Job 31

The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 40 verses.

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=36-37}} Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q99 (4QJob{{sup|a}}; 175–60 BCE) with extant verses 14–19{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|p=728}}[https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#job Dead sea scrolls - Job]{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=42}}[https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q99-1 4Q99 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library] and 4Q100 (4QJob{{sup|b}}; 50–1 BCE) with extant verses 20–21.{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|p=728}}{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=42}}[https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q100-1 4Q100 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE; some extant ancient manuscripts of this version include Codex Vaticanus (B; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^A; 5th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}

The structure of the book is as follows:{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=17–23}}

• The Prologue (chapters 1–2)
• The Dialogue (chapters 3–31)
• The Verdicts (32:1–42:6)
• The Epilogue (42:7–17)

Within the structure, chapter 31 is grouped into the Dialogue section with the following outline:{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=18–21}}

• Job's Self-Curse and Self-Lament (3:1–26)
• Round One (4:1–14:22)
• Round Two (15:1–21:34)
• Round Three (22:1–27:23)
• Interlude – A Poem on Wisdom (28:1–28)
• Job's Summing Up (29:1–31:40)
• Job's Former Prosperity (29:1–25)
• Job's Former Blessings (29:1–6)
• Job's Former Honor (29:7–10)
• Job's Former Role in Administering Justice (29:11–17)
• Job's Expectation of Ongoing Peace (29:18–20)
• Job's Prominence in the Community (29:21–25)
• Job's Present Suffering (30:1–31)
• How Job Would Have Viewed His Mockers (30:1–8)
• The Attacks of His Enemies (30:9–15)
• God Is Causing His Present Sufferings (30:16–19)
• Accusing God (30:20–23)
• Withdrawing into Despair (30:24–31)
• Job's Final Defense (31:1–40)
• His Rejection of Lust (31:1–4)
• His Denial of Falsehood and Deceit (31:5–8)
• His Avoidance of Adultery (31:9–12)
• His Care for His Servants (31:13–15)
• His Righteousness in Dealing with the Poor and Marginalized (31:16–23)
• His Refusal to Worship Money or Other Gods (31:24–28)
• Not Guilty of a Variety of Wrongs (31:29–34)
• The Call for God to Answer (31:35–37)
• His Right Treatment of the Land (31:38–40)

The Dialogue section is composed in the format of poetry with distinctive syntax and grammar.{{sfn|Crenshaw|2007|p=335}} At the end of the Dialogue, Job sums up his speech in a comprehensive review (chapters 29–31), with Job 29 describes Job's former prosperity, Job 30 focuses on Job's current suffering and Job 31 outlines Job's final defense.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=140}} The whole part is framed by Job's longing for a restored relationship with God (Job 29:2) and the legal challenge to God (Job 31:35–27).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=140}} Chapter 31 contains Job's final defense before God, in which he pledges the "oath of clearance", a form of self-curse, that is calling down upon oneself the wrath of God, if what the person is swearing is false.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=148–149}} This chapter has been regarded as an important source to understand the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) perspective of "personal ethics of a righteous person".{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=149}} There is no clear structure of Job's oath of clearance as it lists a succession of possible breaches of laws, starting with an "if" and extending throughout the chapter.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=149}}

File:The Book of Job.jpg". Mural painted by Hugh Mesibov for the Temple Beth El (Spring Valley, NY) (1972).]]

One by one, Job lists his attitudes and actions, which reject evil in this section of his oath of clearance.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=149–151}} These evil deeds include lust towards young (unmarried) girls (verses 2–4), falsehood and deceit (verses 5–6), moral impurities (verses 7–8), and adultery (verses 9–12).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=150–151}}

:[Job said:] "Let me be weighed in an even balance

::that God may know my integrity."{{bibleref2|Job|31:6|MEV}} MEV

• "Even balance": translated from the Hebrew term {{lang|he|מֹאזְנֵי־צֶ֑דֶק}} {{Strong-number|mō-zə-nê|H|3976}}-{{Strong-number|tse-ḏeq|H|6664}}—literally, "scales of righteousness"; that is, scales that conform to the standard (Deuteronomy 25:13–15) so they can properly be used in trade and justice.Note [b] on Job 31:6 in NET Bible

In this section Job lists how he treated his servants (verses 13–15), the poor and marginalized (verses 16–23; refuting Eliphaz's charges in Job 22:5–9), his refusal to trust in riches (verse 24–25) or adopt pagan worship practices (verses 26–28) and some other accusations of sins (verses 29–32).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=152–154}} Job strongly denies that he hides any sins (verses 33–34).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=154}}

:[Job said:] "Did not He who made me in the womb make him?

