite journal |last=Norris |first=Robert S. |author2=William M. Arkin |author3=William Burr |date=January–February 2000 |title=Where they were: how much did Japan know? |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=11–13, 78–79 |url=http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/r111482630153263/?p=6fc2fe9c221d4d5786d2d9724d6729c9&pi=4 |access-date=2009-07-20 |doi=10.2968/056001005|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite journal |last=Norris |first=Robert S. |author2=William M. Arkin |author3=William Burr |date=November–December 1999 |title=NRDC: Nuclear Notebook: Appendix B: Deployments By Country, 1951-1977 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |url=http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/d661v3675t623824/fulltext.pdf |access-date=2009-07-20 |doi=10.2968/055006019}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

On December 12, 1999, U.S. Under Secretary for Defense Policy Walter Slocombe told The New York Times, "Our position is that there have been no violations of our obligations under the security treaty and related arrangements."{{cite journal |date=December 1999 |title=Allegations of Clandestine U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Japan |journal=Disarmament Diplomacy |publisher=The Acronym Institute |issue=42 |url=http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd42/42base.htm |access-date=2007-06-24 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194227/http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd42/42base.htm |url-status=live}}

Norris, Arkin and Burr, authors at the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, however concluded:

There were nuclear weapons on Chichi Jima and Iwo Jima (Iwo To)... Chichi Jima, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa were under U.S. occupation, that the bombs stored on the mainland lacked their plutonium and/ or uranium cores... This elaborate stratagem maintained the technicality that the United States had no nuclear weapons "in Japan."

{{see also|Central Field (Iwo Jima)}}

File:548th Night Fighter Squadron P-61 Black Widows Central Field Iwo Jima.jpg

File:Iwo-Jima-Suribachi.jpg

Since returning the island from the U.S. to Japan on June 26, 1968, the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) maintain a station on Iwo Jima. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) operates a naval air base on the island at Central Field.{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Rex Alan |title=Pacific legacy : image and memory from World War II in the Pacific |date=2002 |publisher=Abbeville Press |others=Gerald A. Meehl |isbn=0-7892-0761-3 |location=New York |oclc=49327054 |pages=231, 236}} The airstrip is 2,650 meters (8,700 ft) long and 60 meters (200 ft) wide. The JMSDF is in charge of support, air traffic control, fueling, and rescue. The airstrip is rarely used for emergency landings by commercial airplanes flying transpacific routes (between the Northeast Asia and Saipan, Guam). The IATA airport code of IWO and the ICAO airport code of RJAW are assigned to the airfield. The JMSDF Air Wing 21 Detachment Iōtō provides support for emergency medical air transportation from the Bonin Islands (Chichijima and Hahajima) to Honshu.{{Cite web |title=医療の現状 - 小笠原村診療所 |url=http://www.ogasawaraclinic.jp/clinic/state.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Ogasawara Municipal Clinic |language=ja}} The base is occasionally used as a relay point for the medical transport. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force also uses the base. The Japan Ground Self-Defense Force is in charge of explosive ordnance disposal, and maintains a garrison of 400 troops on the island. Two abandoned airfields from World War II are nearby, North Field to the north of the current air base, and an unfinished Japanese airfield to the south of the base, which was improved after the U.S. invasion of the island.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

The U.S. Navy's Carrier Air Wing Five, based at the United States Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni when not deployed aboard {{USS|George Washington|CVN-73|6}},{{cite web |author=Ensign Kenadall Hill |title=George Washington returns to Yokosuka |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/485887/george-washington-returns-yokosuka |date=2024-11-22 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Defense Visual Information Distribution Service (DVIDS) |publisher=U.S. Department of the Defense}} also uses the base for field carrier landing practice (FCLP). To justify the U.S. Navy's use of the airfield, the U.S. Navy still nominally has a 1,639-acre (663-ha) disused communication facility (Iwo-Jima Communication Site, FAC3181) on the island under the U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement. The U.S. Coast Guard's Iwo Jima LORAN-C transmitter facility was transferred to Japan in 1993 and demolished in 1994.

Civilian access to the island is restricted to those visiting graves of former residents and attending memorial services for U.S. and Japanese fallen soldiers, construction workers and cafeteria staff for the naval air base, and meteorological, geological and environmental agency officials. The Japanese troops stationed on the island register their residential addresses in Ayase, Kanagawa or Sayama, Saitama for voting, tax, and social security purposes. Officially, there is no population on the island.

