Jingzhou

The contemporary city of Jingzhou is named after ancient province of the same name, which was one of the nine provinces of ancient China. Said province was named after the nearby Jing Mountains.

Jingzhou occupies an area of {{convert|14067|km2}} with a topography rising from east to west.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} It is covered by a dense network of waterways, as well as lakes, and is located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River on the Jianghan Plain.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Downstream to its east lies Wuhan, the provincial capital, and to the west lies the city of Yichang, the Three Gorges, and Chongqing Municipality.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Jingmen City, also in Hubei, lies to the north; to its south are Yueyang and Changde, both in Hunan Province.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} 12.42% of the city's area is forested.{{Cite web|date=2020-04-16|script-title=zh:荆州市2019年国民经济和社会发展统计公报|trans-title=Jingzhou Municipal 2019 National Economic and Social Development Statistical Report|url=http://www.jingzhou.gov.cn/zfwgk/xxgkml/sjfb/tjgb/202004/t20200417_474113.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022093733/http://www.jingzhou.gov.cn/zfwgk/xxgkml/sjfb/tjgb/202004/t20200417_474113.shtml|archive-date=2020-10-22|access-date=2021-01-04|publisher=Jingzhou Municipal People's Government|language=zh}}

Jingzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with hot, humid summers, and damp, chilly, but drier winters. Monthly daily average temperatures range from {{convert|4.1|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|28.0|°C}} in July. The area receives 1,800 to 2,000 hours of sunshine per year and has a frost-free period of 242−263 days annually.

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| metric first = y

| single line = y

| collapsed = Y

| location = Jingzhou, elevation {{convert|32|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present)

