Jefferson Memorial#Exterior

{{Infobox NRHP

| name = Jefferson Memorial

| nrhp_type = nmem

| image = JeffersonMemorialNightFB.jpg

| caption = Jefferson Memorial across the Tidal Basin in August 2018

| location = 900 Ohio Drive, S.W., National Mall, Washington, D.C., U.S.

| coordinates = {{coord|38|52|53|N|77|02|11.5|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}}

| locmapin = United States Washington, D.C. central#USA

| map_caption = Location of Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C.##Location within United States

| area = 18.36 acres{{NPS area |year=2011 |access-date=March 8, 2012 }}

| built = {{start date and age|1943}}

| architect = John Russell Pope; Eggers & Higgins

| architecture = Classical Revival

| added = October 15, 1966{{NRISref|2007a}}

| refnum = 66000029

| image_size = 250

| designated_nrhp_type = April 13, 1943Shalett, Sidney. "President Roosevelt Dedicates a National Memorial to Thomas Jefferson." New York Times. 14 April 1943,1. Retrieved on October 7, 2008

| visitation_num = 2,312,726

| visitation_year = 2005

| website = [https://www.nps.gov/thje/ Thomas Jefferson Memorial]

}}

File:Jefferson Memorial Washington April 2017 002.jpg

File:Thomas Jefferson in Jefferson Memorial.jpg

The Jefferson Memorial is a national memorial in Washington, D.C., built in honor of Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence, a central intellectual force behind the American Revolution, a founder of the Democratic-Republican Party, and the nation's third president.

Built between 1939 and 1943, the memorial features multiple quotes from Jefferson intended to capture his ideology and philosophy, known as Jeffersonian democracy, which was staunchly supportive of American republicanism, individual rights, religious freedom, states' rights, virtue, and prioritized and valued what he saw as the undervalued independent yeoman. Jefferson was simultaneously deeply skeptical of cities and financiers and hostile to aristocracy, elitism, and corruption. He is widely considered among the most influential political minds of his era and one of the most consequential intellectual forces behind both the American Revolution and the American Enlightenment.

The Jefferson Memorial is built in neoclassical style and is situated in West Potomac Park on the shore of the Potomac River. It was designed by John Russell Pope, a New York City architect, and built by Philadelphia contractor John McShain. Construction on the memorial began in 1939 and was completed in 1943, though the bronze statue of Jefferson was not completed and added until four years after its dedication and opening, in 1947.[http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/dc/dc0400/dc0473/sheet/00001a.tif Documentation of the Jefferson Memorial.] Office of the Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER), of the National Park Service. September 1994. Library of Congress. Retrieved October 13, 2008 Pope made references to the Roman Pantheon, whose designer was Apollodorus of Damascus,{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYdsCQAAQBAJ&q=apollodorus+of+damascus+the+pantheon&pg=PA227|title=The Pantheon: From Antiquity to the Present|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80932-0|language=en}} and to Jefferson's own design for the rotunda at the University of Virginia as inspirations for the memorial's aesthetics.

The Jefferson Memorial and the White House form anchor points to the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The Washington Monument, initially intended to be built at the intersection of the White House and the Jefferson Memorial's site, was ultimately built farther east because the ground at that location was deemed too soft and swampy.{{citation |first=Louis |last=Torres |url=https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerPamphlets/EP_870-1-21.pdf |title="To the immortal name and memory of George Washington": The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Construction of the Washington Monument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624020048/http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerPamphlets/EP_870-1-21.pdf |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |url-status=live |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=US Government Printing Office |year=1984 |access-date=April 11, 2018 }}

The Jefferson Memorial is a designated national memorial and is managed by the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior's National Mall and Memorial Parks division. In 1966, the Jefferson Memorial was named to the National Register of Historic Places.{{Cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=66000029}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Thomas Jefferson Memorial|date=January 12, 1981 |author=Donald C. Pfanz |publisher=National Park Service}}

In 2007, it ranked fourth on the "list of America's favorite architecture", published by the American Institute of Architects.[https://www.npr.org/documents/2007/feb/buildings/150buildings.pdf America's Favorite Architecture.] [http://www.aia.org/ American Institute of Architecture.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508072810/http://www.aia.org/ |date=May 8, 2015 }}. Retrieved October 14, 2008

History

=Early considerations=

The site ultimately selected for the Jefferson Memorial's construction was appealing at least partly because it was located directly south of, and in view of, the White House. By 1901, the Senate Park Commission, in the McMillan Plan, proposed building a Pantheon-like structure on the site that would host "the statues of the illustrious men of the nation, or whether the memory of some individual shall be honored by a monument of the first rank may be left to the future," but no action was taken by Congress on the commission's recommendation.

