Bydgoszcz

The name Bydgoszcz, originally Bydgoszcza, derives from Bydgost, a personal name, and the suffix -ja, denoting ownership. The German name Bromberg is an alteration of Braheberg, meaning "hill on the Brahe River" (Polish: Brda).{{cite book|title=Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch|editor-last=Niemeyer|editor-first=Manfred|date=2012|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn= 978-3-11-025802-8|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olXnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94}} The Latin names for the city is Bidgostia and Civitas Bidgostiensis.

In Polish, the city's name has feminine grammatical gender.

{{see also|Timeline of Bydgoszcz}}

File:Zamek Bydgoski - makieta.jpg

In ancient times, there was a development of settlements related to lively trade contacts with the Roman Empire, as a convenient location of today's Bydgoszcz laid on the Amber Road heading northwest to the Baltic coastline avoiding crossing the Vistula river.{{Cite web|last=Ptolemy|date=150|title=Photo Gallery: Ptolemy's Geography|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/mapping-ancient-germania-berlin-researchers-crack-the-ptolemy-code-a-720513.html#fotostrecke-264ad0d0-0001-0002-0000-000000059994|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=The Mirror - International}}{{Cite journal|last=Dygaszewicz|first=Elżbieta|date=2000|title=From Paleolithic to the Middle Ages|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1150533527|journal=Bydgoszcz Calendar|location=Bydgoszcz|publisher=Society for the Lovers of Bydgoszcz City|issn=0209-3081|oclc=1150533527|ref=none}}*{{Cite book|last=Wilke|first=Gerard|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27641385|title=History of Bydgoszcz|publisher=State Publishing House, Sciences|year=1991–2015|isbn=8301066660|editor-last=Biskup|editor-first=Marian|volume=I|location=Warsaw|chapter=Prehistory and Early Middle Ages in the Light of Archaeological Sources (until the Beginning of the 12th Century)|oclc=27641385|editor-last2=Naukowe|editor-first2=Bydgoskie Towarzystwo|ref=none}}

During the early Slavic period a fishing settlement called Bydgoszcza ("Bydgostia" in Latin) became a stronghold on the Vistula trade routes.

The gród of Bydgoszcz was built between 1037 and 1053 during the reign of Casimir I the Restorer. In the 13th century it was the site of a castellany, mentioned in 1238, probably founded in the early 12th century during the reign of Bolesław III Wrymouth. In the 13th century, the church of Saint Giles was built as the first church of Bydgoszcz. The Germans later demolished it in the late 19th century.{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}} The first bridge was constructed at the reign of Casimir I of Kuyavia. In the early 14th century, the Duchy of Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród was created, with Bydgoszcz serving as its capital with Wyszogród, a settlement today within its borders.

During the Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332), the city was captured and destroyed by the Teutonic Knights in 1330.{{cite web|url=http://www.turystyka.bydgoszcz.pl/art/10/historia-bydgoszczy.html|title=Historia Bydgoszczy|website=Bydgoski Serwis Turystyczny|access-date=27 October 2019|language=pl}}{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}} Briefly regained by Poland, it was occupied by the Teutonic Knights from 1331 to 1337 and annexed to their monastic state as{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}{{dubious|date=June 2024}} Bromberg. In 1337, it was recaptured by Poland and was relinquished by the Knights in 1343 at their signing of the Treaty of Kalisz along with Dobrzyń and the remainder of Kuyavia.

King Casimir III of Poland granted Bydgoszcz city rights (charter) on 19 April 1346.Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler: Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter. Volume I, Enke, Erlangen 1863, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jzsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA403 pp. 403–404] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=jzsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA976 pp. 976–977.]

The king granted a number of privileges, regarding river trade on the Brda and Vistula and the right to mint coins, and ordered the construction of the castle, which became the seat of the castellan.{{cite web|url=https://visitbydgoszcz.pl/pl/poznaj/134-historia-bydgoszczy|title=Historia Bydgoszczy|website=VisitBydgoszcz.pl|access-date=27 October 2019|language=pl}} Bydgoszcz was an important royal city of Poland located in the Inowrocław Voivodeship.

The city increasingly saw an influx of Jews after that date.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} In 1555, however, due to pressure from the clergy, the Jews were expelled{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} and returned only with their annexation to Prussia in 1772.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} After 1370, Bydgoszcz castle was the favourite residence of the grandson of the king and his would-be successor Duke Casimir IV, who died there in 1377. In 1397 thanks to Queen Jadwiga of Poland, a Carmelite convent was established in the city, the third in Poland after Gdańsk and Kraków.

File:Bydgoszcz, Katedra św. Marcina i Mikołaja w Bydgoszczy.jpg Bydgoszcz Cathedral]]

During the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War in 1409 the city was briefly captured by the Teutonic Knights. In the mid-15th century, during the Thirteen Years' War, King Casimir IV of Poland often stayed in Bydgoszcz. At that time, the defensive walls were built and the Gothic parish church (the present-day Bydgoszcz Cathedral). The city was developing dynamically thanks to river trade. Bydgoszcz pottery and beer were popular throughout Poland. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Bydgoszcz was a significant location for wheat trading, one of the largest in Poland.{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}} The first mention of a school in Bydgoszcz is from 1466.{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}}

In 1480, a Bernardine monastery was established in Bydgoszcz. The Bernardines erected a new Gothic church and founded a library, part of which has survived to this day. A Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland was held in Bydgoszcz in 1520.{{cite book|last=Konopczyński|first=Władysław|year=1948|title=Chronologia sejmów polskich 1493–1793|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=Polska Akademia Umiejętności|page=135}} In 1522, after a decision taken by the Polish king, a salt depot was established in Bydgoszcz, the second in the region{{which|date=June 2024}} after Toruń.{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}} In 1594, Stanisław Cikowski founded a private mint, which in the early 17th century was transformed into a royal mint, one of the leading mints in Poland.

In 1621, on the occasion of the Polish victory over the Ottoman Empire at Chocim, one of the most valuable and largest coins in the history of Europe was minted in Bydgoszcz – 100 ducats of Sigismund III Vasa. In 1617 the Jesuits came to the city, and subsequently established a Jesuit college.{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}}

File:Bydgoszcz 1657 sztych E Dalhberga.jpg at the time of Swedish occupation.]]

