Jalebi#Zalabia

File:Jalebi Making - Howrah 2004-04-11 00192.JPG, West Bengal, India]]

The earliest known recipe of this food comes from the 10th century in the Arabic cookbook Kitab al-Tabikh (English: The Book of Dishes) by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq.{{cite book|last=Goldstein|first=Darra|title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets|year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-78785-554-0}} In the 13th century Persia, a cookbook by Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi mentioned a similar dish.

According to the Hobson-Jobson (1903) historical dictionary, the word jalebi is derived from the Arabic word zulabiya, or the Persian zolbiya.{{Cite book |last=Yule |first=Henry |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/hobsonjobson_query.py?qs=JELAUBEE&searchhws=yes |title=Hobson-Jobson |publisher=J. Murray |year=1903 |editor-last=Crooke |editor-first=William |location=London, England |pages=458 |chapter=Jelaubee}}

Priyamkara-nrpa-katha, a work by the Jain author Jinasura, composed around 1450 CE, mentions jalebi in the context of a dinner held by a rich merchant. Gunyagunabodhini, another Sanskrit work dating before 1600 CE, lists the ingredients and recipe of the dish; these are identical to the ones used to prepare the modern jalebi.{{cite news |author=Dileep Padgaonkar |date=15 March 2010 |title=Journey of the jalebi |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Journey-of-the-jalebi/articleshow/5071902.cms?referral=PM |access-date=2014-08-25}} According to the Indian ambassador Nagma Malik, jalebi might have started life in Turkey and then arrived in Tunisia long ago before making its way to India.{{Cite web |date=2015-08-27 |title=I say jalebi, Tunisia says z'labia. Could this Indian sweet really be Levantine? |url=https://www.rashmee.com/2015/08/28/i-say-jalebi-tunisia-says-zlabia-could-this-indian-sweet-really-be-levantine/ |access-date=2021-05-16 |website=Rashmee Roshan Lall |language=en-GB}} Others claim that it was created by a musician during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, Abdourrahman Ibnou Nafaâ Ziriab, who made a prolonged stop over in Tunisia while traveling from Baghdad to Andalusia.{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-06-21 |title=La Zlabia, un délice aux origines mystérieuses |url=https://babzman.com/la-zlabia-un-delice-aux-origines-mysterieuses/ |access-date=2021-05-16 |website=Babzman |language=fr-FR}}

It has been suggested that the American funnel cake is derived from the Arab and Persian cuisine, brought by German emigrants and called Drechterkuche.{{Cite book|last=Marks|first=Gil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFK_yx7Ps7cC|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food|date=2010-11-17|publisher=HMH|isbn=978-0-544-18631-6|language=en|page=191}}

In Afghanistan, Jalebi is a popular dessert. There is some slight differences between Afghan Jalebi and other variants. The Afghan Jalebi does not use any food coloring in contrast to the Indian and Pakistani variants and so is usually yellow and not orange in color. The Afghan Jalebi is also thinner. It is a popular dessert that is commonly consumed in households and in public events such as weddings or festivals. Jalebi is oftentimes served with green tea. There is also a popular song from Bollywood film Phantom named Afghan Jaleb{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1s74PBDvbcA |title=Afghan Jalebi (Ya Baba) VIDEO Song {{!}} Phantom {{!}} Saif Ali Khan, Katrina Kaif {{!}} T-Series |date=30 July 2015 |last=T-Series |access-date=2 June 2024 |via=YouTube}} i.{{cite news |last=Sajjad |first=Wasim |date=10 April 2023 |title=The secret ingredient that makes Afghan Jalebi Wala a Ramadan favorite at Peshawar's Board Bazar |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2289106/world |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=Arab News}}

{{See also|Shahi jilapi|Imarti|Chhena jalebi}}

File:Jalebis for sale at a shop during Ratha Yatra festival in Jagadishpur Hat, Howrah.jpg festival in West Bengal, India.]]

