Jinzhou

File:Txu-oclc-6614368-nk51-7.jpg, 1950)]]

Jinzhou is an ancient city with over a thousand years of history. Originally known as Tuhe ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|徒河}}}}), it was part of Yan in the Warring States period. Under the Qin dynasty, the majority of what is now Jinzhou became part of Liaodong Commandery. It was part of Changli Commandery in the province of Youzhou during the Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms periods, but fell under the jurisdiction of Yingzhou in the Beiwei, Dongwei, and Beiqi periods, before becoming part of Liucheng Commandery and then Yan Prefecture during the Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty. During the Tang, it was the seat of the Andong Protectorate.

The name "Jinzhou" came into use in the Liao dynasty, when it belonged to Zhongjing prefecture. In the Jin dynasty, it was part of Dongjing Prefecture and Beijing Prefecture. It belonged to Liaoyang Xingzhongshu in the Mongol Empire/Yuan dynasty and to Liaodong township in the Ming dynasty. It was ruled by Tianfu during the Qing dynasty, when its name was changed from Jinzhou to Jinxian. It is also known in English as Chinhsien and Chinchow.

File:Final Attack on Jinzhou.jpg launches final strike on Jinzhou]]

During the Republican period, Jinzhou was attached to Liaoning Province. When the Chinese Civil War resumed in 1945, Jinzhou was the site of a major battle between the Communist and Nationalist forces, since it is where the main route from Manchuria through Shanhai Pass enters central China. Its capture on 22 November 1945, by Nationalist forces under Du Yuming forced the Communists to agree to a temporary ceasefire that lasted several months.Lew, Christopher R. The Third Chinese Revolutionary War, 1945-1949: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership. The USA and Canada: Routelage. 2009. {{ISBN|0-415-77730-5}}. pp.28-30

During the Liaoshen campaign, in which the People's Liberation Army began to consolidate control of Northeast China, refugees tried to escape to the city to flee further south. The Republic of China Army, under orders from Chiang Kai-shek not to allow refugees to escape the region, shot at them as they tried to cross the Daling River 30 kilometers north of the city. The Communists commanded by Lin Biao captured the city in September 1948.{{Cite book |last=Dikötter |first=Frank. |title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945-1957 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |isbn=978-1-62040-347-1 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=21}}

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Liaoxi Province was founded and Jinzhou became its provincial capital. Jinzhou came back under the administration of Liaoning Province in 1954, when Liaoxi and Liaodong provinces re-merged.{{Cite web |last=Du |first=Wenwen |date=15 October 2020 |title=战史今日10月15日：解放军攻克锦州 |trans-title=en:War History Today, October 15: PLA Takes Jinzhou |url=http://www.81.cn/js_208592/9919031.html |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=zh:中国军网 |language=zh |quote=”锦州战役是国共内战中中国人民解放军与国民党军之间的一场战役，它是在东北的其中一场决定性战役，是辽沈战役的一个组成部分。“}}

Jinzhou is located in the southwestern portion of Liaoning, and borders Panjin, Anshan, and Shenyang to the east, and Huludao on the west. The city's southern coast is the Liaodong Bay. On the north are Chaoyang and Fuxin.

Jinzhou has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), with four distinct seasons; winters are cold but very dry while summers are hot and humid. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|−7.9|°C|1}} to {{convert|24.3|°C|1}} in July, with the annual mean being {{convert|9.50|°C|1}}. The annual average precipitation is between {{convert|540|and|640|mm|in|0|sp=us}}, the majority of which usually occurs in July and August alone. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 45% in July to 68% in three months, the city receives 2,682 hours of bright sunshine annually, with autumn and winter being especially sunny.

Fossil-bearing rocks are exposed in the city's vicinity, including the Yixian Formation. A genus of Early Cretaceous birds has been named Jinzhouornis in honor of the locality, but it appears to be a junior synonym of Confuciusornis which was found in the same formation some years earlier.

{{Weather box|width=auto

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|collapsed = Y

|location = Jinzhou, elevation {{convert|66|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1939–present)