| Jan high C = 8.2

| Feb high C = 11.2

| Mar high C = 15.9

| Apr high C = 22.1

| May high C = 27.0

| Jun high C = 30.0

| Jul high C = 32.3

| Aug high C = 32.1

| Sep high C = 28.3

| Oct high C = 22.9

| Nov high C = 16.6

| Dec high C = 10.7

| Jan mean C = 4.4

| Feb mean C = 7.0

| Mar mean C = 11.4

| Apr mean C = 17.3

| May mean C = 22.2

| Jun mean C = 25.8

| Jul mean C = 28.3

| Aug mean C = 27.8

| Sep mean C = 23.6

| Oct mean C = 18.1

| Nov mean C = 12.1

| Dec mean C = 6.6

| Jan low C = 1.6

| Feb low C = 3.8

| Mar low C = 7.9

| Apr low C = 13.5

| May low C = 18.5

| Jun low C = 22.6

| Jul low C = 25.2

| Aug low C = 24.7

| Sep low C = 20.3

| Oct low C = 14.7

| Nov low C = 8.9

| Dec low C = 3.5

| Jan record high C = 21.9

| Jan record low C = -14.9

| Feb record high C = 27.0

| Feb record low C = -9.2

| Mar record high C = 32.0

| Mar record low C = -1.6

| Apr record high C = 33.3

| Apr record low C = -0.1

| May record high C = 35.4

| May record low C = 9.8

| Jun record high C = 37.2

| Jun record low C = 13.0

| Jul record high C = 38.7

| Jul record low C = 18.1

| Aug record high C = 39.4

| Aug record low C = 15.8

| Sep record high C = 36.8

| Sep record low C = 10.6

| Oct record high C = 33.2

| Oct record low C = 1.7

| Nov record high C = 29.7

| Nov record low C = -3.0

| Dec record high C = 21.1

| Dec record low C = -6.3

| year high C =

| year low C =

| year high F =

| year low F =

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 37.3

| Feb precipitation mm = 46.3

| Mar precipitation mm = 69.5

| Apr precipitation mm = 118.8

| May precipitation mm = 132.4

| Jun precipitation mm = 158.9

| Jul precipitation mm = 172.6

| Aug precipitation mm = 110.6

| Sep precipitation mm = 70.5

| Oct precipitation mm = 74.1

| Nov precipitation mm = 53.1

| Dec precipitation mm = 24.0

| Jan humidity = 75

| Feb humidity = 75

| Mar humidity = 76

| Apr humidity = 77

| May humidity = 76

| Jun humidity = 79

| Jul humidity = 81

| Aug humidity = 79

| Sep humidity = 76

| Oct humidity = 76

| Nov humidity = 77

| Dec humidity = 74

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 8.4

| Feb precipitation days = 9.1

| Mar precipitation days = 11.7

| Apr precipitation days = 12.4

| May precipitation days = 13.0

| Jun precipitation days = 12.3

| Jul precipitation days = 10.9

| Aug precipitation days = 9.6

| Sep precipitation days = 8.6

| Oct precipitation days = 10.1

| Nov precipitation days = 9.3

| Dec precipitation days = 7.0

| year precipitation days =

| Jan sun = 83.5

| Feb sun = 86.5

| Mar sun = 116.7

| Apr sun = 138.0

| May sun = 145.4

| Jun sun = 143.2

| Jul sun = 195.4

| Aug sun = 200.1

| Sep sun = 145.4

| Oct sun = 129.3

| Nov sun = 113.5

| Dec sun = 99.8

| year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 26

| Feb percentsun = 27

| Mar percentsun = 31

| Apr percentsun = 36

| May percentsun = 34

| Jun percentsun = 34

| Jul percentsun = 46

| Aug percentsun = 49

| Sep percentsun = 40

| Oct percentsun = 37

| Nov percentsun = 36

| Dec percentsun = 32

| year percentsun =

| Jan snow days = 4.4

| Feb snow days = 3.2

| Mar snow days = 1

| Apr snow days = 0

| May snow days = 0

| Jun snow days = 0

| Jul snow days = 0

| Aug snow days = 0

| Sep snow days = 0

| Oct snow days = 0

| Nov snow days = 0.3

| Dec snow days = 1.4

| year snow days =

| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=11 June 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =28 May 2023 |title=Experience Template }} all-time extreme temperature{{cite web

|url= http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm

|title= Extreme Temperatures Around the World

|access-date= 2024-09-22

}}

| source 2 = Weather China{{cite web

| url = http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101200801.shtml?

| script-title=zh:荆州 - 气象数据 -中国天气网

| publisher = Weather China

| language = zh

| access-date = 21 November 2022}}

| source =

}}

According to the 2010 census, the prefecture-level city of Jingzhou has 5,691,707 inhabitants and a population density of 405 inhabitants per km².{{cite web |language=zh |script-title=zh:上饶市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 |publisher=Shangrao Bureau of Statistics |date=16 June 2011 |url=http://www.luqyu.cn/tongjishow.asp?tid=1044 |trans-title=Bulletin of the Data of the Sixth National Census of Shangrao City in 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622085453/http://www.luqyu.cn/tongjishow.asp?tid=1044 |archive-date=2011-06-22 }}

As of the 7th census of Jingzhou done by the municipal government, Jingzhou's population had shrunk slightly to an estimated 5,231,180 inhabitants, residing in about 1,833,292 households. Of Jingzhou's residential population, 2,664,658 or 50.94 percent were males while 2,566,522 of 49.06 percent were females. The sex ratio was 103.82 (female=100, male to female). There were 534,914 persons with university education. Compared with 2010, the number of people with university education went up from 6,828 persons to 10,225 persons per 100,000 persons, the average years of schooling for people aged 15 and above increased from 8.81 years to 9.29 years, and the illiteracy rate dropped from 4.41 percent (251,100) to 2.79 (145,900) percent. Additionally, Shashi and Jingzhou districts' the average years of schooling for people aged 15 were longer than 10 years.{{Cite web|date=2020-04-16|script-title=zh:荆州市第七次全国人口普查公报数据解读|url=http://www.jingzhou.gov.cn/zfwgk/xxgkml/sjfb/sjjd/202106/t20210619_611097.shtml|access-date=2021-07-26|publisher=Jingzhou Municipal People's Government|language=zh|archive-date=2021-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725153123/http://www.jingzhou.gov.cn/zfwgk/xxgkml/sjfb/sjjd/202106/t20210619_611097.shtml|url-status=dead}}