While large areas of the Bonin Islands are designated as a national park (Ogasawara National Park) as well as inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, Iwo Jima is included neither in the National Park nor the World Heritage natural site because of the military installations.{{Cite web |url=https://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/07ogasawara/nature/summaryofpark.html |title=小笠原国立公園の概要 |date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government Ogasawara Islands Branch Office |access-date=2024-06-18 |language=ja}}{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1362/maps/ |title=Ogasawara Islands |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=2024-06-18 |language=en}}

The first large scale reunion on the island was held in 1970 on the 25th anniversary of the battle. The event was sponsored by the Fifth Marine Division Association and included both American and Japanese veterans of the battle. Other notable attendees included then Brigadier General William K. Jones commander of the 3rd Marine Division, NBC’s senior correspondent in Asia John Rich, and Yoshitaka Shindō grandson of General Tadamichi Kuribayashi. The widows of General Kuribayashi and Colonel Takeichi Nishi also attended events with American veterans held in Tokyo.{{cite web|url=https://5thmarinedivision.org/iwo-jima-reunion-1970/ |title=Iwo Jima Reunion 1970|publisher=Fifth Marine Division Association|access-date=2024-10-08}}{{cite web |title= First Reunion on Iwo Jima of Japanese & American Veterans 19 February 1970 25th Anniversary of the Landing|url=https://camptarawacollections.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1970-reunion-pdf-complete-2.pdf|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20241009015232/https://camptarawacollections.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1970-reunion-pdf-complete-2.pdf|access-date=2024-10-08|archive-date = 2024-10-09}}

On February 19, 1985, the 40th anniversary of the day that U.S. forces began the assault on the island, veterans from both forces gathered for the Reunion of Honor just a few meters/yards away from the spot where U.S. Marines had landed on the island.{{cite web |last=Boardman |first=Robert |date=January–February 1986 |url=http://www.navpress.com:80/magazines/archives/article.aspx?id=14125 |title=A Higher Honor |work=Discipleship Journal |publisher=NavPress |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527162055/http://www.navpress.com/magazines/archives/article.aspx?id=14125 |archive-date=2012-05-27 |url-status=dead}}

During the memorial service a granite plaque was unveiled with the message:

On the 40th anniversary of the battle of Iwo Jima, American and Japanese veterans met again on these same sands, this time in peace and friendship. We commemorate our comrades, living and dead, who fought here with bravery and honor, and we pray together that our sacrifices on Iwo Jima will always be remembered and never be repeated.

It is inscribed on both sides of the plaque, with the English translation facing the beaches where U.S. forces landed and the Japanese translation facing inland, where Japanese troops defended their position.

After that, the Japan–U.S. combination memorial service of the 50th anniversary was held in front of this monument in March 1995. The 55th anniversary was held in 2000, followed by a 60th reunion in March 2005 (see U.S. National Park Service photo below), and a 70th anniversary ceremony on March 21, 2015.{{cite web |last=Chacon |first=Joshua|date=March 23, 2015 |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/video/395962/70th-reunion-honor#.VRKzaLOUfr9 |title=70th Reunion of Honor |work=Defense Video Imagery Distribution System |publisher=United States Department Of Defense |access-date=2016-10-29 |archive-date=2016-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030081159/https://www.dvidshub.net/video/395962/70th-reunion-honor#.VRKzaLOUfr9 |url-status=live}}

A memorial service held on the island in 2007 got particular attention because it coincided with the release of the movie Letters from Iwo Jima. The joint U.S.–Japanese ceremony was attended by Yoshitaka Shindo, a Japanese lawmaker who is the grandson of the Japanese commander during the battle, Lt. Gen. Tadamichi Kuribayashi, and Yasunori Nishi, the son of Colonel Baron Takeichi Nishi, the Olympic gold medalist equestrian who died commanding a tank unit on the island.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/19/world/asia/19iwojima.html |title=Renewed Interest in Japanese Who Died in Epic Battle |last=Fackler |first=Martin |date=March 19, 2007 |newspaper=The New York Times |language=en |access-date=2019-08-08 |archive-date=2019-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808134158/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/19/world/asia/19iwojima.html |url-status=live}}

Active Marines have also visited the island on occasion for Professional Military Education (PME).[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Qd7fqhmoCs Iwo Jima: Marines visit historical landmark] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412145648/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Qd7fqhmoCs |date=2021-04-12 }} Marine Corps Installations Pacific on YouTube

File:First Iwo Jima Flag Raising.jpg|Raising of the first U.S. flag at Iwo Jima

File:Still from Iwo Jima flag raising.jpg|Raising of the second U.S. flag at Iwo Jima

File:60th Anniversary reunion at Iwo Jima.jpg|60th Reunion 2005

File:Reunion_of_Honor_memorial_on_Iwo_Jima.jpg|Reunion of Honor Memorial

{{Portal|Tokyo|Islands}}

• List of volcanoes in Japan
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{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Iwo Jima}}

• [http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/tokyo/329_Ioto/329_index.html Ioto] - Japan Meteorological Agency {{in lang|ja}}
• [http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/tokyo/STOCK/souran_eng/volcanoes/074_ioto.pdf Ioto: National catalogue of the active volcanoes in Japan] - Japan Meteorological Agency
• [https://gbank.gsj.jp/volcano/Quat_Vol/volcano_data/G28.html Io To] - Geological Survey of Japan
• [http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/iwo-jima_ioto.html Iwo-jima volcano] - volcanodiscovery
• [https://www.volcanocafe.org/iwo-jima-in-45-eruptions/ Volcano Cafe report]

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