|Jan high C = -1.6

|Feb high C = 2.5

|Mar high C = 9.2

|Apr high C = 17.4

|May high C = 24.1

|Jun high C = 27.2

|Jul high C = 29.4

|Aug high C = 29.2

|Sep high C = 25.4

|Oct high C = 17.9

|Nov high C = 7.7

|Dec high C = 0.3

|Jan mean C = -7.1

|Feb mean C = -3.2

|Mar mean C = 3.3

|Apr mean C = 11.5

|May mean C = 18.3

|Jun mean C = 22.3

|Jul mean C = 25.2

|Aug mean C = 24.6

|Sep mean C = 19.8

|Oct mean C = 12.0

|Nov mean C = 2.4

|Dec mean C = -4.9

|Jan low C = -11.3

|Feb low C = -7.7

|Mar low C = -1.5

|Apr low C = 6.3

|May low C = 13.1

|Jun low C = 18.1

|Jul low C = 21.7

|Aug low C = 20.7

|Sep low C = 14.8

|Oct low C = 7.0

|Nov low C = -2.0

|Dec low C = -9.0

|Jan record high C = 12.3 |Jan record low C = -24.8

|Feb record high C = 18.6 |Feb record low C = -22.8

|Mar record high C = 28.2 |Mar record low C = -19.3

|Apr record high C = 36.1 |Apr record low C = -7.8

|May record high C = 37.3 |May record low C = 1.5

|Jun record high C = 41.8 |Jun record low C = 8.9

|Jul record high C = 41.7 |Jul record low C = 13.2

|Aug record high C = 37.4 |Aug record low C = 8.2

|Sep record high C = 34.9 |Sep record low C = 2.3

|Oct record high C = 29.2 |Oct record low C = -6.2

|Nov record high C = 22.2 |Nov record low C = -17.8

|Dec record high C = 13.9 |Dec record low C = -23.9

|year high C = |year low C =

|year high F = |year low F =

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 2.5

|Feb precipitation mm = 3.0

|Mar precipitation mm = 7.3

|Apr precipitation mm = 23.8

|May precipitation mm = 52.4

|Jun precipitation mm = 94.4

|Jul precipitation mm = 145.3

|Aug precipitation mm = 140.9

|Sep precipitation mm = 40.5

|Oct precipitation mm = 29.4

|Nov precipitation mm = 13.7

|Dec precipitation mm = 3.0

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 1.8

|Feb precipitation days = 1.7

|Mar precipitation days = 2.4

|Apr precipitation days = 5.0

|May precipitation days = 7.3

|Jun precipitation days = 10.9

|Jul precipitation days = 10.8

|Aug precipitation days = 9.3

|Sep precipitation days = 5.9

|Oct precipitation days = 4.9

|Nov precipitation days = 3.2

|Dec precipitation days = 1.5

|year precipitation days =

|Jan humidity = 49

|Feb humidity = 47

|Mar humidity = 44

|Apr humidity = 45

|May humidity = 51

|Jun humidity = 66

|Jul humidity = 75

|Aug humidity = 73

|Sep humidity = 63

|Oct humidity = 55

|Nov humidity = 52

|Dec humidity = 51

|Jan sun = 205.1

|Feb sun = 209.8

|Mar sun = 249.8

|Apr sun = 249.7

|May sun = 274.5

|Jun sun = 231.3

|Jul sun = 207.9

|Aug sun = 230.6

|Sep sun = 241.7

|Oct sun = 226.0

|Nov sun = 188.4

|Dec sun = 188.7

|year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 69

| Feb percentsun = 69

| Mar percentsun = 67

| Apr percentsun = 62

| May percentsun = 61

| Jun percentsun = 51

| Jul percentsun = 46

| Aug percentsun = 55

| Sep percentsun = 65

| Oct percentsun = 67

| Nov percentsun = 64

| Dec percentsun = 66

| year percentsun =

|Jan snow days = 2.8

|Feb snow days = 2.8

|Mar snow days = 2.3

|Apr snow days = 1.0

|May snow days = 0

|Jun snow days = 0

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0

|Oct snow days = 0.3

|Nov snow days = 2.6

|Dec snow days = 3.0

|year snow days =

|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=5 October 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =5 October 2023 |title=Experience Template }}

|source 2 = Weather China{{cite web|script-title=zh:锦州城市介绍以及气候背景分析|url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101160101.shtml? |website=Weather China|publisher=中国气象局公共气象服务中心|access-date=29 November 2022|language=zh}}

}}

Jinzhou has eight immediate sub-municipal divisions:

The above eight are subdivided into 43 towns, 69 townships, and 1680 villages.

Jinzhou has a wide range of industries. Major traditional industries include petrochemistry, metallurgy, textiles, pharmacy and building materials.

Jinzhou Economic and Technical Development Zone: The Jinzhou Economic and Technical Development Zone was established in 1992. It is among the first province-level development zones approved by Liaoning Province. The development zone enjoys convenient transportation with easy access to Jinzhou Seaport, Jinzhou airport and several state highways.

Shopping and Services: Within the city, some western franchises have set up shop, most notably KFC, which has a long established foothold in Chinese markets. RT-Mart, New-Mart and Do-Do Express are major food and sundries retailers. Bank of Jinzhou (Jinzhou Yinhang) is the only bank in Jinzhou upon this writing with native English speaking staff, while Western Union, Bank of China and many other banking service are also present in the city. Visa and MasterCard are not accepted in Jinzhou, aside from a few large bank branches with access to these networks.

File:Jinzhou City Shopping Mall.JPG

Jinzhou Jinzhouwan Airport provides air transport to major airports in China. There are two railway stations in the city, one designated for long trips and one for shorter routes. The most popular way to get around Jinzhou is on foot or by bicycle. Taxis crowd the streets and start at 6 RMB per trip. Bus routes also blanket the city and provide the most economical means of transportation, but are not always reliable.