The prefecture-level city of Jingzhou has jurisdiction over two districts, three county-level cities, three counties and one economic and technological development zone.{{cite web|date=2014-08-06|script-title=zh:荆州市历史沿革|trans-title=Jingzhou City Historical Development|url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/hb/15249.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104185145/http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/hb/15249.html|archive-date=2021-01-04|access-date=2021-01-04|publisher=XZQH.org|language=zh}}{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2016/42/4210.html |script-title=zh:2016年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：荆州市 |trans-title=2016 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Jingzhou City |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China |date=2016 |access-date=11 June 2018 |quote={{lang|zh-hans|统计用区划代码 名称 421001000000 市辖区 421002000000 沙市区 421003000000 荆州区 421022000000 公安县 421023000000 监利县 421024000000 江陵县 421081000000 石首市 421083000000 洪湖市 421087000000 松滋市}}}}{{cite web|url=http://jingzhou.gov.cn/z/zoujinjingzhou/|script-title=zh:城市概况|language=zh|publisher={{lang|zh-hans|荆州市政府办公室 荆州市政府政务公开和电子信息办公室 荆州新闻网 荆州日报 荆州电视台 荆州人民广播电台|}}|quote={{lang|zh-hans|荆州区 沙市区 江陵县 松滋市 公安县 石首市 监利县 洪湖市 荆州经济技术开发区}}|access-date=11 June 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816114154/http://jingzhou.gov.cn/z/zoujinjingzhou/|url-status=dead}} The information here presented uses the metric system and data from the 2010 census.

As of 2019, Jingzhou has a GDP of ¥251.648 billion, which grew at an annual rate of 7.5%. 17.3% of the city's GDP came from its primary sector, 37.1% came from its secondary sector, and 45.6% came from its tertiary sector. As of 2019, most of the city's economic growth is derived from its secondary and tertiary sectors, which grew at an annual rate of 8.1% and 8.8%, respectively. The city's residents had a per capita disposable income of ¥26,543, a 9.8% annual increase. Urban residents had a per capita disposable income of ¥35,910, while rural residents averaged ¥18,893 in disposable income. Jingzhou's per capita disposable income grew 10.2% for urban areas, and 9.2% for rural areas.

The size of Jingzhou's agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and aquaculture sector in 2019 totaled ¥76.645 billion. The city produced 4.5117 million tons of grain, 433 thousand tons of vegetable oil, 38,000 tons of cotton, and 3.1332 million tons of vegetables. In 2019, 2.9777 million heads of swine, and 63.9012 million heads of poultry were slaughtered in Jingzhou. 1.1195 million tons of aquaculture products were produced, with 45.77% (512.4 thousand tons) of this comprising shrimp and crabs.

In 2019, Jingzhou saw a 2.3% decline in light industry output, and a 17.0% rise in heavy industry output. The size of the city's state-owned economy shrank 3.4%, its collectively-owned economy grew 2.4%, and its privately owned economy grew 7.2%.

One of Jingzhou's most prominent industries is its construction industry, which earned ¥29.877 billion in 2019. As of 2019, the city has 385 construction firms.

In 2019, Jingzhou's consumer retail sales totaled ¥144.735 billion. Consumer retail sales grew at an annual rate of 11.5%.

In 2019, the city's insurance industry made ¥16.293 billion in revenue off of premiums, a 15.0% increase from the previous year. Of this, ¥12.213 billion came from personal insurance, and ¥4.08 billion came from property insurance, an increase of 12.7% and 22.3% from 2018, respectively. Jingzhou's insurance industry paid 5.171 billion in compensation, a 1.8% increase from the previous year.

