Jan Czochralski

Czochralski was born in what was then Exin in the Prussian Province of Posen, German Empire (now Kcynia, Poland). Around 1900 he moved to Berlin, where he worked at a pharmacy. He was educated at the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (today Technische Universität Berlin), where he specialized in metal chemistry. Czochralski began working as an engineer for Allgemeine Elektrizitäts Gesellschaft (AEG) in 1907.

He discovered the Czochralski method in 1916, when he accidentally dipped his pen into a crucible of molten tin rather than his inkwell. He immediately pulled his pen out to discover that a thin thread of solidified metal was hanging from the nib. The nib was replaced by a capillary, and Czochralski verified that the crystallized metal was a single crystal. Czochralski's experiments produced single crystals a millimeter in diameter and up to 150 centimeters long. He published a paper on his discovery in 1918 in the Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, a German chemistry journal, under the title "Ein neues Verfahren zur Messung der Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit der Metalle" [A new method for the measurement of the crystallization rate of metals], since the method was at that time used for measuring the crystallization rate of metals such as tin, zinc and lead.J. Czochralski (1918) "Ein neues Verfahren zur Messung der Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit der Metalle" [A new method for the measurement of the crystallization rate of metals], Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 92 : 219–221. In 1948, Americans Gordon K. Teal and J.B. Little from Bell Labs would use the method to grow single germanium crystals, leading to its use in semiconductor production.

In 1917, Czochralski organized the research laboratory "Metallbank und Metallurgische Gesellschaft", which he directed until 1928. In 1919 he was one of the founding members of the German Society for Metals Science (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Metallkunde), of which he was president until 1925. In 1924, Czochralski patented a metal alloy known as B-metal, which was perfect for the manufacturing of bearings for railway carriages as it did not contain expensive tin. The German railways were the first institution to buy the patent. B-metal allowed trains to travel at higher speeds and played a significant role in the development of rail transport in Germany, Poland, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. Czochralski’s achievements brought him international recognition. In 1925, he became the president of the German Association of Metallurgists. He was also invited by Henry Ford to visit his factories and offered the position of director at his new aluminum factory, but Czochralski declined.{{Cite web |url=https://polanddaily24.com/70th-anniversary-of-the-father-of-modern-electronics-jan-czochralskis-death/culture-history/22532 |title=70th anniversary of the father of modern electronics, Jan Czochralski's death |website=polanddaily24.com |date=23 April 2023 |access-date=10 May 2023}}

In 1928, at the request of the president of Poland, Ignacy Mościcki, he moved to Poland and was appointed the Professor of Metallurgy and Metal Research at the Chemistry Department of the Warsaw University of Technology.{{cite news |url=https://www2.chemia.uj.edu.pl/krysztaly_wystawa/?page_id=94 |title=Profesor Jan Czochralski (1885-1953) |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904145707/http://www2.chemia.uj.edu.pl/krysztaly_wystawa/?page_id=94 |url-status=dead }} He also became of the first individuals to receive the university's honorary degrees. In the 1930s, his institute acquired new equipment and facilities, which were used for research into materials for military armaments and some for civilian use. Following Germany's invasion of Poland, senior German officials visited him, hoping to use his facility for their own purposes. During the German occupation of Warsaw, more restrictions on daily life were imposed on the population; however, Czochralski was able to live largely undisturbed.

After World War II, he was stripped of his professorship by the communist regime due to his involvement with Germany during the war, although he was later cleared of any wrongdoing by a Polish court. He returned to his native town of Kcynia, where he ran a small cosmetics and household chemicals firm until his death in 1953.{{cite news|url=https://culture.pl/en/article/nazi-collaborator-or-resistance-fighter-the-extraordinary-story-behind-the-man-at-the-core-of-the |title=Nazi Collaborator or Resistance Fighter: The Extraordinary Story Behind The Man at the Core of The Digital Revolution |access-date=18 November 2019}}

File:Sesja naukowa poświęcona Janowi Czochralskiemu Senat RP 01.JPG (2013).]]

As a way to commemorate him, a number of places in Poland were named after Czochralski including schools and streets in such cities like Gdańsk, Poznań, Bydgoszcz and Wrocław.