During the year of 1629, shortly before the end of the Polish-Swedish War of 1626–29, the town was conquered by Swedish troops led by king Gustav II Adolph of Sweden personally. During this war, the town suffered destruction.Ludwig Kühnast: Historische Nachrichten über die Stadt Bromberg – Von der Gründung der Stadt bis zur preußischen Besitznahme. Bromberg Berlin Posen 1837, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6tkAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA64 pp 64–68]. The town was conquered a second and third time by Sweden in 1656 and 1657 during the Second Northern War. On the latter occasion, the castle was destroyed completely and has since remained a ruin. After the war only 94 houses were inhabited, 103 stood empty and 35 had burned down. The suburbs had also been considerably damaged.Ludwig Kühnast (1837), [https://books.google.com/books?id=6tkAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA112 pp. 112–117].

The Treaty of Bromberg, agreed in 1657 by King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland and Elector Frederick William II of Brandenburg-Prussia, created a military alliance between Poland and Prussia while marking the withdrawal of Prussia from its alliance with Sweden.

After the Convocation Sejm of 1764, Bydgoszcz became one of three seats of the Crown Tribunal for the Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown alongside Poznań and Piotrków Trybunalski.{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}} In 1766 royal cartographer Franciszek Florian Czaki, during a meeting of the Committee of the Crown Treasury in Warsaw, proposed a plan of building a canal, which would connect the Vistula via the Brda with the Noteć river. Józef Wybicki, Polish jurist and political activist best known as the author of the lyrics of the national anthem of Poland, worked at the Crown Tribunal in Bydgoszcz.{{cite web|url=https://tygodnikbydgoski.pl/historia/rocznica-smierci-jozefa-wybickiego-razem-z-generalem-dabrowskim-wyzwalal-bydgoszcz|title=Rocznica śmierci Józefa Wybickiego. Razem z generałem Dąbrowskim wyzwalał Bydgoszcz|author=Krzysztof Drozdowski|website=Tygodnik Bydgoski|access-date=7 September 2021|language=pl}}

File:Bitwa o most Gdański 1794 r.jpg.]]

In 1772, in the First Partition of Poland, the town was acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia as Bromberg and incorporated into the Netze District in the newly established province of West Prussia. At the time, the town was seriously depressed and semi-derelict.August Eduard Preuß: Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde. Königsberg 1835, p. 381. Under Frederick the Great the town revived, notably with the construction of a canal from Bromberg to Nakel (Nakło) which connected the north-flowing Vistula River via the Brda to the west-flowing Noteć, which in turn flowed to the Oder via the Warta.Baedeker, Karl, Northern Germany, London, 1904, p.163. From this period until the end of the German Empire, a large majority of the city's inhabitants spoke German as their main language, and the city would later acquire the nickname "little Berlin" from its similar architectural appearance to the prewar image of the German capital and the work of shared architects such as Friedrich Adler, Ferdinand Lepcke, Heinrich Seeling, or Henry Gross. During the Kościuszko Uprising, in 1794 the city was briefly recaptured by Poles, commanded by General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, and the local Polish administration was co-organized by Józef Wybicki.

{{multiple image

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| caption1 = A postcard (ca 1899-1916), on the left the municipal theatre, demolished in 1945.

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| caption2 = Bydgoszcz Canal was one of the key contributions to the city's industrialisation.

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| caption4 = Dworcowa Street developed rapidly after the construction of the main railway station in 1851 and became a home for the Prussian Eastern Railway headquarters.

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In 1807, after the defeat of Prussia by Napoleon and the signing of the Treaty of Tilsit, Bydgoszcz became part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, within which it was the seat of the Bydgoszcz Department. With Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Nations in 1813, the town was re-annexed by Prussia as part of the Grand Duchy of Posen (Poznań), becoming the capital of the Bromberg Region. During the November Uprising, a Polish insurgent organization was active in the city and local Poles helped smuggle volunteers, weapons and ammunition to the Russian Partition of Poland.{{cite magazine|last=Umiński|first=Janusz|year=1998|title=Losy internowanych na Pomorzu żołnierzy powstania listopadowego|magazine=Jantarowe Szlaki|volume=4 |language=pl|issue=250|page=13}} After the fall of the uprising, one of the main escape routes for surviving insurgents and civilian insurgent authorities from partitioned Poland to the Great Emigration led through the city.Umiński, p. 16

In 1871 the Province of Posen, along with the rest of the Kingdom of Prussia, became part of the newly formed German Empire. During German rule, the oldest church of the city (church of Saint Giles), the remains of the castle, and the Carmelite church and monastery were demolished. In the mid-19th century, the city saw the arrival of the Prussian Eastern Railway. The first stretch, from Schneidemühl (Piła), was opened in July 1851.

At the time of World War I, Poles in Bydgoszcz formed secret organizations, preparing to regain control of the city in the event of Poland regaining its independence.{{cite web|url=http://tygodnikbydgoski.pl/historia/bydgoszcz-w-rece-polskie-przeszla-pokojowo-14-07-19|title=Bydgoszcz w ręce polskie przeszła pokojowo|website=Tygodnik Bydgoski|access-date=27 October 2019|author=Stefan Pastuszewski|language=pl}}

File:Bdg Bazylika front 6 07-2013.jpg Saint Vincent de Paul Basilica was dedicated to the return of the city to the Poles.{{cite web|url=https://bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl/bydgoszcz/56,48722,22613344,bydgoszcz-niepodlegla-kadry-przedmioty-i-gmachy-xx-lecia,,15.html|title=Bydgoszcz niepodległa. Kadry, przedmioty i gmachy XX-lecia|website=Gazeta Wyborcza|access-date=25 February 2024|language=pl}}]]

After the war, Bydgoszcz was assigned to the recreated Polish state by the 1919 Versailles Treaty. Now officially Bydgoszcz again, the city belonged to the Poznań Voivodeship. The local populace was required to acquire Polish citizenship or leave the country. This led to a drastic decline in ethnically German residents, whose number within the town decreased from over 40.000 in 1910 to 11,016 in 1926.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVg_tMs_ZPIC&q=adelnau&pg=PA365|title=Polens Politik gegenüber seiner deutschen Minderheit 1919–1939|first1=Albert S.|last1=Kotowski|page=56|publisher=Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa, University of Dortmund |year=1998 |language=de|isbn=3-447-03997-3}} A Nazi German youth organization was subsequently founded, which distributed Nazi propaganda books from Germany among the German minority.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=23}}

The city's boundaries were greatly expanded in 1920 to include the surrounding suburbs of Okole, Szwederowo, Bartodzieje, Kapuściska, Wilczak, Jachcice and more, which made Bydgoszcz the third largest city in the Second Polish RepublicInfrastruktura i gospodarka komunalna. Historia Bydgoszczy. Tom II. Część druga 1920-1939: red. Marian Biskup: Bydgoszcz: Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe 2004. s. 233–249, {{ISBN|83-921454-0-2}} in terms of area. In 1938, the city was made part of the Polish Greater Pomerania.