In 2019, Jingzhou conducted 1.697 billion USD in foreign trade, a 6.8% decline from the previous year. Of this, imports accounted for 0.335 billion USD, and exports accounted for 1.363 billion USD.

File:Lacquer bowls of cloud design, Warring States, Jiangling, Hubei, Jingzhou Museum.jpg, Jiangling, Hubei|350px]]

Jingzhou has been inhabited for approximately 5,000 to 6,000 years, with the historic Daxi culture residing in present-day Jingzhou. Situated in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the area has been a strategic location of military importance since ancient times.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The area of present-day Jingzhou was where the State of Chu was founded. Ying, an ancient city within the borders of present-day Jingzhou, became the capital of the State of Chu in 689 BCE, and remained as such for over 400 years, including during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of the Zhou dynasty.

File:天星观二号楚墓编钟.jpg Tianxingguan Tomb No. 2 near Jingzhou, 4th century BC]]

During the Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms era, Jingzhou was known as Nanjun due to it being the seat of Nanjun district.{{cite book|title=San Guo Yan Yi |last=Luo |first=Guanzhong |editor-last=Roberts |editor-first=Moss |publisher=University of California Press |year=2004 |page=1050}}

The city was lost to Eastern Wu by Guan Yu during the Three Kingdoms period leading to the modern phrase "dàyì shī Jīngzhōu" ({{linktext|lang=zh|大意失荆州}}), {{Literal translation|carelessness lost Jingzhou}}.

Under the Tang dynasty, it served as the southern capital and was known as Nandu ({{lang-zh|labels=no |c=南都 |l=south capital}}).Theobald, Ulrich. China Knowledge. "[http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Tang/tang-map.html Chinese History - Tang Dynasty 唐 (618-907): Map and Geography]". Accessed 19 Oct 2012.

Later on, Jiangling was the capital of the Southern Qi and Liang dynasties. It was the capital of the small Jingnan Kingdom (also known as Nanping) that existed from 924 to 963 during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.{{cite book|title=Imperial China (900-1800)|author=Mote, F.W.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1999|pages=11–16|isbn=0-674-01212-7}}

Jingzhou was the site of one of the last major battles between Republican and Qing forces during the Xinhai Revolution in 1911.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} At the end of the Qing dynasty, Jingzhou had one of the largest Manchu populations, around half of the city, anywhere outside Beijing.{{cite book|title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early |author=Edward J. M. Rhoads|page=198}}

In July 1949, the area was taken by the People's Liberation Army.

On September 29, 1994, Jiangling County and Shashi City were merged to create the prefecture-level city of Jingsha. On November 20, 1996, Jingsha was renamed to Jingzhou.

{{Wide image|Zhigongtu full (with annotations).jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang with descriptions of each ambassador, led by the representative of the Hephthalites (far right), 526-539 CE, Jingzhou, Southern Liang painting. National Museum of China.}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}

Numerous sites have been preserved from the Chu State period, including the ruins of five Chu cities, 73 sites featuring Chu Culture and more than 800 ancient tombs, including those of 18 Chu kings.

There are also historical sites dating to the Three Kingdoms period, such as the Wulin Battlefield (where the Battle of Red Cliffs took place) and the Huarong Path.

File:Jingzhou Museum stairs.jpg

The city walls were rebuilt in 1646 and measure {{convert|9|m}} high and {{convert|10|m}} thick. The perimeter of the wall extends for {{convert|10.17|km}}. The city walls, city gates, watchtowers, and battlements have all been well maintained. Many of the towers on top of the majestic city gates have been damaged or rebuilt, leaving only the Chaozong Tower which was rebuilt in 1838 on the Gongji Gate.

The Jingzhou Museum has on display a well-preserved 2,000-year-old male corpse, as well as silk and lacquerware from the Warring States period.

