Japanese Peruvians

Peru's current Japanese international school is Asociación Academia de Cultura Japonesa in Surco, Lima."[http://acjlima.edu.pe/01_intro/index.html リマ日本人学校の概要]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150702224306/http://www.acjlima.edu.pe/01_intro/index.html Archive]). Asociación Academia de Cultura Japonesa. Retrieved on October 25, 2015. "Calle Las Clivias(Antes Calle"A") No. 276, Urb. Pampas de Santa Teresa, Surco, LIMA-PERU （ペルー国リマ市スルコ区パンパス・デ・サンタテレサ町クリヴィアス通り276番地）"

Although there had been ongoing tensions between non-Japanese and Japanese Peruvians, the situation was drastically exacerbated by the war.{{Cite thesis|author-last=DuMontier|title=Between Menace and Model Citizen: Lima's Japanese Peruvians, 1936–1963|institution=University of Arizona|degree=Doctor of Philosophy|year=2018|url=https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/628046}} Rising tensions ultimately led to a series of discriminatory laws being passed in 1936, the results of which included stigmatization of Japanese immigrants as "bestial", "untrustworthy", "militaristic", and "unfairly" competing with Peruvians for wages.

Fueled by legislative discrimination and media campaigns, a massive race riot (referred to as the "Saqueo") began on May 13, 1940, and lasted for three days. During the riots Japanese Peruvians were attacked and their homes and businesses destroyed. Despite its massive scale, the saqueo was underreported, a reflection of public sentiment towards the Japanese population at the time.

By 1941, there were around 26,000 immigrants of Japanese nationality in Peru. In December of that year, the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, would mark the beginning of the Pacific War campaign for the United States of America in World War{{spaces}}II.Densho, Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. "[http://www.densho.org/learning/spice/lesson4/4activity4-7handouts.pdf Japanese Latin Americans]," c. 2003, accessed 12 Apr 2009.

After the Japanese air raids on Pearl Harbor and the Philippines, the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS), formed during World War{{spaces}}II to coordinate secret espionage activities against the Axis Powers for the branches of the United States Armed Forces and the United States State Department, were alarmed at the large Japanese Peruvian community living in Peru and were also wary of the increasing new arrivals of Japanese nationals to Peru.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Fearing the Empire of Japan could sooner or later decide to invade the Republic of Peru and use the Southern American country as a landing base for its troops and its nationals living there as foreign agents against the US, in order to open another military front in the American Pacific, the U.S. government quickly negotiated with Lima a political–military alliance agreement in 1942. This alliance provided Peru with new military technology such as military aircraft, tanks, modern infantry equipment, and new boats for the Peruvian Navy, as well as new American bank loans and new investments in the Peruvian economy.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

In return, the Americans ordered the Peruvians to track, identify and create ID files for all the Japanese Peruvians living in Peru. Later, at the end of 1942 and during all of 1943 and 1944, the Peruvian government on behalf of the U.S. Government and the OSS organized and started the massive arrests, without warrants and without judicial proceedings or hearings and the deportation of many of the Japanese Peruvian community to several American internment camps run by the U.S. Justice Department in the states of Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Georgia and Virginia.Robinson, Greg. (2001). {{Google books|GCFT3SXwsWQC|By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans, p. 264.|page=264}}

Racism and economic self-interest were major motivating factors in Peru's eager compliance with American deportation requests.{{cite book |title=Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps |publisher=William Morrow & Company |location=New York |last=Weglyn |first=Michi Nishiura |author-link=Michi Weglyn|year=1976 |pages=60–61|isbn=978-0688079963}} As noted in a 1943 memorandum, Raymond Ickes of the Central and South American division of the Alien Enemy Control Unit had observed that many ethnic Japanese had been sent to the United States "... merely because the Peruvians wanted their businesses and not because there was any adverse evidence against them."{{cite book |title=Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps |publisher=William Morrow & Company |location=New York |last=Weglyn |first=Michi Nishiura |author-link=Michi Weglyn|year=1976 |page=64|isbn=978-0688079963}}