{{Main|German retribution against people of Bydgoszcz}}

File:Public execution of Polish hostages in Bydgoszcz 1939.jpg

During the invasion of Poland, at the beginning of World War II, on September 1, 1939, Germany carried out air raids on the city. The Polish 15th Infantry Division, which was stationed in Bydgoszcz, fought off German attacks on September 2, but on September 3 was forced to retreat. During the withdrawal of Poles, as part of the diversion planned by Germany, local Germans opened fire on Polish soldiers and civilians. Polish soldiers and civilians were forced into a defensive battle in which several hundred people were killed on both sides. The event, referred to as the Bloody Sunday by the propaganda of Nazi Germany, which exaggerated the number of victims to 5,000 "defenceless" Germans, was used as an excuse to carry out dozens of mass executions of Polish residents in the Old Market Square and in the Valley of Death. Between September 3–10, 1939, the Germans executed 192 Poles in the city.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=110}}

On September 5, while the Wehrmacht entered the city, German-Polish skirmishes still took place in the Szwederowo district, and the German occupation of the city began. The German Einsatzgruppe IV, Einsatzkommando 16 and SS-Totenkopf-Standarte "Brandenburg" entered the city to commit atrocities against the Polish population, and afterwards some of its members co-formed the local German police.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|pp=55, 61–62}} Many of the murders were carried out as part of the Intelligenzaktion, aimed at exterminating the Polish elites and preventing the establishment of a Polish resistance movement,{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=71}} which emerged nevertheless. On September 24, the local German Kreisleiter called local Polish city officials to a supposed formal meeting in the city hall, from where they were taken to a nearby forest and exterminated.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=102}} The Kreisleiter also ordered the execution of their family members to "avoid creating martyrs".{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=102}} By decision from September 5, 1939, one of the first three German special courts in occupied Poland was established in Bydgoszcz.{{cite magazine|last=Grabowski|first=Waldemar|year=2009|title=Polacy na ziemiach II RP włączonych do III Rzeszy|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=8–9 (103–104)|page=62|issn=1641-9561}}

The Germans established several camps and prisons for Poles.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=110}} As of September 30, 1939, over 3,000 individuals were imprisoned there, and in October and November, the Germans carried out further mass arrests of over 7,200 people.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|pp=157–158}} Many of those people were then murdered.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=158}} Poles from Bydgoszcz were massacred at various locations in the city, at the Valley of Death and in the nearby village of Tryszczyn.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=158}} The victims were both men and women, including activists, school principals, teachers, priests, local officials, merchants, lawyers, and also boy and girl scouts, gymnasium students and children as young as 12.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|pp=158–160}} The executions were presented as punishment for supposedly "murdering Germans" and "destroying peace", and were used by Nazi propaganda to show the world that it was alleged "Polish terror" that forced Hitler to start the war.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=158}} On the Polish National Independence Day, November 11, 1939, the Germans symbolically publicly executed Leon Barciszewski, the mayor of Bydgoszcz.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=160}} On November 17, 1939, the commander of the local SD-EK unit declared there was no more Polish intelligentsia capable of resistance in the city.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=160}}

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The city was annexed to the newly formed province of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia as the seat of the district or county (kreis) of Bromberg. However, the annexation was not recognised in international law. Extermination of the inhabitants continued throughout the war, and in total, around 10,000 inhabitants, mostly Poles, but also Polish Jews, were killed.{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}} Some Polish inhabitants were also murdered in the village of Jastrzębie in January 1940, and local teachers were also among Polish teachers murdered in both Mauthausen and Dachau concentration camps.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|pp=180–182}} The history of Jews in Bydgoszcz ended with the German invasion of Poland and the Holocaust. The city's Jewish citizens, who constituted a small community in the city (about two percent of the prewar population){{cite web|url=http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/10867_1.html |title=Encyklopedia PWN |publisher=Encyklopedia.pwn.pl |access-date=2009-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324124849/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/10867_1.html |archive-date=March 24, 2005 }} and many of whom spoke German, were sent to extermination camps or murdered in the town itself. The city renamed Bromberg was the site of Bromberg-Ost, a women's subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp. A deportation camp was situated in Smukała village, now part of Bydgoszcz. On February 4, 1941, the first mass transport of 524 Poles came to the Potulice concentration camp from Bydgoszcz.{{cite book|last=Molesztak|first=Aldona|editor-last=Kostkiewicz|editor-first=Janina|year=2020|title=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska|page=193|chapter=Doświadczenia obozowe dzieci w niemieckim obozie przesiedleńczym i pracy w Potulicach i Smukale - wspomnienia więźniarek}} The local train station was one of the locations, where Polish children aged 12 and over were sent from the Potulice concentration camp to slave labor.{{cite magazine|last=Paczoska|first=Alicja|year=2003|title=Dzieci Potulic|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=12–1 (35–36)|page=61|issn=1641-9561}} The children reloaded freight trains.