::And did not the same One fashion us in the womb?"{{bibleref2|Job|31:15|MEV}} MEV

Job treats his slaves beyond what is required in the Mosaic law (cf. Exodus 21:1-11; Leviticus 25:39-55; Deuteronomy 15:12-18).{{sfn|Estes|2013|p=190}} In the ancient Near East, slaves were typically regarded as property, but Job views his slaves as fellow humans made by God, possessing the same human rights.{{sfn|Estes|2013|p=190}}{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=151}}

The last part begins with an appeal to compel a plaintiff to present any evidence of Job's wrongdoings.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=154}} This is seen within the boundary of true piety as a righteous man seeking vindication.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=154}} Job completes the last part of his oath of clearance by stating his right treatment of the land.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=155}} After these statements, there is a note that "the words of Job are ended"; that is, Job ends his dispute with God at this point, although Job will still make two short contributions in response of God's speeches (Job 40:3–5; 42:1–6).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=155}}

:[Job said:] "Let thistles grow instead of wheat,

::and weeds instead of barley."

:The words of Job are ended.{{bibleref2|Job|31:40|MEV}} MEV

• "Weeds": translated from the Hebrew word {{lang|he|בָּאְשָׁה}} (boʾshah, from {{lang|he|בָּאַשׁ}} [baʾas, "to have a foul smell"]) referring to "foul-smelling weeds."Note on Job 31:40 in NET Bible

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

• Boasting
• Charity (practice)
• Mourning
• Omniscience
• Poverty
• Pride
• Self-pity

}}

• Related Bible parts: Job 1, Job 2, Job 30, Job 42

{{reflist}}

• {{Cite book |last = Alter |first = Robert |title = The Wisdom Books: Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes: A Translation with Commentary |publisher = W.W. Norton & Co |year = 2010 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TujOn209Ts8C| isbn = 978-0393080735}}
• {{Cite book|last= Coogan|first = Michael David| authorlink= Michael D. Coogan |title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 |editor-last1=Coogan |editor-first1=Michael David |editor-first2=Marc Zvi |editor-last2= Brettler |editor-first3=Carol Ann |editor-last3= Newsom |editor-first4= Pheme |editor-last4= Perkins |edition= Augmented 3rd |publisher = Oxford University Press |year =2007 |isbn = 9780195288810 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
• {{Cite book|last= Crenshaw | first= James L. | chapter = 17. Job | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John| editor-last1=Barton |editor1-link = John Barton (theologian) | editor-first2=John| editor-last2= Muddiman |editor2-link = John Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press |edition= first (paperback) | date = 2007 | pages = 331–355 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ| access-date=February 6, 2019}}
• {{Cite book|last= Estes | first = Daniel J. | title= Job | series= Teach the Text Commentary Series |editor-first1= John H. |editor-last1=Walton |editor-first2= Mark L. |editor-last2=Strauss | place= United States |publisher =Baker Publishing Group | year= 2013 |isbn = 9781441242778 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SpFRU1n-oUMC }}
• {{Cite book |last = Farmer |first = Kathleen A. |chapter = The Wisdom Books |editor1-last = McKenzie |editor1-first = Steven L. |editor2-last = Graham |editor2-first = Matt Patrick |title = The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues |publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |year = 1998 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC |isbn = 978-0-66425652-4}}
• {{Cite book |last = Fitzmyer|first = Joseph A.|author-link= Joseph Fitzmyer |title = A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature |publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC | year = 2008|isbn = 9780802862419|location = Grand Rapids, MI }}
• {{cite book|last= Halley| first= Henry H.| authorlink= Henry Hampton Halley| title= Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary |edition=24th (revised)|publisher= Zondervan Publishing House |date= 1965 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zsG4oLToI7oC | isbn= 0-310-25720-4}}
• {{Cite book | last1 = Kugler | first1 = Robert | last2 = Hartin | first2 = Patrick J. | title = An Introduction to the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2009 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC | isbn = 978-0-8028-4636-5 }}
• {{Cite book | editor-last = Ulrich | editor-first = Eugene |editor-link= Eugene Ulrich | title = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants | year = 2010 | publisher = Brill | url = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
• {{Cite book | last1 =Walton | first1 = John H.| title = Job | place= United States | publisher = Zondervan |year= 2012 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vNQ9CvY0NccC | isbn = 9780310492009 }}
• {{Cite book | last1 =Wilson | first1 = Lindsay | title = Job | place= United States | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |year= 2015 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_IpyCgAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781467443289 }}
• {{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year= 1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes | isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

• Jewish translations:
• [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16433 Iyov - Job - Chapter 31 (Judaica Press)] translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
• Christian translations:
• [http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Job+31 Online Bible at GospelHall.org] (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
• [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=22&chapter=31&version=9 Book of Job Chapter 31]. Various versions
• {{librivox book | title=Book of Job}} Various versions

{{Book of Job}}

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