The enormous groups of Japanese Peruvian forced exiles were initially placed among the Japanese Americans who had been excluded from the US west coast; later they were interned in the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) facilities in Crystal City, Texas; Kenedy, Texas; and Santa Fe, New Mexico.Higashide, {{Google books|ORE5wfUNdccC|pp. 157–158.|page=157}} The Japanese Peruvians were kept in these "alien detention camps" for more than two years before, through the efforts of civil rights attorney Wayne M. Collins,{{cite web| title=Japanese Americans, the Civil Rights Movement and Beyond| url=http://www.nddcreative.com/sfjhw/sfjhw_pdf/sfjhw_sign2.pdf| access-date=2009-04-10| archive-date=2011-07-14| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714161530/http://www.nddcreative.com/sfjhw/sfjhw_pdf/sfjhw_sign2.pdf| url-status=dead}} being offered "parole" relocation to the labor-starved farming community in Seabrook, New Jersey.Higashide, {{Google books|ORE5wfUNdccC| p. 161.|page=161}} The interned Japanese Peruvian nisei in the United States were further separated from the issei, in part because of distance between the internment camps and in part because the interned nisei knew almost nothing about their parents' homeland and language.Higashide, {{Google books|ORE5wfUNdccC| p. 219.|page=219}}

The deportation of Japanese Peruvians to the United States also involved expropriation without compensation of their property and other assets in Peru.Barnhart, Edward N. "Japanese Internees from Peru," Pacific Historical Review. 31:2, 169–178 (May 1962). At war's end, only 790 Japanese Peruvian citizens returned to Peru, and about 400 remained in the United States as "stateless" refugees.Riley, Karen Lea. (2002). {{Google books|QkXOEO7HdscC|Schools Behind Barbed Wire: The Untold Story of Wartime Internment and the Children of Arrested Enemy Aliens, p. 10.|page=10}} The interned Peruvian nisei who became naturalized American citizens would consider their children sansei, meaning three generations from the grandparents who had left Japan for Peru.Higashide, {{Google books|ORE5wfUNdccC|p. 222.|page=222}}

{{Main|Dekasegi}}

In 1998, with new strict laws from the Japanese immigration, many fake-nikkei were deported or went back to Peru. The requirements to bring Japanese descendants were more strict, including documents as "zairyūshikaku-ninteishōmeisho" {{cite web|url=http://www.moj.go.jp/ONLINE/IMMIGRATION/16-1.html|title=法務省：在留資格認定証明書交付申請|website=www.moj.go.jp|access-date=25 November 2018|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126152040/http://www.moj.go.jp/ONLINE/IMMIGRATION/16-1.html|url-status=dead}} or Certificate of Eligibility for Resident, which probes the Japanese bloodline of the applicant.

With the onset of the global recession in 2008, among the expatriate communities in Japan, Peruvians accounted for the smallest share of those who returned to their homelands. People returning from Japan also made up the smallest share of those applying for assistance under the new law. As of the end of November 2013, only three Peruvians who had returned from Japan had received reintegration assistance. The law provides some attractive benefits, but most Peruvians (as of 2015, there were 60,000 Peruvians in Japan)[http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/peru/data.html#section1] Ministry of Foreign affairs of Japan were not interested in returning to Peru.

Peruvians in Japan came together to offer support for Japanese victims of the devastating March 2011 earthquake and tsunami. In the wake of the disaster, the town of Minamisanriku in Miyagi Prefecture lost all but two of its fishing vessels. Peruvians raised money to buy the town new boats as a service to Japan and to express their gratitude for the hospitality received in Japan.[http://www.nippon.com/en/people/e00054/] Your Doorway to Japan

In June 1921, Nippi Shimpo (Japanese Peruvian News) was published.{{Cite web|last=Sep 2010|first=Michael M. Brescia / 20|title=The Japanese Press in Peru – Part 1|url=http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2010/09/20/japanese-press-in-peru/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Discover Nikkei|date=20 September 2010 |language=en}}

{{Main|Nikkei cuisine}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}

The cuisine of Peru is a heterogeneous mixture of the diverse cultural influences that enriched the South American country. Nikkei cuisine, which fuses Peruvian and Japanese cuisine, has become a gastronomic sensation in many countries.

The origins of Nikkei cuisine relied on the wide variety of fresh ingredients in Peru, the prosperous fishing industry of Peru, the Japanese know-how using fresh seafood, and adopting ceviche, which is the Peruvian flag dish, and Chifa dishes as well (fusion cuisine that came from the Chinese community in Peru). Japanese fusion dishes like Acevichado maki sushi rolls were created by incorporating the recipes and flavors from the indigenous Peruvians. Some examples of chefs who use Nikkei cuisine include Nobu Matsuhisa, Ferran Adrià and Kurt Zdesar.