During the occupation, the Germans destroyed some of the city's historic buildings to erect new structures in the Nazi style. The Germans built a huge secret dynamite factory (DAG Fabrik Bromberg) hidden in a forest in which they used the slave labor of several hundred forced laborers, including Allied prisoners of war from the Stalag XX-A POW camp in Toruń.{{cite magazine|last=Bukowska|first=Hanna|year=2013|title=Obóz jeniecki Stalag XXA w Toruniu 1939-1945|magazine=Rocznik Toruński|publisher=Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika|language=pl|volume=40|page=107|issn=0557-2177}} In 1943, local Poles managed to save some kidnapped Polish children from the Zamość region, by buying them from the Germans at the local train station.{{cite book|last=Kozaczyńska|first=Beata|editor-last=Kostkiewicz|editor-first=Janina|year=2020|title=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska|page=123|chapter=Gdy zabrakło łez... Tragizm losu polskich dzieci wysiedlonych z Zamojszczyzny (1942-1943)}}

The Polish resistance was active in Bydgoszcz. Activities included distribution of underground Polish press, sabotage actions, stealing German ammunition to aid Polish partisans, espionage of German activity{{sfn|Chrzanowski|2022|pp=30, 40–41, 47–48, 57, 62}} and providing shelter for British POWs who escaped from the Stalag XX-A POW camp.{{cite journal|last=Chrzanowski|first=Bogdan|title=Organizacja sieci przerzutów drogą morską z Polski do Szwecji w latach okupacji hitlerowskiej (1939–1945)|journal=Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum|language=pl|volume=5|pages=30, 33–34|issn=0137-5377}} The Gestapo cracked down on the Polish resistance several times.{{sfn|Chrzanowski|2022|p=39}}

In spring 1945, Bydgoszcz was occupied by the advancing Red Army. Those German residents who had survived were expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement and the city was returned to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the 1980s. The Polish resistance remained active in Bydgoszcz.{{sfn|Chrzanowski|2022|p=74}}

File:Stary Rynek w Bydgoszczy edit.jpg with Mill Island, Opera Nova, and Nordic Haven in the background.]]

In the same year 1945, the city was made the seat of the Pomeranian Voivodship, the northern part of which was soon separated to form Gdańsk Voivodship. The remaining part of the Pomeranian Voivodship was renamed Bydgoszcz Voivodeship in 1950. In 1951 and 1969, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology and Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz were founded respectively.

In 1973, the former town of Fordon, located on the left bank of the Vistula, was included in the city limits and became the easternmost district of Bydgoszcz. In March 1981, Solidarity's activists were violently suppressed in Bydgoszcz.

With the Polish local government reforms of 1999, Bydgoszcz became the seat of the governor of a province entitled Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. In 2005, Casimir the Great University was opened in Bydgoszcz.

Currently, Bydgoszcz is the biggest center of NATO headquarters in Poland, the most known being the Joint Force Training Centre. In May 2023, debris of a Russian Kh-55 air-sol missile was found in the forest of the near village Zamość.{{Cite news |date=2023-05-10 |title=Military object found in Polish forest was Russian missile - media |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/military-object-found-polish-forest-was-russian-missile-media-2023-05-10/ |access-date=2023-05-31}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}

The oldest building in the city is the Cathedral of St Martin and St Nicolas, commonly known as Fara Church. It is a three-aisle late Gothic church, erected between 1466 and 1502, which boasts a late-Gothic painting entitled Madonna with a Rose or the Holy Virgin of Beautiful Love from the 16th century. The colourful 20th-century polychrome is also especially worthy of note.

File:Bdg wiezacisnien 2 07-2013.jpg

The Church of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin, commonly referred to as "The Church of Poor Clares," is a famous landmark of the city. It is a small, Gothic-Renaissance (including Neo-Renaissance additions), single-aisle church built between 1582 and 1602. The interior is rather austere since the church has been stripped of most of its furnishings. This is not a surprising fact, considering that in the 19th century the Prussian authorities dissolved the Order of St Clare and turned the church into a warehouse, among other uses. Nonetheless, the church is worth visiting. In particular, the original wooden polychrome ceiling dating from the 17th century draws the attention of every visitor.

File:Bdg SpichrzStrPort 7 07-2013.jpg

Wyspa Młyńska (Mill Island) is among the most spectacular and atmospheric places in Bydgoszcz. What makes it unique is the location in the very heart of the city centre, just a few steps from the old Market Square. It was the 'industrial' centre of Bydgoszcz in the Middle Ages and for several hundred years thereafter, and it was here that the famous royal mint operated in the 17th century. Most of the buildings which can still be seen on the island date from the 19th century, but the so-called Biały Spichlerz (the White Granary) recalls the end of the 18th century. However, it is the water, footbridges, historic red-brick tenement houses reflected in the rivers, and the greenery, including old chestnut trees, that create the unique atmosphere of the island.

File:Bdg hotel Pod Orlem 2 07-2013.jpg]]

"Hotel pod Orłem" (The Eagle Hotel), an icon of the city's 19th-century architecture, was designed by the distinguished Bydgoszcz architect Józef Święcicki, the author of around sixty buildings in the city. Completed in 1896, it served as a hotel from the very beginning and was originally owned by Emil Bernhardt, a hotel manager educated in Switzerland. Its façade displays forms characteristic of the Neo-baroque style in architecture.

Saint Vincent de Paul's Basilica, erected between 1925 and 1939, is the largest church in Bydgoszcz and one of the biggest in Poland. It can accommodate around 12,000 people. This monumental church, modeled after the Pantheon in Rome, was designed by the Polish architect Adam Ballenstaedt. The most characteristic element of the neo-classical temple is the reinforced concrete dome 40 metres in diameter.

The three granaries in Grodzka Street, picturesquely located on the Brda River near the old Market Square, are the official symbol of the city. Built at the turn of the 19th century, they were originally used to store grain and similar products, but now house exhibitions of the city's Leon Wyczółkowski District Museum.

The building of the former Prussian Eastern Railway Headquarters erected between 1886 and 1889 in Dutch Mannierist style is another notable structure in the city. Initially it served as a headquarters of the Prussian Eastern Railway and later it belonged to the Polish State Railways. Since 2022 it is privately owned.

The city is mostly associated with water, sports, Art Nouveau buildings, waterfront, music, and urban greenery. Bydgoszcz boasts the largest city park in Poland (830 ha). The city was also once famous for its industry.

Some great monuments have been destroyed, for example, the church in the Old Market Square and the Municipal Theatre. Additionally, the Old Town lost a few characteristic tenement houses, including the western frontage of the Market Square. The city also lost its Gothic castle and defensive walls. In Bydgoszcz, there are a great number of villas in the style of typical garden suburbs.