A 58-meter-tall, 1,197-ton bronze Statue of Guan Yu designed by Han Meilin was constructed in Jingzhou in 2016. In 2021, the statue was dismantled, and is currently pending relocation to Dianjiangtai.{{Cite web|date=2021-01-01|title='Waste of money' statue of Chinese general to be moved at cost of US$23.8 million|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3116103/waste-money-giant-statue-chinese-general-be-moved-cost-us238-million|access-date=2023-12-19|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}

File:Lotus root-Hubei style.jpg

Jingzhou is home to unique breakfast items. The city has a unique style of guokui, a Chinese flatbread, as well as a unique style of rice noodles.{{Cite news|last=Fabricant|first=Florence|date=2020-08-11|title=Guokui, a Filled Chinese Flatbread, Comes to Manhattan|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/11/dining/nyc-restaurant-news.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104172516/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/11/dining/nyc-restaurant-news.html|archive-date=2021-01-04|issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web|date=2012-05-04|script-title=zh:马金益:做大做强米粉事业 建现代化食品加工企业|url=http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20120504/152111988253.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104174201/http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20120504/152111988253.shtml|archive-date=2021-01-04|access-date=2021-01-04|website=finance.sina.com.cn|language=zh}}

There are 1,243 schools in Jingzhou, attended by about 707,300 students, as of 2019. Of this, there are 15 secondary vocational schools attended by 28,600 students, 53 general secondary schools attended by 82,800 students, 123 general junior high schools attended by 146,000 students, 396 primary schools attended by 308,500 students, 8 special education schools attended by 1,151 students, and 587 kindergartens attended by 140,300 students. The city's education system is staffed by about 53,400 faculty.

In addition to schools, Jingzhou has 176 cultural institutions staffed by 1,168 employees, and 8 public libraries which house 1.382 million books.

As of the end of 2019, Jingzhou has 3,155 medical institutions, staffed by 42,422 employees, and 32,686 hospital beds.

• Jingzhou Railway Station on the Wuhan-Yichang Railway, with frequent passenger service to Yichang and Wuhan
• Jingmen-Shashi Railway (freight only)
• Jingzhou Shashi Airport in Shashi district

• 20px G50 Shanghai–Chongqing Expressway
• 20px G55 Erenhot–Guangzhou Expressway

• 20px China National Highway 207
• 20px China National Highway 318

• {{flagdeco|Japan}} Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan{{Cite web |url=http://en.hubei.gov.cn/opening/sister_provinces_cities/201204/t20120421_346453.shtml |title=Hubei provincial government site |access-date=2023-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040542/http://en.hubei.gov.cn/opening/sister_provinces_cities/201204/t20120421_346453.shtml |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}
• {{flagdeco|Ukraine}} Bila Tserkva, Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine
• {{flagdeco|US}} Port Chester, New York, United States
• {{flagdeco|South Korea}} Yanggu County, Gangwon, South Korea

• Gao Xiang, ({{fl.}} 217–240s) Shu Han military leader
• Yan Zhitui, (531–591) Northern and Southern dynasties period calligrapher, painter, musician, writer, philosopher, and politician
• Wan Exiang, politician and jurist, former chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang
• Li Xian, actor
• Qiyu Zhou, Chinese-Canadian chess grandmaster
• Wang Zhiyi, badminton player

• 1954 Yangtze River Floods

{{Reflist|40em}}

{{Commons category}}

{{EB1911 poster|Shasi}}

{{Wiktionary|Jingzhou|Ching-chou}}

• [http://www.jingzhou.gov.cn/ Official Jingzhou City Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103094818/http://www.jingzhou.gov.cn/ |date=2015-11-03 }}

{{Hubei topics}}

{{Hubei}}

{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Major cities along the Yangtze River}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Cities in Hubei

Category:Populated places on the Yangtze River

Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Hubei

Category:Former prefectures in Hubei

Category:Prefectures of the Sui dynasty

Category:Prefectures of the Tang dynasty

Category:Prefectures of the Ming dynasty

Category:Prefectures of the Qing dynasty

Category:Port cities and towns in China

Category:Jianghan Plain

Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City