{{dynamic list}}

File:Visit of Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru, to the CEC (cropped).jpg, Alberto Fujimori. October 1991.]]

• Anthony Aoki: Peruvian footballer and midfielder
• Alberto Fujimori: President and de-facto dictator of Peru
• Koichi Aparicio: Peruvian footballer
• Ernesto Arakaki: International footballer
• Hideyoshi Arakaki: Peruvian footballer
• Keiko Fujimori: Former First Lady, Congresswoman and businesswoman (daughter of Alberto Fujimori)
• Kenji Fujimori: Congressman (son of Alberto Fujimori)
• Santiago Fujimori: Lawyer (younger brother of Alberto Fujimori)
• Víctor García Toma: Former Minister of Justice
• Susana Higuchi: Politician, former First Lady, ex-spouse of Alberto Fujimori
• Jorge Hirano: International footballer
• Fernando Iwasaki: Writer
• Aldo Miyashiro: Writer, TV host and celebrity
• Augusto Miyashiro: Mayor of the City of Chorrillos since 1999, an important middle class southern suburban district of Metropolitan Lima
• Kaoru Morioka: Japanese futsal player
• Kazuyoshi Shimabuku: Japanese football player
• Venancio Shinki: Artist
• David Soria Yoshinari: International footballer
• Tony Succar: percussionist and music producer
• José Pereda Maruyama: Retired international footballer, having notably played for Argentinian powerhouse Boca Juniors
• Akio Tamashiro: Karate athlete. Pan American Gold medalist. Head of the Peruvian Karate Federation
• Eduardo Tokeshi: Plastic artist
• Tilsa Tsuchiya: Artist
• José Watanabe: Poet
• Arturo Yamasaki: Football referee, famous for officiating the Match of the Century in the 1970 FIFA World Cup
• Rafael Yamashiro: Peruvian Congressman and politician
• Cesar Ychikawa: Singer and economist
• Jaime Yoshiyama: Former Prime Minister, former Cabinet Minister, former vice president and former President of the Peruvian Congress
• Carlos Yushimito (Yoshimitsu): Writer and analyst

{{Portal|Peru|Japan}}

• Asian Latin Americans
• Chinese Peruvians
• Japan–Peru relations
• Hirohito Ōta

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|2}}

• Connell, Thomas. (2002). [https://www.amazon.com/Americas-Japanese-Hostages-Peruvian-Identities/dp/0275975355/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1372771369&sr=8-1&keywords=america%27s+japanese+hostages America's Japanese Hostages: The US Plan For A Japanese Free Hemisphere]. Westport: Praeger-Greenwood. {{ISBN|9780275975357}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48620417 OCLC 606835431]
• Gardiner, Clinton Harvey. (1975). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo0sAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Japanese+and+Peru.+1873-1973. The Japanese and Peru. 1873–1973.] Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8263-0391-2}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/2047887 OCLC 2047887]
• Gardiner, C. Harvey. (1981). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jAtpQgAACAAJ Pawns in a Triangle of Hate: The Peruvian Japanese and the United States.] Seattle: University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|9780295958552}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/164799077 OCLC 164799077]
• Higashide, Seiichi. (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ORE5wfUNdccC&q=Adios+to+Tears:+The+Memoirs+of+a+Japanese-Peruvian+Internee+in+U.S.+Concentration+Camps Adios to Tears: The Memoirs of a Japanese Peruvian Internee in U.S. Concentration Camps.] Seattle: University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|0295979143}} {{ISBN|9780295979144}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247923540 OCLC 247923540]
• López-Calvo, Ignacio. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QqzKQgAACAAJ&q=One+World+Periphery+Reads+the+Other.+Knowing+the+'Oriental'+in+the+Americas+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula One World Periphery Reads the Other. Knowing the 'Oriental' in the Americas and the Iberian Peninsula.] Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009. 130–147. {{ISBN|9781443816571}} {{ISBN|1443816574}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/473479607 OCLC 473479607]
• Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. (2004), The Japanese in Latin America: The Asian American Experience. ([https://books.google.com/books?id=0FeqfIcY358C&q=The+Japanese+in+Latin+America:+The+Asian+American+Experience View at] Google Books) Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. {{ISBN|978-0-252-07144-7}}; {{OCLC|253466232}}

• [http://www.apj.org.pe/ Association website]

{{Japanese diaspora}}

{{Ethnic groups in Peru}}

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Category:Asian diaspora in Peru

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