File:Widok z mostu Sulimy-Kamińskiego w Bydg zmierzch panorama1.jpg

File:ED161-004, Trako 2015, 2015-09-25 (Muri WG 2015-34).jpg is headquartered in Bydgoszcz]]

{{Historical populations|1950|162524|1960|232007|1970|282200|1978|338014|1988|377807|2002|373804|2011|363926|2021|337666|source={{cite web |title=1950 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/V23BYCLDIL473QC8MPYRQGUYFKVYDV.pdf}}{{cite web |title=1960 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/81YKKICKRTXKV5LAER54LARGAJ6BEJ.pdf}}{{cite web |title=1970 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/76EMNHPUX2B49GMQEDMCT2V3K4HFFT.pdf}}{{cite web |title=Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf}}{{cite web |title=Statistics Poland - National Censuses|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/}}}}In the city, there are 38 banks represented through a network of 116 branches (including the headquarters of the Bank Pocztowy SA), whilst 37 insurance companies also have offices in the city. JP Morgan Chase, one of the largest financial institutions in the world, has established a branch in Bydgoszcz. Most industrial complexes are scattered throughout the city. Of note are the 'Zachem' chemical works, covering dozens of square kilometers in the south-east of the city. These remnants of the German explosives factory built in World War II occupy an area which has its own rail lines, internal communication and housing, plus a large forested area. An open-air museum, the Exploseum, is located here as well.

Since 2001, Bydgoszcz has been annually subjected to international 'verification' ratings. In February 2008 the 'Fitch Ratings' Agency recategorised the city, increasing its rating from BBB-(stable forecast) to BBB (stable estimate).

In 2004, Bydgoszcz launched an Industrial and Technology Park of 283 hectares, an attractive place for doing business as companies that relocate there receive tax breaks, 24-hour security, access to large plots of land and to the media, the railway line Chorzów Batory – Tczew (passenger, coal), the DK5 and DK10 national roads, and future freeways S10 and S5. Bydgoszcz Airport is also close by.

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File:Bdg kasyno 1a 05-2013.jpg.]]

Bydgoszcz is a major cultural centre in the country, especially for music. Traditions of the municipal theatre date back to the 17th century, when the Jesuit college built a theatre. In 1824, a permanent theatre building was erected, and this was rebuilt in 1895 in a monumental form by the Berlin architect Heinrich Seeling. The first music school was established in Bydgoszcz in 1904; it had close links to the very well-known European piano factory of Bruno Sommerfeld. Numerous orchestras and choirs, both German (Gesangverein, Liedertafel) and Polish (St. Wojciech Halka, Moniuszko), have also made the city their home. Since 1974, Bydgoszcz has been home to a very prestigious Academy of Music. Bydgoszcz is also an important place for contemporary European culture; one of the most important European centers of jazz music, the Brain club, was founded in Bydgoszcz by Jacek Majewski and Slawomir Janicki.

Bydgoszcz was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016.

[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929100714/http://www.bydgoszcz.eu/ City of Bydgoszcz Municipal website] It joined the list of UNESCO's Cities of Music in 2023.{{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/55-new-cities-join-unesco-creative-cities-network-world-cities-day|title=55 new cities join the UNESCO Creative Cities Network on World Cities Day|access-date=31 October 2023}}

{{multiple image

| width = 200

| align = left

| direction = vertical

| image1 = Miedzywodzie 2023.jpg

| image2 = Młyny Rothera z powietrza.jpg

| footer = Postindustrial landscape of Mill Island is today a home to many museum and cultural facilities.

}}

File:Muzeum Okregowe Gdańska 4 2023.jpg, originally a 17th-century nunnery.]]

Muzeum Okręgowe im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego (Leon Wyczółkowski District Museum) is a municipally-owned museum. Apart from a large collection of Leon Wyczółkowski's works, it houses permanent as well as temporary exhibitions of art. It is based in several buildings, including the old granaries on the Brda River and Mill Island and the remaining building of the Polish royal mint. Exploseum, a museum built around the World War II Nazi Germany munitions factory, is also part of it.

In Bydgoszcz, the Pomeranian Military Museum specializes in documenting 19th- and 20th-century Polish military history, particularly the history of the Pomeranian Military District and several other units present in the area.

The city has many art galleries, two symphony orchestras, many chamber orchestras and choirs. Bydgoszcz's cultural facilities also include libraries, including the Provincial and Municipal Public Library with an extensive collection of volumes from the 15th to the 19th centuries. The municipally-owned Palaces and park ensemble in Ostromecko near the city contains the Andrzej Szwalbe Collection of Historical Pianos, one of the largest such collections in Poland.

File:Filharmonia Pomorska 2.jpg]]

• The Pomeranian Philharmonic performance home with full name Filharmonia Pomorska im. Ignacego Paderewskiego (Ignacy Paderewski's [Concert Hall]) includes its 880-seat main hall, the Arthur Rubinstein Hall, a key European, rectangular, concert hall with superb acoustic qualities, still mainly hosting all types of classical music.

• Concerts of popular music in Bydgoszcz are usually held in Filharmonia Pomorska, Łuczniczka, Zawisza and Polonia stadiums as well as open plains of Myslecinek's Rozopole on the outskirts of the city.
• Alternative music festival "Low Fi" [http://www.lowfi-festival.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121221743/http://lowfi-festival.com/ |date=2015-11-21 }}
• Smooth Festival Złote Przeboje Bydgoszcz
• Eska Music Festival Bydgoszcz
• Hity na Czasie Festival Bydgoszcz
• Bydgoszcz Hit Festival

File:Bdg Luczniczka 13 10-2013.jpg]]

Teatr Polski im Hieronima Konieczki (Hieronim Konieczka's Polish Theatre): Despite its name, the theatre offers a wide variety of shows both of national and foreign origin. It also regularly plays host to a large number of touring shows. Founded in 1949, since 2002 the theatre has taken part in the "Festiwal Prapremier" where the most renowned Polish theatres stage their latest works. There are also a number of private theatre companies operating in Bydgoszcz.

From 1960 to 1986, there was an outdoor theater, the reactivation of which is currently being pursued by the Theatre Culture Association, "Fides" and the Acting School A. Grzymala-Siedlecki.