Jalebi made from khoya or mawa, was invented by Harprasad Badkul, in the year 1889, in Jabalpur.{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/mp/inspire-me/culture/take-top-eats/ |title=Take On These Top Eats |magazine=Outlook}}{{Cite web |url=https://jabalpur.nic.in/en/culinary-delight/khoya-jalebi/ |title=Khoya Jalebi | District Administration Jabalpur, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.patrika.com/jabalpur-news/jayaka-india-ka-famous-jalebi-of-jabalpur-1-2013004/ |title=Jalebi of Jabalpur: आठ दिनो तक खराब नहीं होती जबलपुर की ये लजीज जलेबी | Jayaka India ka - Famous Jalebi of Jabalpur |date=19 November 2017 |website=Patrika News}}{{Cite web |url=https://jabalpurdivisionmp.nic.in/en/culinary-delight/khoye-ki-jalebi-chhindwara/ |title=Khoye Ki Jalebi – Chhindwara | Jabalpur Division | India}}

In Norman Chevers book, A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence for India (1870, page 178) mentions "jelabees" as a historical way of poisoning prisoners in India in the 1800s.

In Pakistan, jalebis are a popular dessert that are commonly consumed in households and in public events such as weddings or festivals. Particularly during winter season, used as commonly paired with warm milk as a breakfast option. Also consumed as a snack with evening tea, or sometimes served alongside savory items like samosas and other sweets such as gulab jamun, offering a combination of flavors.{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2270197/hot-jalebis-a-winter-quintessential|title=Hot jalebis, a winter quintessential|work=The Express Tribune|date=28 October 2020|access-date=20 December 2020|first=Zulfiqar|last=Baig}}

In Nepal, it is known as Jerry, a word derived from Jangiri and the Mughal Emperor Jahangir.{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Potpourri/Jalebi_khani_hai/articleshow/3942696.cms|title=Jalebi khani hai?|date=7 January 2009|newspaper=The Times of India}} People usually eat Jerry with Swari, a very thin fried bread like Puri (food). It is often eaten in morning with Nepali Masala chiya.{{Cite web|date=2021-07-18|title=Must Try Local Breakfast|url=https://omgnepal.com/must-try-local-breakfast/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=OMG Nepal|language=en-US}}

{{See also|Zalabiyeh|Lokma|Bamiyeh}}

It is known as {{Transliteration|fa|zoolbia}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/recipes/dessert/zoolbia_baamieh.php|title=Iranian Recipes: Zoolbia & Baamieh|website=Iran Chamber Society|access-date=2019-03-03}} (زولبیا) in Iran, although when translated into English, the spelling has alternatives and can include {{Transliteration|fa|zolbiya}}, {{Transliteration|fa|zulbiā}}, {{Transliteration|fa|zulbia}}, {{Transliteration|fa|zolbia}}, and others. In addition to being sweetened with honey and sugar, zoolbias in Iran is also flavoured with saffron or rose water.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/recipes/saffron-zoolbia-deep-fried-pastry-saffron-sugar-syrup|title=Saffron zoolbia (deep-fried pastry with saffron sugar syrup)|website=Food|date=12 April 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-03}} Often in Iran, zoolbia is served with Persian-style black tea alongside a similar dessert with a different "egg" shape, bamiyeh.{{Cite journal|date=2007|editor-last=Newfield Metzelthin|editor-first=Pearl Violette|title=Contents|journal=Gourmet Magazine|publisher=Condé Nast Publications|pages=586}} These desserts are commonly served during Ramadan month as one of the main elements eaten after fasting.

In Iran, where it is known as zolbiya, the sweet was traditionally given to the poor during Ramadan. A 10th century cookbook gives several recipes for zulubiya. There are several surviving 13th century recipes for the sweetmeat, the most widely accepted being that mentioned in a cookbook by Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi.

Zulbiya or zilviya is one of the unique sweets of Ganja, one of the ancient cities of Azerbaijan. In the past, Zilviya was considered one of the main attributes of the Novruz in Ganja. Zilviya was usually cooked a few days before Novruz and served on the eve of the holiday. Just as each of the sweets and cookies placed on the table on the eve of holiday has a certain meaning in connection with Novruz, the round-shaped zilviyas, mostly baked in yellow and red, symbolized the equality of night and day on 21 March.

{{main|Zalabiyeh}}

Zalābiya or zalabia, zalabiya (زلابية) (Maghrebi Arabic: زلابية) are found in the Levant and other Western Asian countries, including the Arab countries of Yemen, Egypt,{{cite book |last1=Shatzmiller |first1=Maya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzo0Skd1kcYC&pg=PA110 |title=Labour in the medieval Islamic world |date=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09896-1 |page=110 |author-link=Maya Shatzmiller}} Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq.