The completion of the Tidal Basin Inlet Bridge in 1908 helped facilitate and expand recreational usage of East and West Potomac Parks. In 1918, large liquid chlorine dispensers were installed under the bridge to treat the water, which made the Tidal Basin, also known as Twining Lake, suitable for swimming. The Tidal Basin Beach, on the site of the future Jefferson Memorial, opened in May 1918, operating as a "Whites Only" facility until 1925, when it was permanently closed to avoid addressing the question of whether it should be racially integrated.{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2015 |title= |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/ncr/tidal_basin_hsr.pdf |access-date=April 30, 2023 |page=34|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223072356/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/ncr/tidal_basin_hsr.pdf |archive-date=February 23, 2015 }} The same year, a design competition was held for a memorial to Theodore Roosevelt. The winning design, submitted by John Russell Pope, consisted of a half-circle memorial situated next to a circular basin. Like the McMillan Plan in 1901, the plan was never funded by Congress or acted upon.

=Funding and authorization=

Another opportunity for the Jefferson Memorial's development emerged in 1934, when then President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who came to admire Jefferson after reading a book on Jefferson by his friend Claude G. Bowers, inquired with the Commission of Fine Arts about erecting a memorial to Jefferson. Roosevelt included plans for the Jefferson Memorial in the Federal Triangle project, which was then under construction. Later the same year, Congressman John J. Boyland followed Roosevelt's lead, urging Congress to create the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Commission to explore the memorial's development. Boylan was appointed the Commission's first chairman, and Congress eventually appropriated $3 million for the Jefferson Memorial.

The following year, in 1935, the Commission chose John Russell Pope as architect for the Jefferson Memorial. Pope had served previously as architect for the National Archives Building and the original West Building of the National Gallery of Art. He prepared four different plans for the project, each on a different site. One was on the Anacostia River at the end of East Capitol Street; one at Lincoln Park; one on the south side of the National Mall across from the National Archives administration building; and one was situated on the Tidal Basin, directly south of the White House. The Commission preferred the site on the Tidal Basin mainly because it was the most prominent site of those proposed and completed the four-point plan called for by the McMillan Commission, which encompassed the region including the Lincoln Memorial to the Capitol and from the White House to the Tidal Basin site. Pope designed a large pantheon-like structure designed to be situated on a square platform, flanked by two smaller, rectangular, colonnaded buildings.

=Construction=

File:Jefferson Memorial taken May 15, 1941.jpg in May 1941 ]]

File:Thomas-jefferson-memorial-front-view.jpg columns, and shallow dome]]

Construction on the Jefferson Memorial began December 15, 1938. The cornerstone was laid roughly eleven months later, on November 15, 1939, by Roosevelt himself. By this point, Pope had died in 1937 and his surviving partners, Daniel P. Higgins and Otto R. Eggers, assumed leadership for the Jefferson Memorial's construction. At the request of the Commission of Fine Arts, a slightly more conservative design for the memorial was agreed upon. The memorial's cost was approximately $3 million.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/thomas_jefferson_memorial.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430111402/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/thomas_jefferson_memorial.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 30, 2009|title=Thomas Jefferson Memorial--Presidents: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary|website=www.nps.gov|access-date=November 1, 2019}}

File:Jefferson Memorial under construction LCCN2016877445.jpg

File:Jefferson Memorial under construction.jpg in 1940]]

Construction commenced amid some opposition. The Commission of Fine Arts never actually approved any design for the memorial and even published a pamphlet in 1939 opposing both the proposed design and site for the memorial. Additionally, some Washingtonians opposed the proposed location for it because it did not align with L'Enfant's original plan for the city, and many established elm and cherry trees, including rare stock donated by Japan in 1912, would be removed under the memorial's original plan. Construction continued amid the opposition, which included women protestors chaining themselves to cherry trees around the construction site. Opposition to the memorial proved dismaying to Roosevelt, but the opposition diminished notably once revised plans identified a means for maintaining the surrounding cherry trees amidst the memorial's construction.{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Steve|last=Hendrix|date=March 30, 2019|access-date=April 19, 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/03/30/stop-massacre-when-women-chained-themselves-washingtons-cherry-trees/?noredirect=on |title= 'Stop the massacre!': When women chained themselves to Washington's cherry trees}}

In 1939, the Memorial Commission hosted a competition to select a sculptor for the planned Jefferson statue to be placed in the center of the memorial. They received 101 entries and chose six finalists. Of the six, Rudulph Evans was chosen as the main sculptor, and Adolph A. Weinman was chosen to sculpt the pediment relief situated above the memorial's entrance.

Landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. designed the memorial landscape, which featured a simple design within a circular driveway including primarily Evergreen trees with limited flowering trees or shrubs. The design was perceived as too thin, so white pines and some other plantings were later added before the memorial's dedication in 1943. In the 1970s, nearly three decades after the memorial's opening, additional changes to Olmsted's landscaping were implemented. But in 1993 and 2000, attempts to restore the integrity of Olmsted's initial design were made.{{cite web |url=https://nps.gov/thje/learn/historyculture/memorialfeatures.htm |title=Thomas Jefferson Memorial Features |work=National Park Service |access-date=November 11, 2016}} Roosevelt ordered trees be cut so that the Jefferson Memorial was clearly visible from the White House; additional tree pruning was also completed to create an unobstructed view between the Jefferson Memorial and Lincoln Memorial.

On April 13, 1943, the 200th anniversary of Jefferson's birthday, the Jefferson Memorial was officially dedicated and opened by Roosevelt. At the time, Evans' statue had not yet been finished due to material shortages that emerged during World War II. Instead, the memorial opened with a temporary plaster cast statue similar to the bronze statue that Evans ultimately completed four years later, in 1947. The statue's cast was developed by Roman Bronze Works in New York City.

= Following history =

On October 15, 1966, in recognition of the Jefferson Memorial's historical and artistic significance, the Jefferson Memorial was named to the National Register of Historic Places.

On September 2, 2020, there was a task force known as the District of Columbia Facilities and Commemorative Expressions (DCFACES), created in a response to the George Floyd protests by Washington D.C Mayor Muriel Bowser, who published a report which recommended "renaming, relocating or adding context to dozens of monuments, schools, parks and buildings in [Washington, D.C.] because of their namesakes participation in slavery or racial oppression". In the report, “DCFACES” had advised Mayor Bowser to request and convince the U.S. federal government to "remove, relocate, or contextualize" the Jefferson Memorial due to Thomas Jefferson's ownership of slaves.{{Cite web |agency=Associated Press |date=September 2, 2020 |title=Bowser task force targets Washington Monument, Jefferson Memorial, dozens more |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/bowser-task-force-targets-washington-monument-jefferson-memorial-dozens-more-n1239051 |access-date=April 11, 2024 |website=www.nbcnews.com |language=en}}

Description and features

=Exterior=

File: Jefferson Memorial in Washington, DC 2012.JPG features an Adolph Alexander Weinman sculpture of the Committee of Five.]]

File: USA - Thomas Jefferson Memorial.JPG

The Jefferson Memorial is composed of circular marble steps, a portico, a circular colonnade of Ionic order columns, and a shallow dome. The building is open to the elements. It has a diameter of approximately {{convert|165|ft|-1}}.

The memorial is constructed with white Imperial Danby marble taken from Vermont, which rests on a series of granite and marble-stepped terraces. A flight of granite and marble stairs and platforms, flanked by granite buttresses, leads up to the memorial from the Tidal Basin to a portico with a triangular pediment.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The pediment features a sculpture by Adolph Alexander Weinman depicting the Committee of Five, the five members of the committee charged with drafting the U.S. Declaration of Independence. In addition to Jefferson, who was the primary author, committee members included John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman. A cornice with an egg and dart molding surrounds this pediment, and below that is a plain frieze.

=Interior=

File:Jefferson Memorial with Declaration preamble.jpg's statue of Thomas Jefferson in front of excerpts from the Declaration of Independence, a document Jefferson principally authored and which historian Joseph Ellis has described as "the most potent and consequential words in U.S history."{{cite book | author-link=Joseph Ellis | first=Joseph | last=Ellis | title=American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic | location=New York | publisher=Knopf | date=2007 | isbn=978-0-307-26369-8 | pages=55–56}}]]

File:Jefferson statue.JPG

The memorial's interior has a {{convert|19|ft}} tall, {{cvt|10000|lb|-2}} bronze statueNo Author. "Model of building for Jefferson Memorial." New York Times. March 7, 1943, 13-13. Retrieved October 7, 2008 of Jefferson developed by sculptor Rudulph Evans. The statue was added four years after the dedication. Among many Jefferson quotes inside the memorial, one of the most prominently situated are those inscribed in the frieze below the dome: "I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man."[http://www.playboy.com/playground/view/playboy-interview-stephen-colbert interview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628110026/http://www.playboy.com/playground/view/playboy-interview-stephen-colbert |date=June 28, 2014 }} October 16, 2012, with Stephen Colbert, Playboy.com This sentence is taken from a letter written by Jefferson on September 23, 1800,{{Cite web |url=http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/tj3/writings/brf/jefl134.htm |title=From Revolution to Reconstruction: Presidents: Thomas Jefferson: Letters: I HAVE SWORN UPON THE ALTAR OF GOD |access-date=August 2, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210083019/http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/tj3/writings/brf/jefl134.htm |archive-date=December 10, 2006 |url-status=dead }} to Benjamin Rush in which Jefferson defends the constitutional refusal to recognize a state religion.