File:Bdg OperaNova 8 07-2013.jpg

The Pomeranian Philharmonic named after Ignacy Jan Paderewski has existed since 1953. The concert hall, which can hold 920 people is classified, in terms of sound, as one of the best in Europe, which is confirmed by well-known artists and critics (including Jerzy Waldorff). Due to the phenomenon of acoustics, it attracts the interest of many famous artists. Bydgoszcz's stage has been frequented by many global celebrities, including Arthur Rubinstein, Benjamin Britten, Witold Małcużyński, Luciano Pavarotti, Shlomo Mintz, Mischa Maisky, Kevin Kenner, Kurt Masur, Kazimierz Kord, Jerzy Maksymiuk and Antoni Wit. In recent years, the city has also hosted an excellent range of bands such as the BBC Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra, and others.

The Opera Nova, in existence since 1956, started the construction of a new building in 1974 which was to consist of three main halls, situated on the Brda. The Opera Nova has become a cultural showcase of Bydgoszcz in the world. Considering the short history of the Opera, its success has been astounding; a large number of famous opera singers have performed there and theatrical troops from the Wrocław Opera, Theatre of Leningrad, Moscow, Kiev, Minsk, and Gulbenkian Foundation of Lisbon have also made appearances.

• The International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography CAMERIMAGE is a festival dedicated to cinematography and its creators cinematographers.

File:Wydział Matematyki, Fizyki i Techniki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy.jpg]]

• Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport

Bydgoszcz is one of the biggest railway junctions in Poland, with two important lines crossing there – the east–west connection from Toruń to Pila and the north–south line from Inowrocław to Gdańsk (see: Polish Coal Trunk-Line). There are also secondary-importance lines stemming from the city, to Szubin and to Chełmża. Among rail stations located in the city, there are:

• Local buses and trams are operated by Zarząd Dróg Miejskich i Komunikacji Publicznej w Bydgoszczy
• PKS Bydgoszcz – operates inter-city and international bus routes.

File:Bydgoszcz-0492 IMG.jpg|Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport

File:BydgoszczGlowna ww5 11-2015.jpg|Historic main railway station in Bydgoszcz

File:Bydgoszcz Main Railway Station Glavna železnička stanica u Bidgošču.jpg|Modern part of the main railway station

File:Pesa 122NaB Swing.JPG|Tram in Bydgoszcz

File:Luczniczka-hala.jpg.]]

File:Bydgoszcz 2016 IAAF World U20 Championships9 19-07-2016.jpg]]

File:Bdg Polonia stadion 1 4-2015.jpg]]

File:Bdg Artego Arena 2 09-2014.jpg

File:Bdg Torbyd pnr1 2-2018.jpg]]

• Basket 25 Bydgoszcz – women's basketball team playing in Basket Liga Kobiet, the country's top division.
• Astoria Bydgoszcz – men's basketball team playing in Polish Basketball League, the country's top division (as of 2022–23).
• Bydgoszcz Archers – American football team playing in Polish Football League, the country's top division.
• Pałac Bydgoszcz – women's volleyball team playing in Polish Women's Volleyball League, the country's top division.
• BKS Visła Bydgoszcz – men's volleyball team playing in Polish Volleyball League, the country's top division.
• KKP Bydgoszcz – women's football team playing in Ekstraliga, the country's top division.
• Chemik Bydgoszcz – men's football team playing in the country's lower league.
• Polonia Bydgoszcz – speedway team, seven-time Polish League champions (lately in 2002) and three-time European Speedway Club Champions' (lately in 2001) and football team, which played in the top tier in the 1950s and 1960s.
• Zawisza Bydgoszcz – football team, which played in the past in the country's top flight, most recently in 2015, currently playing in the lower league.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007024037/http://bydgostia.org.pl/en/ RTW Bydgostia Bydgoszcz] – Rowing (sport) Bydgostia Regional Rowing Association was founded on 4 December 1928. The club was A Team Polish Champion in the following years: 1938, 1966, 1967, 1970 and for the successive seventeen years from 1993 to 2009.
• Gwiazda Bydgoszcz – men's table tennis team playing in Superliga, the country's top division. The club is also successfully competing in table tennis Europe Cup.

• Łuczniczka, Show and Fair Arena
• Sisu Arena, a closed indoor arena
• Zdzisław Krzyszkowiak Stadium
• Polonia Stadium
• Hala Torbyd, a closed indoor arena

• Athletics
• 2003 European Athletics U23 Championships
• 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics
• 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
• 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
• 2016 World Junior Championships in Athletics
• 2017 European Athletics U23 Championships
• 2019 European Team Championships
• European Athletics Festival Bydgoszcz (annual event part of the European Permit Meetings circuit)
• Speedway
• Grand Prix of Poland: (1998–1999, 2001–2009)
• Grand Prix of Europe: (2000)
• Mieczysław Połukard Criterium of Polish Speedway Leagues Aces (1951–1960, since 1982)
• Team sports
• Eurobasket 2009
• Women's European Volleyball Championships 2009
• 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup

Members of Polish Sejm 2007–2011 elected from Bydgoszcz constituency:

Members of Polish Senate 2007–2011 elected from Bydgoszcz constituency:

• Zbigniew Pawłowicz, Civic Platform
• Jan Rulewski, Civic Platform

{{multiple image|align=right|caption_align=center|perrow=2|total_width=230

| image1 = Bdg Mickiewicza9 2 07-2013.jpg

| image2 = Bdg Mickiewicza3 2 07-2013.jpg

| image3 = Bdg hotelSepia konsulatBelgii 2 6-2015.jpg

| image4 = Dworcowa 19 2.jpg

| image5 = Willa, Bydgoszcz, ul. Garbary 2 by AW.jpg

| footer = From top, left to right: honorary consulates of Austria, of Czechia, of Belgium, of Germany, and of Slovakia, Ukraine and Montenegro}}