These are fried dough foods, including types similar to doughnuts.{{Cite web |date=2016-02-09 |title=Middle Eastern Vegan Donuts (Zalabia) |url=https://www.themediterraneandish.com/middle-eastern-vegan-donuts-zalabia/ |access-date=2019-03-03 |website=The Mediterranean Dish |language=en-US}} Zalābiya are made from a batter composed of eggs, yeasted flour, and milk, and then cooked in oil. They are made by a zalbāni. Unlike jalebi, the Western Asian variety may have a different shape, more like a free-form doughnut or a ball (but this is depending on the exact region and culture), and it may contain cinnamon, lemon, and powdered sugar.{{Cite web |title=Egyptian Zalabia Balls Recipe |url=http://www.middleeastkitchen.com/sweets/zalabia.html |access-date=2019-03-03 |website=www.middleeastkitchen.com}} In Yemen, the manner of preparing the zalabiyeh differed from the variety of jalebi made in the Indian sub-continent, insofar that the Indian variety was dipped in syrup, to give to it a glaze-like finish, whereas the Yemeni variety of zalabiyeh was "made from a soft yeast bread [and] which is fried on both sides in deep oil. There are those who add to the dough black cumin for improved taste. They are eaten while they are still hot, while some have it as a practice to eat them with honey or with sugar."{{cite book |editor-last1=Tobi |editor-first1=Yosef |editor-last2=Seri |editor-first2=Shalom |editor-link1=:he:יוסף טובי |title=Yalḳuṭ Teman - Lexicon |publisher=E'eleh betamar |date=2000 |page=141 |location=Tel-Aviv |language=he |oclc=609321911}}

Zalābiyeh is first mentioned in a 10th-century Arabic cookbook by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq, a book later translated by Nawal Nasrallah.{{cite book |last1=al-Warraq |first1=Ibn Sayyar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUC-e-l3XM8C&q=chapter+100 |title=annals of the caliphs' kitchens |last2=Nasrallah |first2=Nawal |year=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004158672 |page=413 chapter 100}}{{cite web |last1=al-warraq |first1=ibn sayyar |title=كتاب الطبيخ؛ وإصلاح الأغذية المأكولات وطيبات الأطعمة المصنوعات مما استخرج من كتب الطب وألفاظ الطهاة وأهل اللب |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18463142 |access-date=17 September 2018 |website=goodreads}} Ernest A Hamwi, a Syrian immigrant to the United States, is believed to have used the Persian version zalabia as an early ice cream cone.{{rp|404}}

Zlebia or zlabia is a type of pastry eaten in parts of Northwest Africa, such as Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. Natural ingredients include flour, yeast, yoghurt, and sugar or honey. This is then mixed with water and commonly two seeds of cardamom (oil for the crackling).

In Tunisia, the Zlabia is known to be a speciality of the city of Beja.{{Cite web|title=Tunisie [Vidéo]: Zlabia et Mkharak des sucreries très prisées à Béja - TN24.TN|url=https://tn24.tn/fr/article/tunisie-video-zlabia-et-mkharak-des-sucreries-tres-prisees-a-beja-256481|access-date=2021-05-16|language=fr-FR}} In Algeria, the Zlabia of Boufarik, which is less greasy than the others and moderately sweet, is particularly successful.{{cite book|author=Malek Chebel|title=Dictionnaire amoureux de l'Algérie |year=2012|publisher=Place des éditeurs |isbn=978-2-259-21779-8|pages=1934}}

Mushabak or Mushabaka is a popular food mainly in the Oromo region. It comes in different shapes and sizes and is usually bathed with sugar syrup or honey. Mushabaka is normally baked red. It is often served at celebrations and other social events.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

File:Jalebis (2981248011).jpg

In Mauritius, jalebi are known as "Gateau Moutaille"; they are of Indian origin.{{Cite web|title=Jalebis Recipe|url=https://restaurants.mu/en/recipe/jalebis-recipe.html|access-date=2021-04-26|website=restaurants.mu|language=en}}

Zalābiya mushabbaka are latticed fritters made in discs, balls and squares. They are dipped in clarified honey perfumed with rose water, musk and camphor. A recipe from a caliph's kitchen suggests milk, clarified butter, sugar and pepper to be added.{{Quote without source|date=November 2009}}