On the panel of the southwest interior wall are excerpts from the United States Declaration of Independence:{{cite web|title=Quotations on the Jefferson Memorial|url=http://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/quotations-jefferson-memorial|work=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello|publisher=monticello.org|access-date=August 11, 2012}}

We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, that to secure these rights governments are instituted among men. We...solemnly publish and declare, that these colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states...And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine providence, we mutually pledge our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.

The inscription uses the word "inalienable", as appears in Jefferson's draft rather than "unalienable" as ultimately appeared in the final Declaration.{{cite web|title=Unalienable / Inalienable |url=http://www.ushistory.org/DECLARATION/unalienable.htm |publisher=ushistory.org |access-date=August 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002143731/http://www.ushistory.org/DECLARATION/unalienable.htm |archive-date= October 2, 2012 }}

On the panel of the northwest interior wall is a quote from the 1777 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which excludes the quote's final sentence and is taken from an August 28, 1789, letter Jefferson wrote to James Madison:{{cite book|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|title=The Works of Thomas Jefferson|volume=5|chapter=TO JAMES MADISON 1, Aug. 28, 1789 |year=1904–1905 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York and London|url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=802&chapter=86730&layout=html&Itemid=27|edition=Federal|editor=Paul Leicester Ford |access-date=August 11, 2012}}

Almighty God hath created the mind free...All attempts to influence it by temporal punishments or burthens...are a departure from the plan of the Holy Author of our religion...No man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship or ministry or shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief, but all men shall be free to profess and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion. I know but one code of morality for men whether acting singly or collectively.

The Jefferson quotes from the panel on the northeast interior wall come from multiple sources. The first, which begins "God who gave us life gave us liberty" is from A Summary View of the Rights of British America.{{cite book|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|title=The Writings of Thomas Jefferson|volume=1|year=1905|pages=211|editor=Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh}} The second, third, and fourth sentences are from Notes on the State of Virginia.{{cite book|title=The Works of Thomas Jefferson|volume=4, Notes On Virginia, QUERY XVIII, The particular customs and manners that may happen to be received in that State?|year=1904–1905|pages=82–84|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York and London|url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=756&layout=html#chapter_86252|editor=Paul Leicester Ford|access-date=August 11, 2012|archive-date=May 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516080029/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle%3D756&layout=html#chapter_86252|url-status=dead}} The fifth quote, which begins "Nothing is more certainly written in the book of fate than that these people are to be free" is from Jefferson's autobiography.{{cite book|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|title=The Works of Thomas Jefferson|volume=1|chapter=AUTOBIOGRAPHY 1743–1790 |year=1904–1905 |pages=77|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York and London|url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=800&chapter=85776&layout=html#a_1984157|edition=Federal |editor=Paul Leicester Ford |access-date=August 11, 2012}} The sixth sentence, beginning "Establish the law...", is from a letter of August 13, 1786, to George Wythe.{{cite web|last=Jefferson |first=Thomas |title=Letter Wythe "A CRUSADE AGAINST IGNORANCE" To George Wythe Paris, August 13, 1786 1786081 |url=http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=JefLett.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=47&division=div1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215111015/http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=JefLett.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=47&division=div1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 15, 2012 |publisher=Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library |access-date=August 11, 2012 }} The final sentence is from a letter of January 4, 1786, to George Washington:{{cite web|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|title=Thomas Jefferson letter to George Washington, 4 January 1786|url=http://www.familytales.org/dbDisplay.php?id=ltr_thj1489|publisher=FamilyTales|access-date=August 11, 2012|archive-date=April 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410122105/http://www.familytales.org/dbDisplay.php?id=ltr_thj1489|url-status=dead}}

God who gave us life gave us liberty. Can the liberties of a nation be secure when we have removed a conviction that these liberties are the gift of God? Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just, that his justice cannot sleep forever. Commerce between master and slave is despotism. Nothing is more certainly written in the book of fate than these people are to be free. Establish the law for educating the common people. This it is the business of the state to effect and on a general plan.