There is an Honorary Consulate General of Hungary in Bydgoszcz, and nine honorary consulates, of Austria,{{cite web | url=http://www2.um.bydgoszcz.pl/miasto/wspolpraca_z_zagranica/Konsulaty_Honorowe_w_Bydgoszczy.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092912/http://www2.um.bydgoszcz.pl/miasto/wspolpraca_z_zagranica/Konsulaty_Honorowe_w_Bydgoszczy.aspx | archive-date=18 April 2018 | title=Oficjalny Serwis Bydgoszczy - Konsulaty Honorowe w Bydgoszczy }} Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Montenegro,{{cite web | url=https://www.bydgoszcz.pl/promocja/wspolpraca-z-zagranica/konsulaty-honorowe-w-bydgoszczy/konsulat-honorowy-czarnogory-w-bydgoszczy/ | title=Oficjalny Serwis Bydgoszczy - Konsulat Honorowy Czarnogóry w Bydgoszczy }} Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/dyplomacja/misje-dyplomatyczne-urzedy-konsularne-i-organizacje-miedzynarodowe-w-polsce|title=Misje dyplomatyczne, urzędy konsularne i organizacje międzynarodowe w Polsce|website=Portal Gov.pl|language=pl|access-date=20 September 2024}}

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}

File:Bdg miastapartnerskie 10-2014.jpg

It is said that Pan Twardowski spent some time in the city of Bydgoszcz, where, in his memory, a figure was recently mounted in a window of a tenement, overseeing the Old Town. At 1:13 p.m. and 9:13 p.m. the window opens and Pan Twardowski appears, to the accompaniment of weird music and devilish laughter. He takes a bow, waves his hand, and then disappears. This little show gathers crowds of amused spectators.

File:Ulica Gdanska - Plac Wolnosci 2023.jpg|Gdańska Street

File:Ulica Gdanska w Bydgoszczy.jpg|Gdańska Street

File:Bydgoska Aleja Autografów 2023.jpg|Długa Street

File:Ulica Dworcowa 2023.jpg|Dworcowa Street

File:Bdg Sniadeckich 2 07-2013.jpg|Śniadeckich Street

File:Stary Rynek 24 - 2023.jpg|Main Library on the Old Market Square

File:Copernicanum 2.jpg|Institute of Applied Informatics (Kazimierz the Great University)

File:Most Fordonski 2023.jpg|Ralph Modjeski Bridge in Fordon District

File:Bydgoszcz, ul Słowackiego 7 AW.jpg|Academy of Music

File:Bdg Dyrekcja Kolei 01.jpg|Former headquarters of the {{break}}Prussian Eastern Railway

File:Technikum mechaniczne 3465.jpg|School of mechanics (secondary education)

File:Ratusz w Bydgoszczy.jpg|Former Jesuit College (1617), now City Hall

File:Bdg Katedra 13 07-2013.jpg|Bydgoszcz Cathedral's façade

File:Bydgoszcz, dom, ok. 1775.JPG|Bydgoszcz Scientific Society

File:Bdg Wilenska 5 07-2008.jpg|Birthplace of Marian Rejewski

File:Bdg nabrzezepldBrdy 15 07-2013.jpg|Brda River in the city centre

File:European Centre for Money in Bydgoszcz 01.jpg|Former Polish Royal mint, now a museum

File:Bydgoszcz stary kanał sluza V.jpg|Sluice gate on Bydgoszcz Canal

File:Sąd Wojewódzki Bydgoszcz, ul. Wały Jagiellońskie 2, by AW.jpg|The district court building

File:Bdg LakaWM 21 07-2013.jpg|Czerwony Spichlerz - Museum of Contemporary Art in Bydgoszcz

File:Bdg Plastyk 3 6-2015.jpg|School of Fine Arts

File:Main Post Office in Bydgoszcz (3).jpg|Main Post Office

File:Bdg Eljazz 1 07-2013.jpg| Music Club Eljazz

File:Bdg Nordic Haven 3 2018 3.jpg| Nordic Haven apartment block

File:Bdg kscBernardynow 13 07-2013.jpg| Bernardine church

File:Trasa Uniwersytecka - Pylon 2023.jpg|The University Bridge

File:Pomnik Jana Nepomucena 2023.jpg| Statue of John of Nepomuk

File:Biały Spichrz 03 2011.jpg|The White Granary, seat of the Archeological Museum in Bydgoszcz

File:Bydgoszcz Luczniczka.JPG|Łuczniczka (The Archeress)

Bydgoszcz has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb).

{{Weather box

| location = Bydgoszcz (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–1982 and 1992–2015)