Jinzhou is headquarters of the 40th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the three group armies that comprise the Shenyang Military Region responsible for defending China's northeastern borders with Russia and North Korea.

The Liaoshen Campaign Memorial ({{lang-zh|s=辽沈战役纪念馆|t=遼沈戰役紀念館|first=t}}) commemorates the Liaoshen Campaign of 1948. It is a large museum that holds and displays over 16,000 pieces of equipment used during the campaign, including rifles, machine guns, mortars, cannons, and tanks. It also holds thousands of pictures and documents. The best known exhibit inside the museum is the Panoramic Picture Hall, which reproduces the complete Battle of Jinzhou on a rotating circular screen.

Yiwulü Mountain is located in the west of Beizhen City of Jinzhou. It is one of the three sacred mountains in Northeast China. Wanghai Mountain is the main peak, with a height of 867 meters above the sea level, and tourist spots such as Beizhen Temple, Shenshui Bridge, Fish Pool, Guanyin Pavilion, Sijiao Pavilion, Kuangguang Pavilion, Lotus Stone, Cloud Pass and Wanghai Temple are scattered throughout the mountain range.

Mount Bijia is an island in the Bohai Sea south of Jinzhou on which is located a Chinese Buddhist temple. During most of the day, Mount Bijia can only be accessed by boat, but when the tide wanes, a natural causeway connects Mount Bijia to the mainland. People can walk to Mount Bijia from the seafront on foot and local people have named this natural wonder Tian Qiao, (lit: Sky Bridge). On the top of the mountain there is a tall stone pavilion, which resembles a gigantic pen resting on a pen holder, hence the name "Bijiashan", meaning the "Pen Holder Mountain".

File:Bi jia shan at high tide.JPG

Guangji Pagoda ({{lang-zh|s=广济寺塔|t=廣濟寺塔|first=t}}): The Guangji Pagoda is located in Guta Park situated at the heart of Jinzhou. The 72-meter-tall tower is an example of beautiful Liao-style architecture, with thirteen levels in an octagonal shape. A quiet temple beneath completes the ancient Chinese setting. Visitors will see locals gather for early morning rituals, exercise and various other activities. There is no fee for admission to the temple grounds.

File:Guangji Pagoda - Guta Park.jpg|Guangji Pagoda

File:Yelu Chu Cai - Guta Park.jpg|The statue of Yelü Chucai, an ancient Chinese philosopher, located in the southeast corner of Guta Park.

During the winter, a small ice park on the Xiaoling River is set up, and lasts as long as the river is frozen. Activities include, riding ATVs on the frozen river, ice skating, ice skating chairs and vehicles, and rubber tyre rides, while being pulled by vehicles.

Jinzhou is currently most famous for its Night Market which usually runs during summer evenings and becomes the Morning Market during the colder seasons. One can enjoy many snacks, drinks, partake in various activities and be part of the bustling atmosphere. The Jinzhou Night Market is located on Nanning Street （南宁路）

One of the bestselling nonfiction novels of the 1990s, "Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China", provides some detailed descriptions of Jinzhou both before and after the "1949 Liberation of China".

• Wang Lijun, municipal police chief. His dependability became known to Bo Xilai during his stint as Liaoning governor from 2000 to 2004. When Bo was promoted to Party Secretary of Chongqing in 2008 and found the huge corruption-pyramid fostered under Wang Yang (whose secretaryship had been moved to Guangdong), he called on Wang Lijun to take over this new municipal police force and use what he could of it to execute a crackdown, which led to the 2009 Chongqing Triad scandal.Chan, Minnie; "Chongqing Party boss defends his crackdown", South China Morning Post, 2009 Oct 18

The Xia's made famous by the publication of the book, Wild Swans by Jung Chang.

• 2010 Nobel Peace Prize Winner Liu Xiaobo was incarcerated at a prison in Jinzhou, although he is originally from Changchun, Jilin.
• Chinese fashion designer Momo Wang was born and raised in Jinzhou.
• Zhang Xiaoguang, Chinese taikonaut.
• Zhang Ning, Chinese female badminton player and 2-time olympic champion.

• Liaoning University of Technology{{Cite web|url=http://www.lnit.edu.cn|title=辽宁工业大学|website=www.lnit.edu.cn}}
• Bohai University{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhu.edu.cn/|title=渤海大学|website=www.bhu.edu.cn}}
• Liaoning Medical University{{Cite web |title=锦州医科大学 |url=https://www.jzmu.edu.cn/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.jzmu.edu.cn |language=zh}}

Jinzhou has one sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International.

• {{flagdeco|US}} Arvada, Colorado, United States

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Jinzhou}}

• [http://www.jz.gov.cn/ Jinzhou Municipal Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025025053/http://www.jz.gov.cn/ |date=25 October 2015 }} ({{lang|zh-hans|锦州人民政府}})

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{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

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Category:Cities in Liaoning

Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Liaoning