The inscription on the panel of the southeast interior wall is excerpted from Jefferson's July 12, 1816, letter to Samuel Kercheval:Jefferson, Thomas [http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=459 Teaching American History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502174743/http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=459 |date=May 2, 2013 }}, Teaching American History

I am not an advocate for frequent changes in laws and constitutions. But laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. As that becomes more developed, more enlightened, as new discoveries are made, new truths discovered and manners and opinions change, with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also to keep pace with the times. We might as well require a man to wear still the coat which fitted him when a boy as civilized society to remain ever under the regimen of their barbarous ancestors.

A lower level of the structure contains a gift shop and a museum focusing on Jefferson's life and political career.

Location

File:WasMonJeffersonMem.JPG (left) and Jefferson Memorial (right) with the Tidal Basin in the foreground]]

The monument is located in West Potomac Park in Washington, D.C., on the shore of the Potomac River's Tidal Basin. The park is enhanced with the massed planting of Japanese cherry blossom trees, which pre-dated the memorial's construction and were a 1912 gift from the people of Japan.{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nama/planyourvisit/cherry-blossom-history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207121237/http://www.nps.gov/nama/planyourvisit/cherry-blossom-history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 7, 2007 |title=Cherry Blossom History |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=January 13, 2009}}

Although the Jefferson Memorial is geographically removed from other buildings and monuments in Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and Washington Metro, the memorial plays host to many events and ceremonies each year, including memorial exercises, the Easter Sunrise Service, and the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival, and ranks highly among destinations for visitors to the city each year.

Gallery

Image:Thomas-jefferson-memorial-full-front-view.jpg|Main entry

File:Thomas-jefferson-memorial-portico-celing.jpg|Portico ceiling

Image:Thomas-jefferson-memorial-sculpture-dome.jpg|Bronze statue and dome ceiling

Image:Thomas-jefferson-memorial-dome-interior.jpg|Dome ceiling and frieze

Image:Thomas-jefferson-memorial-column-top.jpg|Exterior columns

Image:"We Hold These Truths" at Jefferson Memorial IMG_4729.JPG|"We Hold These Truths"

Image:"God who gave us life" at Jefferson Memorial IMG_4728.JPG|"God Who Gave Us Life"

Image:"I Am Not an Advocate for Frequent Changes . . ." at Jefferson Memorial.jpg|"I Am Not an Advocate for Frequent Changes..."

Image:"Almighty God as Created the Mind Free . . ." at Jefferson Memorial.jpg|"Almighty God Hath Created the Mind Free..."

Image:Jefferson Memorial Dusk.jpg|Thousands of people visit the Memorial each year

File:USA-Thomas Jefferson Memorial0.jpg|Thomas Jefferson Memorial

File:Sunset and clouds at the Jefferson Memorial.jpg|Jefferson Memorial sunset

File:JeffersonMemorial.jpg|Jefferson Memorial with the Washington Monument in background

File:Clouds over the Jefferson Memorial and the Tidal Basin, March 2016.jpg|Tidal Basin view in March 2016

File:JeffersonMemorialNE.jpg|Jefferson Memorial looking Northeast

File:JeffersonMemorialNight.jpg|Jefferson Memorial at night

File:JeffersonMemorialNorth.jpg|Jefferson Memorial looking North

References

{{NPS|title=Thomas Jefferson Memorial Features|url=https://www.nps.gov/thje/learn/historyculture/MemorialFeatures.htm}}

Bibliography

Bedford, Steven McLeod, John Russell Pope: Architect of Empire, Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., New York, NY 1998
Goode, James M. The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1974
The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20110611032535/http://www.nationalmall.org/sites-subpage-jefferson.php Trust for the National Mall: Thomas Jefferson Memorial]
Official NPS website: [https://www.nps.gov/thje/ Thomas Jefferson Memorial]
[http://libertyonline.hypermall.com/Jefferson/Autobiography.html "Nothing is more certainly written in the book of fate..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422040714/http://libertyonline.hypermall.com/Jefferson/Autobiography.html |date=April 22, 2021 }} in its original context
[http://www.sight3d.com/sights/Jefferson-Memorial Three-dimensional rendering of Jefferson Memorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120080439/http://www.sight3d.com/sights/Jefferson-Memorial |date=January 20, 2012 }} (without plugin; in English, Spanish, German)
[http://www.american-history-fun-facts.com/jefferson-memorial-history.html/ Jefferson Memorial History and Fun Facts]