| metric first = yes

| single line = yes

| Jan record high C = 13.0

| Feb record high C = 14.1

| Mar record high C = 22.8

| Apr record high C = 30.7

| May record high C = 31.9

| Jun record high C = 35.5

| Jul record high C = 38.3

| Aug record high C = 37.0

| Sep record high C = 33.4

| Oct record high C = 28.2

| Nov record high C = 19.5

| Dec record high C = 15.9

| year record high C = 38.3

| Jan avg record high C = 8.2

| Feb avg record high C = 9.4

| Mar avg record high C = 15.7

| Apr avg record high C = 23.3

| May avg record high C = 27.5

| Jun avg record high C = 30.6

| Jul avg record high C = 31.7

| Aug avg record high C = 31.1

| Sep avg record high C = 25.5

| Oct avg record high C = 20.0

| Nov avg record high C = 13.1

| Dec avg record high C = 8.8

|year avg record high C = 33.1

| Jan high C = 1.1

| Feb high C = 2.7

| Mar high C = 6.9

| Apr high C = 14.1

| May high C = 19.4

| Jun high C = 22.1

| Jul high C = 24.6

| Aug high C = 23.9

| Sep high C = 18.6

| Oct high C = 12.7

| Nov high C = 6.2

| Dec high C = 2.0

| year high C =

| Jan mean C = -1.5

| Feb mean C = -0.4

| Mar mean C = 2.5

| Apr mean C = 8.5

| May mean C = 13.7

| Jun mean C = 16.7

| Jul mean C = 19.1

| Aug mean C = 18.2

| Sep mean C = 13.3

| Oct mean C = 8.2

| Nov mean C = 3.5

| Dec mean C = -0.3

| year mean C =

| Jan low C = -3.7

| Feb low C = -3.0

| Mar low C = -0.8

| Apr low C = 3.5

| May low C = 8.1

| Jun low C = 11.2

| Jul low C = 13.7

| Aug low C = 13.1

| Sep low C = 9.3

| Oct low C = 5.1

| Nov low C = 1.3

| Dec low C = -2.4

| year low C =

| Jan avg record low C = -14.9

| Feb avg record low C = -12.4

| Mar avg record low C = -8.3

| Apr avg record low C = -3.1

| May avg record low C = 0.9

| Jun avg record low C = 5.6

| Jul avg record low C = 8.8

| Aug avg record low C = 7.6

| Sep avg record low C = 2.7

| Oct avg record low C = -2.3

| Nov avg record low C = -5.9

| Dec avg record low C = -11.7

|year avg record low C = -18.3

| Jan record low C = -29.9

| Feb record low C = -26.6

| Mar record low C = -25.4

| Apr record low C = -8.5

| May record low C = -5.1

| Jun record low C = -1.8

| Jul record low C = 2.5

| Aug record low C = 1.9

| Sep record low C = -4.0

| Oct record low C = -8.3

| Nov record low C = -19.6

| Dec record low C = -24.2

| year record low C = -29.9

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 34.3

| Feb precipitation mm = 26.3

| Mar precipitation mm = 36.4

| Apr precipitation mm = 28.2

| May precipitation mm = 52.8

| Jun precipitation mm = 56.7

| Jul precipitation mm = 83.4

| Aug precipitation mm = 55.6

| Sep precipitation mm = 48.0

| Oct precipitation mm = 40.1

| Nov precipitation mm = 33.6

| Dec precipitation mm = 36.9

| year precipitation mm =

| Jan snow depth cm =

| Feb snow depth cm =

| Mar snow depth cm =

| Apr snow depth cm =

| May snow depth cm =

| Jun snow depth cm =

| Jul snow depth cm =

| Aug snow depth cm =

| Sep snow depth cm =

| Oct snow depth cm =

| Nov snow depth cm =

| Dec snow depth cm =

| year snow depth cm =

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 16.0

| Feb precipitation days = 13.4

| Mar precipitation days = 12.9

| Apr precipitation days = 10.5

| May precipitation days = 12.4

| Jun precipitation days = 12.4

| Jul precipitation days = 14.2

| Aug precipitation days = 12.0

| Sep precipitation days = 10.9

| Oct precipitation days = 12.7

| Nov precipitation days = 13.7

| Dec precipitation days = 16.9

| year precipitation days = 158.4

| unit snow days = 0 cm

| Jan snow days =

| Feb snow days =

| Mar snow days =

| Apr snow days =

| May snow days =

| Jun snow days =

| Jul snow days =

| Aug snow days =

| Sep snow days =

| Oct snow days =

| Nov snow days =

| Dec snow days =

| year snow days =

| Jan humidity = 86.8

| Feb humidity = 86.6

| Mar humidity = 81.4

| Apr humidity = 71.5

| May humidity = 69.7

| Jun humidity = 71.1

| Jul humidity = 73.6

| Aug humidity = 75.4

| Sep humidity = 81.7

| Oct humidity = 86.3

| Nov humidity = 90.5

| Dec humidity = 89.3

| year humidity =

| Jan sun =

| Feb sun =

| Mar sun =

| Apr sun =

| May sun =

| Jun sun =

| Jul sun =

| Aug sun =

| Sep sun =

| Oct sun =

| Nov sun =

| Dec sun =

| year sun =

| Jan dew point C = -4

| Feb dew point C = -3

| Mar dew point C = -1

| Apr dew point C = 2

| May dew point C = 7

| Jun dew point C = 10

| Jul dew point C = 13

| Aug dew point C = 13

| Sep dew point C = 10

| Oct dew point C = 6

| Nov dew point C = 3

| Dec dew point C = -1

|source 1 = Meteomodel.pl

{{cite web

| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=253180220&par=tm&max_empty=2

| title = Średnie i sumy miesięczne

| date = 6 April 2018

| publisher = Meteomodel.pl

| language = pl

| access-date = 21 July 2022}}

{{cite web

| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=353170240&par=tm&max_empty=2

| title = Średnie i sumy miesięczne

| date = 6 April 2018

| publisher = Meteomodel.pl

| language = pl

| access-date = 21 July 2022}}

|source 2 = Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015){{cite web

| url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/poland/bydgoszcz/climate

| title = Climate & Weather Averages in Bydgoszcz

| publisher = Time and Date

| access-date = 24 July 2022}}}}

{{Commons}}

{{wikivoyage|Bydgoszcz}}

{{EB1911 poster|Bromberg}}

{{Portal|Poland|European Union}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

• Bydgoszcz dialect ({{ill|Gwara bydgoska|pl}})
• Bydgoszcz Architects (1850-1970s)
• Gdańska Street
• Dworcowa Street
• Theatre square
• Mill Island
• Freedom Square
• Grodzka Street
• Nakielska street
• Cieszkowskiego Street
• Independence Estate (Bydgoszcz)
• Jagiellońska street
• Stary Port Street
• Bernardyńska Street
• Podwale Street
• Długa street
• Adam Mickiewicz Alley
• Ossoliński Alley
• Śniadeckich Street
• Pomorska Street
• Focha Street
• Krasińskiego Street
• Bydgoszcz Synagogue, former synagogue in the city
• Roman Catholic Diocese of Bydgoszcz
• Piastowski Square
• Konarskiego Street
• Piotra Skargi Street
• Kołłątaja street in Bydgoszcz
• Gimnazjalna, Libelta and Szwalbego Streets
• Mikołaja Reja Street
• Swiętej Trojcy street
• Kopernika Street
• Krakowska Street
• Osowa Góra
• Flisy (Bydgoszcz district)
• Glinki (Bydgoszcz district)
• Freedom Hill

|}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• [http://www.bydgoszcz.pl/ Bydgoszcz.pl homepage] (Polish)
• [http://www.visitbydgoszcz.pl/ Visit Bydgoszcz.pl homepage] (Polish, English)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929100714/http://www.bydgoszcz.eu/ Municipal website] {{in lang|en}}

• {{cite book|last=Chrzanowski|first=Bogdan|year=2022|title=Polskie Państwo Podziemne na Pomorzu w latach 1939–1945|language=pl|location=Gdańsk|publisher=IPN|isbn=978-83-8229-411-8}}
• {{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN}}

• Ludwig Kühnast: Historische Nachrichten über die Stadt Bromberg – Von der Gründung der Stadt bis zur preußischen Besitznahme (Historical news about the town of Bromberg – From the town's founding to the Prussian occupation). Bromberg Berlin Posen 1837 ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6tkAAAAAcAAJ Online]) (in German).

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