In 2004, the European Materials Research Society established the Jan Czochralski Gold Medal for contributions to materials science in honour of the Polish scientist.{{Cite web |url=https://www.european-mrs.com/awards/e-mrs-professor-jan-czochralski-award |title=E-MRS Professor Jan Czochralski Award |website=european-mrs.com |access-date=11 December 2024}}

In 2009, the Polish Post issued a series of four commemorative stamps. The stamp with a denomination of PLN 1,55 depicted Czochralski.{{cite news|url=https://www.kzp.pl/index.php?artykul=kat-zn-2009-index |title=Znaczki z 2009 roku |access-date=19 November 2019}}

In 2012, the Polish Parliament passed a resolution to name 2013 as "The Year of Jan Czochralski".{{cite news |url=https://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20120000990 |title=M.P. 2012 poz. 990 |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108150332/http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20120000990 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news|url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm7.nsf/komunikat.xsp?documentId=698B31211972FFDAC1257ACD004A30D9 |title=Zakończyło się 28. posiedzenie Sejmu |access-date=19 November 2019}}

In 2016, a team of Polish mineralogists led by Łukasz Karwowski from the Silesian University and Andrzej Muszyński from the Adam Mickiewicz University named a newly-discovered mineral czochralskiit in honour of the Polish chemist. It was discovered during scientific works in the Morasko Meteorite Nature Reserve.{{cite news |url=https://wngig.amu.edu.pl/dla-doktoranta/content-wngig-doktorant/291842-dwa-nowo-odkryte-mineraly-w-meteorycie-morasko |title=DWA NOWO ODKRYTE MINERAŁY W METEORYCIE MORASKO |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010005853/https://wngig.amu.edu.pl/dla-doktoranta/content-wngig-doktorant/291842-dwa-nowo-odkryte-mineraly-w-meteorycie-morasko |url-status=dead }}

In 2018, a comic book by Maciej Jasiński and Jacek Michalski entitled Jan Czochralski. The Man Who Changed the World (Polish: "Jan Czochralski. Człowiek, który zmienił świat") was officially published.{{cite news|url=https://issuu.com/kujawsko-pomorskie/docs/komiks_czochralski_m |title=Komiks Jan Czochralski |access-date=19 November 2019}}

In 2019, a commemorative IEEE Milestone plaque honouring Czochralski's scientific achievements was ceremonially unveiled at the Warsaw University of Technology.{{cite news|url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/scientist-who-laid-the-foundations-for-silicon-valley-honoured-at-long-last-8741 |title=Scientist who laid the foundations for Silicon Valley honoured at long last |access-date=18 November 2019}}

In 2019, a square in front of the Mill of Knowledge Innovation Centre in Toruń was named in memory of Czochralski.{{cite news|url=https://www.torun.pl/pl/plac-im-prof-jana-czochralskiego |title=Plac im. prof. Jana Czochralskiego |access-date=19 November 2019}}

Jan Czochralski renounced his German citizenship.{{Cite web |title=Jan Czochralski - scholar, whose technology changed the world |url=https://scienceinpoland.pl/en/news/news%2C397758%2Cjan-czochralski---scholar-whose-technology-changed-the-world.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Science in Poland |language=en}} His brother was murdered by the Germans at the beginning of the Second World War.{{Cite web |title=Jan Czochralski - scientist and inventor |url=https://iderepublica.pl/en/known-unknowns/index/jan-czochralski/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Institute De Republica |language=en-US}}

• Moderne Metallkunde in Theorie und Praxis, J. Czochralski, published by Springer, Berlin, 1924.

• List of Poles
• Timeline of Polish science and technology

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{{reflist}}

• http://www.janczochralski.com
• https://zyciorysy.info/jan-czochralski/
• https://web.archive.org/web/20031024215816/http://www.itme.edu.pl/czochralski.htm
• http://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/elmat_en/kap_6/advanced/t6_1_4.html
• https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234728/http://www.ptwk.org.pl/php/patron.php?p=eng,pa

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Category:1885 births

Category:1953 deaths

Category:People from Kcynia

Category:People from the Province of Posen

Category:20th-century Polish inventors

Category:Academic staff of the Warsaw University of Technology

Category:Polish resistance members of World War II

Category:20th-century Polish chemists

Category:Academic staff of the University of Warsaw

Category:Technische Universität Berlin alumni

Category:Polish metallurgists