{{Transliteration|fa|Zalābiya funiyya}} is a "sponge cake" version cooked in a special round pot on a trivet and cooked in a tannur.Translated by Nawal Nasrallah [https://books.google.com/books?id=dUC-e-l3XM8C&dq=Zalabiya&pg=PA417 Annals of the caliphs' kitchens]: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq's tenth-century Baghdadi cookbook Volume 70 of Islamic history and civilization Edition illustrated 2007 {{ISBN|978-90-04-15867-2}}. 867 pages BRILL page 413-417 They are often stick shaped. They are eaten year-round, including in expatriate communities such as in France, although they are especially popular during Ramadan celebrations.Hadi Yahmid [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1189959276075&pagename=Zone-English-News%2FNWELayout French Ramadan About Solidarity] IslamOnline{{unreliable source?|date=November 2016}}

File:Jalebi, sweet food at Wikipedia's 16th Birthday celebration in Chittagong (01).jpg|Jilapi in Bangladesh, generally consumed as a sweetmeat, is a popular starter at social events.

File:Jilapi1.JPG|Shahi jilapi, meaning King's jilapi, in Dhaka, Bangladesh.{{cite web |url=https://patternsofhumanity.com/bangladeshi-fritter-shahi-jilapi/ |title=Bangladeshi Fritter | Shahi Jilapi – Patterns of Humanity |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020044251/https://patternsofhumanity.com/bangladeshi-fritter-shahi-jilapi/ |url-status=dead }} It is the largest form of the dessert.

File:Zoolbia Bamieh.JPG|Zulbiā and bāmieh in Iran

File:Jalebi-Rabdi.jpg|Jalebi dipped in rabri

• "Jalebi Baby" by Tesher: This song, which blends English and Punjabi lyrics, became a viral sensation globally, especially on platforms like TikTok. The song uses jalebi as a metaphor for something sweet and desirable. The collaboration with Jason Derulo further popularized the song, making it a crossover hit in both South Asian and Western markets.{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Marc |date=5 July 2021 |title=Existing in Both Worlds: a Conversation with Tesher |url=https://poptized.com/music/an-artist-that-can-exist-in-both-worlds-an-interview-with-tesher/ |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=POPTIZED |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=The original 'Jalebi Bai' Mallika Sherawat refused Tesher's viral song thinking it was a prank |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/the-original-jalebi-bai-mallika-sherawat-refused-teshers-viral-song-thinking-it-was-a-prank/93000354 |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}
• "Jalebi Bai" from the movie "Double Dhamaal": This Bollywood song became a hit item number where jalebi is used metaphorically to describe an attractive and alluring woman. The song's catchy tune and vibrant performance contributed to its widespread popularity in Indian cinema.{{Cite web |date=20 July 2022 |title=Mallika Sherawat told Tesher to 'get lost' and not disturb her again after he called to get her onboard 'Jalebi Baby' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mallika-sherawat-told-tesher-to-get-lost-jalebi-baby-8040272/ |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=18 July 2015 |title=From 'Chicken kukdoo koo' to 'Jalebi bai': Songs that will make you go hungry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/from-chicken-kukdoo-koo-to-jalebi-bai-songs-that-will-make-you-go-hungry/articleshow/48123466.cms |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=8 Catchy Songs From Bollywood That Were Inspired From Indian Street Food Like Samosas And Jalebis |url=https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/features/77500-catchy-songs-from-bollywood-that-were-inspired-from-indian-street-food-like-samosas-and-jalebis.html |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}
• "Afghan Jalebi" from the movie "Phantom" This Bollywood song.

• "Jalebi" - Jalebi was surrounded by controversy when the leader of opposition in Lok Sabha Rahul Gandhi, addressing an election rally in Haryana's Gohana, showed a box of the famous jalebi-maker Matu Ram 'halwai' and emphasised that his jalebi should be sold across the country. Jalebi is in parts of India, used as an unfair slur for Dravidian languages from the South, owing to the curvy and curly nature of the script.[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/news/how-jalebi-ended-up-in-haryanas-political-platter/articleshow/114051907.cms][https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Kannad-alphabets-appear-like-jalebi-and-language-sound-too-harsh-and-unsophisticated-to-one-s-ears][https://linguisticdiversityofindia.quora.com/As-sweet-as-jalebi]

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